Tree ordinances play a crucial role in protecting trees, preserving green space, and promoting healthy, managed urban forests. This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of tree ordinances, their types, and the proper implementation of these regulations to ensure the well-being of trees in urban environments. Additionally, we will examine international, national, regional, and local legislation that further governs tree management and protection.
Tree ordinances are official policies established by communities to maintain and protect their trees. They set standards for the selection, planting, maintenance, and conservation of community trees. By defining legal means of protecting the public interest, these ordinances contribute to the sustainable management of urban forests. Communities rely on tree ordinances as tools to ensure the long-term health, safety, and aesthetic value of trees within their jurisdictions.
Tree ordinances can be categorized into three basic types, each serving a specific purpose in tree management:
Street Tree Ordinances: Primarily focused on trees within public rights-of-way, these ordinances often cover regulations for planting and removal. They aim to enhance the urban environment by ensuring the appropriate selection, placement, and maintenance of trees along streets and public areas. Street tree ordinances may also include provisions for maintaining or removing private trees that pose hazards to the public. Some ordinances in this category go further and require tree planting in parking lots to mitigate the environmental impact of urbanization.
Tree Protection Ordinances: These ordinances are primarily directed at providing protection for native trees or trees with historical significance. They usually require that a permit be obtained before protected trees can be removed, encroached upon, or pruned. The objective is to preserve valuable trees that contribute to the ecosystem, cultural heritage, or community character. Tree protection ordinances play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity and the ecological balance in urban areas.
View Ordinances: Designed to resolve conflicts between property owners, view ordinances address situations where trees obstruct views or sunlight. These ordinances provide guidelines for managing trees to ensure equitable solutions that balance the interests of all parties involved. View ordinances may specify procedures for trimming, pruning, or removal of trees that significantly impact property views. These regulations aim to maintain harmony among neighboring properties while considering the importance of trees in the urban landscape.
Tree ordinances contain several common provisions that contribute to effective tree management. These provisions may vary based on local requirements, but some commonly found examples include:
In addition to tree ordinances, various levels of legislation further govern tree management and protection. These include international, national, regional, and local legislation.
The European Union (EU) has several regulations and directives that address environmental issues related to trees in urban environments. These include the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive, which aim to protect bird species and their habitats in urban areas, as well as promote conservation efforts. The EU also has the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, which aims to prevent water pollution caused by urban waste water. These directives establish rules and guidelines for the protection and management of urban trees and green spaces, such as designating protected areas, setting minimum requirements for tree planting, and promoting sustainable management practices. In 2021, the European Commission presented the EU Forest Strategy, which aims to protect and restore forests while ensuring their sustainable management and use. The strategy sets out the need to increase urban forests and green spaces, recognizing their importance for biodiversity, people’s health, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Each country has its own national legislation concerning trees in urban environments. For example, in Slovenia, the protection of trees is regulated by the Forest Act and the Nature Conservation Act. The Forest Act sets out the rules for the management, use, and protection of forests, while the Nature Conservation Act aims to preserve biodiversity and natural heritage. In Slovakia, the Tree Protection Act regulates the protection of trees in urban environments. In Croatia, the Law on Nature Protection regulates the protection of trees, forests, and other vegetation in urban areas. These national laws establish requirements for tree permits, procedures for planting and maintenance, and penalties for violations.
Within countries, regions may have their own legislation concerning trees in urban environments. In Slovenia, regional legislation is regulated by the Spatial Planning Act, which sets out the rules for the planning and management of spatial development. Similarly, in Croatia, regional legislation concerning trees in urban environments is regulated by the Spatial Planning Act. These regional laws often require environmental impact assessments for development projects, establish protected tree registers, and provide guidelines for planting, maintenance, and protection.
Local governments often have the most direct impact on trees in urban environments. Municipalities establish their own regulations concerning trees based on the specific needs and characteristics of their areas. These regulations require permits for tree removal, set out procedures for tree planting, maintenance, and protection, and may establish protected tree registers. Local legislation, such as the regulation on the protection of trees in the Ljubljana Municipality in Slovenia or the Bratislava Municipality in Slovakia, ensures that tree management aligns with the community’s goals and values.
Tree ordinances, in conjunction with international, national, regional, and local legislation, form a comprehensive framework for managing and protecting trees in urban environments. By understanding and adhering to these regulations, communities can create thriving urban forests that provide numerous environmental, social, and economic benefits for generations to come. Arborists must familiarize themselves with relevant legislation at all levels to ensure compliance and contribute to sustainable urban forest management.
Adhering to the highest standards of work is essential to maintain the good health and optimal performance of trees. National standards, safety regulations, and specifications play crucial roles in guiding and ensuring the quality of tree care operations. This chapter explores the importance of standards, safety regulations, and specifications in tree work, highlighting some of the prominent arboricultural standards in Europe, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.
The European Arboricultural Standards (EAS) are a collection of guidelines that have been developed to establish a consistent set of norms and standards in the field of arboriculture across Europe. These standards are based on a combination of formal and informal national norms and standards, incorporating the latest knowledge and expertise from the arboricultural community. The primary purpose of these standards is to ensure high-quality tree work and serve as a foundation for the training and certification of arborists throughout Europe.
As of 2023, the EAS cover various aspects of tree care, including tree pruning, tree planting, and tree cabling and bracing. Standards that will cover Tree Assessment, Tree Valuation and Tree Protection on Construction Sites are in development and are scheduled to be released in 2025.
They provide technical definitions of best practices in tree work that are applicable across Europe. To account for national and local variations, the standards include national annexes that highlight any differences in approach or legislation. These annexes help address specific regional requirements and ensure that the standards can be effectively implemented across different countries within Europe.
BS 3998
BS 3998 is a British Standard that provides guidelines for tree work and tree care practices in the United Kingdom. It covers various aspects of tree management, including tree inspection, pruning, and tree preservation. The standard emphasizes the importance of considering tree health, safety, and environmental impact in all tree care activities. BS 3998 serves as a valuable reference for arborists, tree surgeons, and those involved in tree management and maintenance.
BS 5837
BS 5837 is a British Standard that focuses specifically on trees within the context of construction and development projects. It provides guidelines for assessing and managing trees on development sites, including tree surveys, tree protection measures, and tree planting recommendations. The standard aims to balance the needs of development with the preservation of trees, ensuring their protection and integration within the built environment. BS 5837 is widely used by architects, developers, and arboricultural professionals involved in planning and construction projects.
ATTC (ZTV Baumpflege)
The Additional Technical Terms of Contract and Guidelines for Tree Care (ZTV Baumpflege), is a comprehensive set of guidelines and regulations for tree care and maintenance in Germany. It provides guidance on tree inspection, pruning techniques, tree preservation, and safety considerations. Developed by the Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau (FLL), the ZTV Baumpflege serves as a recognized reference for arborists, tree care professionals, and municipalities, ensuring the health and longevity of trees in urban and rural environments.
DIN 18916
DIN 18916 is a German standard for vegetation technology in landscaping, specifically focusing on plants and plant care. It provides guidelines and requirements for the selection, planting, and maintenance of plants in landscaping projects. The standard aims to ensure the proper establishment and care of plants, taking into account factors such as soil conditions, watering, fertilization, and pest control. By adhering to this standard, professionals in the landscaping industry can enhance the health and longevity of plants, contributing to the overall success and sustainability of landscaping projects.
DIN 18920
DIN 18920 is the German standard for vegetation technology in landscaping – protection of trees, plantations, and vegetation areas during construction work. This standard provides guidelines and requirements for protecting trees, plantings, and vegetation areas during construction activities. It covers aspects such as tree protection measures, soil protection, root zone protection, and the preservation of existing vegetation. The standard aims to minimize the negative impacts of construction on trees and vegetation, ensuring their long-term health and viability in landscaped areas.
RAS-LP4
RAS-LP4 refers to the “Richtlinien für die Anlage von Straßen – Landschaftsplanung – Teil: Bäume” in Germany, which translates to “Guidelines for the Design of Roads – Landscape Planning – Part: Trees.” These guidelines provide recommendations for tree planting and management along roadways, considering factors such as tree species selection, spacing, and maintenance practices. The guidelines aim to enhance the visual and ecological qualities of road landscapes while ensuring road safety and functionality.
A300
A300 is a series of American National Standards developed by the Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for tree care operations in the United States. The A300 standards provide guidelines for arborists and tree care professionals, covering a wide range of topics related to tree pruning, tree removal, tree support systems, and tree risk assessment. These standards emphasize industry best practices, safety protocols, and environmental considerations, aiming to promote the health and longevity of trees while ensuring the safety of workers and the public. The A300 series serves as a valuable resource for professionals in the tree care industry, helping to maintain high standards of tree care across the United States.
A Guide to Safe Work Practice
The EAC Aerial Tree Work Operations: A Guide to Safe Work Practice is a comprehensive resource that provides guidelines and recommendations for conducting safe aerial tree work operations. Developed by the European Arboricultural Council (EAC), this guide emphasizes the importance of safety and aims to promote best practices in the field of arboriculture.
The guide covers various aspects of aerial tree work, including tree climbing, working at height, and the use of aerial platforms and equipment. It addresses key safety considerations such as risk assessment, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), communication protocols, emergency procedures, and the maintenance and inspection of equipment.
By following the recommendations outlined in this guide, arborists and tree care professionals can minimize the risks associated with aerial tree work and ensure the safety of themselves and their team members.
Z133
The ANSI A300 Part 1 – 2020 standard, also known as the Z133 Safety Standard, is a comprehensive set of guidelines and best practices developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for the safe and efficient operation of arboricultural activities. The standard covers all aspects of tree care and provides guidance on topics such as job site safety, equipment inspection and use, tree climbing techniques, hazard assessment, and proper pruning and removal procedures. The Z133 Safety Standard aims to protect the well-being of arborists and promote safe work practices in the tree care industry, ultimately reducing the risk of accidents and injuries. Arborists and tree care professionals are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the Z133 standard and adhere to its guidelines to ensure a safe working environment for themselves and their teams.
Adherence to national standards, safety regulations, and comprehensive specifications is essential in guiding and regulating tree work activities. The European Arboricultural Standards, British Arboricultural Standards, German Arboricultural Standards, and the American National Standards provide valuable guidelines and recommendations for various aspects of tree care. Safety standards and guidelines, such as the EAC Aerial Tree Work Operations guide and the ANSI A300 Part 1 – Z133 Safety Standard, focus on promoting safe work practices and reducing risks associated with tree care operations. By following these standards, regulations, and specifications, arborists can ensure the highest quality of tree care, protect worker safety, and contribute to the overall health and sustainability of urban tree populations.
The successful establishment of trees relies on the transplantation of high-quality plants using proper planting procedures and selecting the most suitable tree species for the specific site conditions. This chapter will delve into the key aspects of tree planting, including plant selection, planting techniques, mulching, pruning, and a comprehensive overview of standard planting procedures.
Selecting the appropriate tree species that can thrive in the given site conditions is essential for successful tree planting. Factors such as soil moisture levels, drainage, pH, sunlight exposure, temperature range, space limitations, and aesthetic considerations must be carefully evaluated. Matching the tree to its specific site requirements greatly influences its ability to adapt, survive, and perform well over time.
Choosing the right nursery stock type is a significant aspect of tree planting. Various types of nursery stock are available, each with its own advantages and considerations. Bare root, containerized, container grown, and balled and burlapped (B&B) stock are commonly used in tree planting projects. Bare root stock is lightweight, cost-effective, and suitable for planting during the dormant season. Containerized stock offers convenience and ease of handling, allowing for transplanting throughout the growing season. Container-grown stock provides better root development due to its longer cultivation period in containers. B&B stock preserves more roots during transplantation, ensuring better initial establishment. The selection of stock type depends on factors such as cost, specific site conditions, planting specifications, and professional recommendations.
Effective planting techniques are crucial for promoting successful tree establishment and healthy root development. The goal is to create optimal growing conditions for the tree, ensuring its ability to acclimate and thrive in its new environment. The size and preparation of the planting hole play a critical role in this process. Ideally, the planting hole should be two to three times wider than the root ball at the soil surface, sloping down to the width of the root ball at the base. This configuration allows the roots to spread and establish in the surrounding soil, promoting nutrient uptake and stability. In compacted clay soils, expanding the planting hole to five times the width of the root ball can enhance root growth and reduce compaction. Proper backfilling, soil amendments, and watering practices ensure a favorable environment for root development and establishment. Care should be taken to avoid planting too deep or too shallow, as this can adversely affect the tree’s health and growth.
Mulching is a beneficial practice that improves soil moisture retention, suppresses weed growth, moderates soil temperature, and enhances soil structure. Organic mulches, such as shredded bark, hardwood chips, or pine needles, provide additional benefits through gradual decomposition, adding organic matter to the soil and promoting microbial activity. Inorganic mulches, such as stones or rubber mulch, offer long-lasting weed suppression and require less frequent replenishment. Proper application of mulch is crucial to prevent it from coming into direct contact with the tree’s stem, as this can lead to moisture accumulation, rot, and pest issues. Mulch should be spread in a circular area around the tree, extending several feet from the base, with a depth of 5 to 10 (dry climate/ coarse mulch material) cm inches. This mulch layer helps maintain soil moisture, reduce competition from weeds, and protect the tree’s root zone.
Formative pruning, a form of structural pruning, plays a vital role in establishing good tree structure, reducing the potential for defects, and promoting long-term health. Minimal pruning is recommended immediately after planting, focusing primarily on removing broken or damaged limbs. However, it is essential to prune young trees to establish good structure and correct potential defects early on – as soon as the tree is established. Training young trees through formative pruning contributes to a well-balanced and structurally sound canopy. By addressing potential issues early, such as weak branch attachments or codominant stems, arborists can create trees that are more resilient and less prone to failure. Regular pruning maintenance throughout the tree’s life cycle ensures optimal health, aesthetics, and safety.
Following a comprehensive set of standard planting procedures is crucial for ensuring successful tree establishment and long-term vitality. The timing of planting is essential, preferably during the dormant season when the tree is less susceptible to stress. Proper handling and transportation techniques are necessary to protect the tree from damage and ensure its vitality upon planting. Careful inspection and management of the root system before planting contribute to successful root development and growth. Site preparation, including weed removal, soil improvement, and amendment incorporation, creates a favorable environment for root growth and nutrient uptake. The size and shape of the planting hole should accommodate the root ball adequately, allowing for root expansion and establishment. Proper tree placement, with the root collar positioned slightly above ground level, ensures the tree’s stability and proper root-to-stem transition. Constructing an irrigation wall around the planting area facilitates water retention and directs irrigation to the tree’s root zone, promoting adequate hydration. Anchorage systems, such as stakes or guy wires, provide stability for newly planted trees, ensuring resistance to wind and mechanical stress. Implementing stem and crown protection measures, such as tree guards or trunk wraps, safeguards the tree from damage caused by lawn equipment, animals, or environmental factors.
By understanding and implementing proper planting techniques and procedures, arborists, landscapers, and tree care professionals can contribute to the successful establishment and long-term health of trees. Careful consideration of plant selection, effective planting techniques, proper mulching practices, minimal pruning, and adherence to standard planting procedures play crucial roles in promoting healthy growth, enhancing tree longevity, and reaping the environmental benefits of a thriving urban forest.
Water is an essential element for the well-being of plants, and trees are no exception. Proper irrigation is crucial to promote the successful establishment and growth of trees. This chapter explores the significance of irrigation in tree care, covering factors influencing water requirements, the impact of inadequate irrigation, principles of water management, and various irrigation techniques used in arboriculture.
Trees rely on water and minerals absorbed from the soil for their growth and survival. On average, a large tree can absorb hundreds of liters of water daily, with up to 95 percent of that water being transpired into the air. Insufficient soil moisture can lead to tree dehydration, stunted growth, and overall decline in plant health. Conversely, excessive water in the root zone can also cause tree decline. Striking a balance and maintaining optimal soil moisture levels is critical for tree health and growth.
In urban planting sites, especially with newly planted trees, irrigation plays a vital role in providing supplemental water. With the help of irrigation systems, water can be applied in controlled amounts and at appropriate times. However, wise management of irrigation is necessary to avoid issues related to water quantity, rate, and quality. Both overwatering and underwatering can have detrimental effects on tree health. Therefore, a well-designed water management program must consider factors such as tree species’ water requirements, soil conditions, irrigation systems and scheduling, water conservation practices, and proper drainage.
The amount of water trees require varies depending on factors such as species, size, soil conditions, temperature, humidity, light levels, and wind exposure. Trees lose water through transpiration, which is regulated by stomatal openings and other physiological adaptations to the environment. When the rate of transpirational water loss exceeds the tree’s ability to uptake water from the soil, the tree experiences stress and may exhibit signs of wilting. Understanding the water needs of different tree species and recognizing signs of water stress are crucial for effective irrigation management.
Proper planning and tree species selection are key to reducing or eliminating the need for irrigation. Matching the water requirements of trees with site characteristics, such as sun exposure and wind conditions, helps maintain a healthy balance. Newly transplanted trees require frequent irrigation to establish their root systems, while established trees have different watering needs. Determining appropriate irrigation schedules involves considering factors like soil type, mulch composition, and climatic conditions.
Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems are commonly used for watering trees. Sprinkler systems distribute water evenly across the root zone, but careful management is necessary to avoid water runoff and erosion. Designing efficient systems with appropriate valves, pipe sizing, and head placement ensures effective water application. Drip irrigation systems provide slow, targeted water delivery directly to the root zone, reducing water loss through evaporation and runoff. Regular monitoring and maintenance are essential to prevent emitter clogging or line damage.
Other irrigation methods, such as high-pressure water injection, soaker hoses, basin irrigation, and portable drip systems, may be suitable in specific circumstances and site requirements. It is important to consider tree root systems during installation to minimize root damage. Incorporating trees into irrigation management programs is vital to prevent excessive watering, which can lead to fungal issues and root damage.
By understanding water requirements, employing appropriate watering techniques, and selecting suitable irrigation systems, arborists and tree care professionals can ensure that trees receive the optimal water supply for their needs. Implementing sound water management practices, including proper planning, monitoring, and maintenance, contributes to the long-term well-being of trees, enhances the beauty of landscapes, and conserves water resources.
Essential elements play a vital role in the metabolic processes and overall health of trees. While forested areas naturally provide these elements through nutrient recycling, urban landscapes often face challenges related to nutrient deficiencies in soil. Fertilization and soil amendments can become necessary to enhance nutrient availability and support the healthy growth of trees in urban settings. However, careful consideration must be given to fertilization practices to avoid adverse effects on tree health and the environment. This chapter explores the benefits and considerations of fertilization, different types of fertilizers, application rates and timing, techniques, soil additives, and the importance of analysis and prescription in ensuring proper nutrient management for trees.
Essential elements are fundamental for tree metabolism and the successful completion of their life cycles. Forested sites naturally provide these elements through the recycling of fallen foliage, ensuring a sustainable nutrient supply. However, landscape trees in urban settings may encounter nutrient deficiencies due to the removal of nutrient-rich topsoil during construction or the degradation of existing soil quality over time. Furthermore, the removal of fallen foliage disrupts nutrient cycling, reducing the population and activity of beneficial soil organisms. As a result, fertilization or soil amendments may be necessary to enhance nutrient availability in urban soils and support the healthy growth of trees.
Fertilization offers numerous benefits for trees, including promoting growth, improving resistance to diseases and pests, and potentially reversing declining tree health. However, it is important to approach fertilization with care. Improper application or unnecessary use of fertilizers can have detrimental effects on both the tree and the surrounding environment. Trees growing in areas with regularly fertilized turf, for instance, may not require additional fertilization, depending on the nutrient management practices implemented for the turf.
Fertilizers are available in various forms and compositions to provide the necessary nutrients for trees. A complete fertilizer typically contains three essential elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The fertilizer analysis, indicated on the product container, represents the percentage by weight of total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, and soluble potash. While complete fertilizers are commonly used, not all trees require the same nutrient balance. Nitrogen is often the most limiting element for tree growth. Fertilizers can be classified as organic or inorganic, with each type offering unique release characteristics and considerations.
Slow-release fertilizers are highly recommended for trees as they gradually release nutrients, primarily nitrogen, over an extended period. This controlled release minimizes the risk of nutrient leaching and potential salt or fertilizer burn. Slow-release fertilizers can take different forms, such as sulfur-coated urea or organic materials like urea formaldehyde and manures. The gradual decomposition of these fertilizers in the soil ensures a steady nutrient supply to the trees, reducing the need for frequent applications.
Determining the appropriate rate of fertilizer application depends on several factors, including the tree’s age, health, and species, the type of fertilizer used, the method of application, site conditions, and the desired outcome. It is crucial to apply fertilizer at rates that minimize nutrient runoff and protect water quality. Recent research suggests lower fertilizer rates than traditionally used may be more environmentally sustainable. Timing is also a critical consideration, as fertilizers may not be readily absorbed or utilized by trees during the dormant season. Nitrogen uptake by trees peaks in the spring and summer, aligning with their heightened metabolic demands.
Multiple techniques can be employed to apply fertilizers to trees. Surface application involves spreading the fertilizer evenly over the soil surface using spreaders for dry formulations or sprayers for liquid formulations. Calibration ensures the proper amount of nitrogen is applied per unit area. Thorough watering may be required after surface application to dissolve the fertilizer and facilitate its absorption by the tree roots. In cases where trees grow in lawns, competition for nitrogen from turfgrass should be taken into account. Subsurface application techniques, such as the drill-hole method, ensure direct nutrient delivery to tree roots. Liquid injection fertilization involves injecting fertilizer under hydraulic pressure into the soil using specialized equipment. Foliar application, where fertilizers are sprayed onto tree leaves, can be used to address minor element deficiencies.
Soil additives encompass a range of substances, including organic matter, vitamins, mineral elements, and seaweed extracts. These additives can enhance soil biology and structure, indirectly benefiting tree health. A key objective of soil additives is to introduce fungal inoculants that foster the development of mycorrhizae, which facilitate nutrient uptake. It is essential to select soil additives based on the specific tree species and site conditions, as factors like soil pH, light availability, and competing microbes can influence their effectiveness.
Prescription fertilization involves tailoring fertilizer recommendations to meet the specific nutrient needs of trees, which can be determined through soil or tissue testing. Soil analysis provides insights into the nutrient composition and pH level of the soil, helping to identify any deficiencies or imbalances. Foliar analysis involves analyzing the nutrient content of tree leaves to further assess nutrient status. These analyses guide the development of precise fertilization prescriptions, ensuring the appropriate application of nutrients to support tree health and growth.
Fertilization provides several benefits, but it must be approached with care to prevent overuse or environmental damage. Slow-release fertilizers are highly recommended as they release nutrients gradually, minimizing the risk of leaching and nutrient runoff. Application rates and timing should be tailored to tree species, age, health, and site conditions, considering the potential impact on water quality. Various techniques, such as surface application, subsurface application, and foliar application, offer flexibility in delivering nutrients to tree roots. Soil additives can improve soil biology and structure, indirectly benefiting tree health. Soil and foliar analyses are essential for developing precise fertilization prescriptions, ensuring the optimal application of nutrients.
Pruning is aimed at maintaining tree health, structural integrity, and aesthetics. It involves various techniques and considerations to achieve desired pruning objectives while minimizing negative impacts on tree vitality and stability. This chapter explores important aspects related to pruning, including wound size, biomechanics, pruning techniques, optimal pruning season, branch removal methods, and main pruning operations.
Efforts should be made to minimize the size of pruning wounds by removing only the necessary portion of the crown to achieve the desired pruning objectives. Multiple small cuts further away from the trunk are often preferred over a small number of large cuts lower in the crown or directly on the stem. This approach helps reduce the potential negative impact on the tree’s structural integrity and promotes faster wound closure. However, when pruning in the temporary crown of young trees, a different approach may be required, considering the tree’s growth and developmental needs. In tree species with weak compartmentalization, the maximum diameter of pruning wounds should not exceed 5 cm, while for tree species with good compartmentalization, the limit is 10 cm. However, exceptions can be made for the removal of dead branches and branches posing safety risks.
When performing pruning, it is crucial to consider the influence of altered crown shape on aerodynamics and the biomechanics of both the pruned tree and surrounding trees. Changes in crown shape can affect wind resistance, balance, and the overall structural stability of the tree. Therefore, careful planning and execution of pruning practices are necessary to maintain the tree’s stability, minimize potential hazards, and preserve its health.
Various pruning techniques are employed when working with amenity trees. The step cut, also known as the three-stage cut, is recommended for the removal of larger branches to prevent tearing of tissues below the pruning point. This technique involves making an initial cut on the underside of the branch, followed by a cut on the top side slightly away from the first cut until the branch drops or breaks off. The remaining stub is then removed through target pruning or other suitable methods. The precise positioning of cuts may vary depending on factors such as tree species, surroundings, branch size, and growth direction.
Dysfunctional branches, though a natural part of a tree crown, should only be removed when necessary. These branches contribute to biodiversity and can play a role in damping the movements of living branches. However, dysfunctional branches are often partially decayed and prone to breakage, leading to fungi colonization and decay development. If removal of dysfunctional branches is required, leaving the base of the dead branches (stubs) can provide a more natural appearance to the tree and support biodiversity. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach should be carefully considered on a case-by-case basis.
The timing of pruning operations is crucial to minimize physiological stress and promote natural wound reactions and regrowth in trees. Pruning should be avoided during the post-dormancy (spring) period from bud breaking to full leaf development, the pre-dormancy (autumn) period when leaves start to change color until they are shed, and during prolonged periods of drought. Additionally, tree species with intensive sap flow should not be pruned during the dormant period. The optimal pruning season also depends on the specific objectives of the pruning operation.
Different methods can be employed for branch removal during tree pruning. Target pruning involves the careful removal of lateral branches just behind (outward) the branch collar to minimize regrowth and dysfunction while promoting the tree’s natural response to injury. Pruning to a lateral involves removing the end of a branch while leaving a live lateral branch to support the remaining branch. It is recommended to retain a strong lateral branch with a diameter of at least ⅓ of the damage caused by the removed branch. Stub cut refers to the removal of a branch by leaving a stub without retaining a side branch of sufficient size. Knuckle cut involves regularly removing epicormic shoots on short stubs. Trimming is a method used to shape trees artificially or for hedge pruning, involving the removal of the ends of branches.
Before embarking on any pruning work, certain conditions must be met, including conducting a thorough tree condition assessment, defining clear pruning objectives, evaluating the tree’s ability to respond to pruning, and addressing any potential conflicts with biodiversity and biosecurity regulations.
The primary aim of structural pruning is to intervene in the canopy structure and shape of the tree, establishing and maintaining a stable framework. This involves the removal or shortening of branches with weak unions or those that pose a risk to the tree’s stability. It is essential to note that altering the tree’s height or significantly changing the canopy shape is not permitted.
Lateral crown reduction is employed to resolve conflicts with surrounding structures such as power lines, buildings, or windows. By selectively removing branches, this pruning technique aims to improve tree stability and maintain appropriate clearance for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
This less common pruning technique involves lowering the top portion of the tree’s crown. It is usually performed in conjunction with the need for mechanical stabilization of the entire tree or to naturally reduce the crown of veteran trees. The objective is not to permanently reduce the tree’s size but rather to maintain branches at a specific height through repeated pruning.
Crown shaping focuses on creating an ornamental appearance by irreversibly altering the tree’s natural canopy architecture. The two primary methods of crown shaping are pollarding, where branches are repeatedly pruned back to specific points, forming swollen “heads” or “knuckles,” and crown trimming, which involves establishing formal hedge-like trees. Crown shaping should commence when the tree is young and be consistently maintained throughout its life.
Restorative pruning is employed for trees that have experienced severe physiological and mechanical impairment due to natural damage (e.g., high winds) or inappropriate previous tree interventions (e.g., topping, root damage). These trees may fall into categories such as mismanaged (improper care), lapsed (neglected), or mutilated (severely damaged). Restorative pruning aims to restore tree stability and maximize their life expectancy, considering the tree’s overall benefits to the site. Standard pruning techniques may not always apply in these cases.
Topping, the practice of indiscriminately removing the upper portions of mature trees without a defined shape or planned subsequent pruning interventions, is considered poor tree management. Topping leads to significant damage, including crown dysfunction and decay, and should be avoided at all times. Trees that have undergone topping are categorized as mutilated trees.
To effectively define pruning operations, trees are categorized based on their management objectives and desired long-term outcomes. This includes free-growing adolescent or mature trees that are allowed to develop naturally, trees with minor adaptations to their surroundings for preservation purposes, and artificially shaped trees created for ornamental reasons. Trees that have been inadequately cared for, mismanaged, or have suffered weather or severe root damage should be managed with the aim of transitioning them toward a more natural or artificially shaped form.
Pruning can have various effects on trees, including an increased likelihood of pathogen and pest colonization, hydraulic stress, competition for carbon resources, reduced carbon and photosynthetic product production, potential reduction in ecological diversity if dysfunctional wood is removed, decreased likelihood of stem failure, and reduced availability of nutrients for resorption and recycling. Understanding these effects is essential in developing proper pruning strategies that mitigate potential risks and promote tree health.
Pruning is a fundamental aspect of tree care, and considering factors such as wound size, biomechanics, pruning techniques, optimal pruning season, branch removal methods, and main pruning operations is crucial for effective and responsible tree management.
Tree support systems, such as cabling, bracing, guying, and propping, provide supplemental support to branches, tree crowns or entire trees. Before installing a support system, a thorough examination and assessment of each tree by a qualified arborist is crucial to ensure the system achieves its objectives without compromising tree dynamics. This chapter explores the main objectives of tree support systems and the various types and considerations involved in their implementation.
Tree support systems are designed to provide additional support to leaders, branches, or entire trees. The main objectives of using these systems are to enhance tree stability, prolong tree longevity, manage the risk of structural failure, prevent damage to people and property, and preserve valuable trees and habitats. Careful examination and assessment of each tree by a qualified arborist is crucial before specifying and installing a support system to ensure it achieves its objectives without compromising tree dynamics.
Cabling and bracing systems, along with other stabilization aids, are installed on significantly destabilized trees to improve their biomechanical stability and manage the risk of structural failure. These systems involve the use of cables, braces, and other techniques to limit the movement of branches or the entire tree. The objective is to prevent branch or tree failure and minimize the potential for damage.
Tree stabilizations systems can interrupt natural retrenchment processes and branch shedding, which are part of a tree’s natural structural changes. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the risk-benefit assessment and evaluate the potential impact on the remaining tree structure, people, and property. Regular recording, monitoring, inspection, and maintenance of tree support systems are necessary to ensure their effectiveness and longevity.
Tree support systems can be categorized into four general types: cables, braces, guys, and props. Cables are steel or synthetic ropes installed between branches within a tree, braces are metal rods inserted through branches or stems, guys are wires, ropes, or webbing installed from a tree to an external anchor, and props are rigid structures placed beneath low branches or trunks. Each type of system serves a specific purpose and provides supplemental support to different parts of the tree.
Dynamic support systems, also known as dynamic cable systems, offer an alternative to rigid support systems. These nonrigid systems, typically made of synthetic fibers, allow for more tree sway and movement. By allowing the tree to produce supporting wood where needed, dynamic cabling systems gradually strengthen the tree over time. They are used to reduce the probability of tree or branch failure by eliminating stress peaks and damping energy during rope elongation.
Static support systems consist of components with low elasticity. These systems, installed under tension, provide rigid stabilization to stems or branches that show signs of potential failure. However, static cabling can alter strain distribution and impact the tree’s natural reactive growth. Special attention is required when installing static cabling, particularly on mechanically compromised trees.
Bracing involves the use of steel rods to provide additional support for weak junctions in tree limbs, leaders, or trunks. It is primarily used to reinforce weak crotches or strengthen decayed areas. Bracing is often combined with cabling systems rather than being used as a standalone method. Static bracing involves inserting steel rods through the tree at the base of stems, limbs, or branches or directly through a fork. It is suitable for stabilizing stems or branches that show signs of potential failure. However, caution must be exercised when bracing decayed wood or cavities to avoid damaging internal barriers or reaction zones and risking mechanical damage to the tree.
Guying is the installation of a cable or rope between a tree and an external anchor to provide supplemental support and reduce tree movement. It is commonly used for trees with significant root defects that cannot be removed due to their historic importance or other reasons. Guying helps keep such trees upright or prevents failure towards a target direction. In the case of mature or veteran trees, guying is typically a permanent measure as the tree may not develop sufficient roots or wood to support itself without mechanical support.
Propping involves the use of rigid structures placed between the ground and a branch or trunk to provide support. It is commonly used under nearly horizontal or downward-growing branches to keep them off the ground or structures and provide clearance. Props can be wooden or metal structures, ranging from simple to complex designs. They are fixed to the stem or branch, preventing the secured part from moving. Designing a prop requires the expertise of specialists who consider factors such as expected loads, the prop’s lifespan, contact with the secured part, fixing in the ground, location, adaptability to tree growth, future replacement possibilities, and aesthetic impact on the tree and surroundings. A prop installation must be specifically tailored to the tree in question, and the involvement of an experienced arborist during installation is essential.
Tree support systems play an important role in enhancing tree stability, managing the risk of structural failure, and preserving valuable trees and habitats. By carefully considering the objectives of these systems and selecting the appropriate type for each tree, arborists and tree care professionals can effectively manage tree stability while minimizing any negative impact on tree dynamics. Regular monitoring, inspection, and maintenance of support systems are essential to ensure their ongoing effectiveness. By prioritizing tree support, we can protect trees, promote their longevity, and contribute to a safer and more sustainable environment.
Construction activities can pose significant risks to the health and survival of trees if proper protection measures are not implemented. This chapter focuses on the prevention of root damage, understanding the potential harm caused by construction, planning and preservation strategies, and specific measures to avoid tree damage during construction.
Construction activities can cause physical damage to trees if precautions are not taken. Heavy equipment and improper pruning practices can harm branches and trunks. However, the most significant damage often occurs underground, where the root system is vulnerable to disturbance and compaction. Symptoms of root damage may not appear immediately but can lead to tree decline or death over time.
Excavations near the root system can have detrimental effects on trees. National recommendations for tree protection should be followed, and excavations should be avoided if possible. When root excavations are necessary, they should be carried out manually or with non-invasive equipment to minimize damage. Clean cuts should be made when pruning roots, and wound dressing may be applied. Proper care should be taken to ensure the tree’s stability and prevent desiccation of exposed roots.
Preserving trees on construction sites requires early involvement and collaboration among arborists, builders, and developers. Evaluation of tree species, size, maturity, condition, and location helps determine which trees are suitable for preservation. Only healthy, structurally sound trees that can tolerate construction activities should be preserved. Planning should consider tree ordinances, local regulations, and future landscape design to ensure compatibility and minimize negative impacts on retained trees.
Clear and comprehensive construction specifications are crucial to ensuring tree protection. These specifications should outline measures to be taken, including barriers, work limitations, and designated zones. Each subcontractor and equipment operator must understand and adhere to these specifications. Posting signage and incorporating penalties for violations reinforces the importance of tree protection.
Enhancing tree vitality before construction begins is essential. Proper water management, mulching, fertilization, pest control, and the application of growth regulators can improve tree resilience to construction-related stresses.
Creating construction fences around trees or groups of trees at the onset of construction is vital. Designated tree protection zones (TPZs) ensure that no grading, excavation, or construction activity occurs within the defined area without written approval and supervision from the project arborist.
Applying mulch around trees helps protect the soil surface and reduce soil compaction caused by construction equipment. Additional weight dispersal techniques, such as plywood or steel sheets, can further disperse the equipment’s load.
Grade changes can be detrimental to trees, and their impact should be minimized. The amount of remaining root system, species tolerance to root loss, degree of grade lowering, soil conditions, and irrigation should be considered. Temporary grade changes should be carefully planned to avoid negative consequences.
During excavations, specific measures must be taken to protect the stem and roots of trees. Planks should be used to shield the stem from construction equipment, and load-bearing material should cover the roots to prevent soil compaction. Root ditches, clean cuts, and suitable backfill can promote the growth of new roots and minimize damage.
By following best practices and implementing protective measures, such as preventing root damage, setting up barriers, limiting access, reducing compaction, and considering grade changes, construction projects can proceed without compromising the health and longevity of trees. Collaboration among arborists, builders, and developers is crucial from the planning stage to the implementation of construction specifications.
Soil improvement can enhance plant establishment, health, growth, and longevity. It involves setting specific objectives related to soil management, such as managing organic matter content, mitigating soil compaction, improving soil drainage, and correcting pH and nutrient deficiencies. By identifying the limiting factors and applying appropriate treatments, soil modification can be achieved to create favorable conditions for tree growth. This chapter explores soil assessment, modification techniques, and various soil improvement methods employed in vocational arboriculture.
The primary goals of soil management in arboriculture are to improve plant establishment, health, growth, and longevity. To achieve these goals, specific soil-related objectives are set, which include managing organic matter content, mitigating soil compaction, managing soil moisture content, improving soil drainage, improving soil structure, correcting pH and nutrient deficiencies, mitigating soil contamination, reducing soil erosion, moderating soil temperatures, and managing soil biology. Each objective is aimed at addressing a particular aspect of soil health and quality that directly impacts tree performance.
Soil assessment is a crucial step in soil improvement, involving the examination of soil characteristics to identify limitations to plant growth. Once the limiting factors are identified, soil modification techniques can be employed to correct these limitations. Soil modifications can be categorized into three main types: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical modifications focus on improving soil structure, reducing compaction, and enhancing drainage. Chemical modifications address nutrient deficiencies, pH adjustment, and remediation of soil contamination. Biological modifications involve enhancing soil biology and microbial activity to promote nutrient cycling and improve plant health.
Soil amendments are materials incorporated into the soil to improve its physical, chemical, and biological conditions. They are used to achieve specific objectives such as increasing particle aggregation, reducing bulk density, changing texture, altering moisture content, increasing fertility, adjusting pH, decreasing contaminant availability, and reducing salinity. Soil amendments can be organic (derived from living organisms) or inorganic. They are incorporated into the soil to provide long-term benefits and improve overall soil health.
Adjusting soil pH is essential when it negatively affects plant health. It is recommended to select tree species adapted to the existing soil pH before planting. For existing trees, pH modification can be carried out to improve plant health. Remediation of salt-affected soils involves the installation of salt-tolerant species within the rooting zone or planting low-water-consuming, salt-tolerant shrubs near the drip line. Leaching with high-quality water and the application of gypsum can also aid in soil remediation by reducing sodium levels and improving soil flocculation.
Microbial inoculants are used to improve the composition of the soil microbial community, benefiting plant health. However, the use of organic amendments to develop and maintain beneficial soil organisms may reduce the need for microbial inoculants. Mulching, on the other hand, is the application of materials to the soil surface to improve tree and soil health. Organic mulches have various benefits, including moderating soil temperature, reducing compaction and erosion, and increasing soil organic matter and nutrient availability. Inorganic mulches offer stability but may reflect heat onto tree trunks.
Fertilizers are applied to correct nutrient deficiencies in the soil. Nutrient management involves matching nutrient needs with supply, uptake, and loss to ensure optimal tree health. Tillage or cultivation techniques are used to reduce soil compaction, incorporate amendments, and rebuild the soil profile. Different tillage methods, such as mechanical tillage, air tillage, radial trenching, vertical mulching, and pressurized fracturing, can be employed based on the growth phase of the trees and the presence of roots.
Proper soil drainage is essential for root development and the overall health of trees. Techniques to improve drainage include reducing irrigation, diverting surface water, planting trees on mounds, and increasing soil infiltration rates. French drains, mechanical plowing, drilling, probing, pressurized fracturing, trenching, and excavation are some methods used to enhance soil drainage and prevent waterlogging.
Soil improvement aims to enhance plant health, growth, and longevity. By setting specific objectives, conducting soil assessments, and employing appropriate modification techniques, arborists can create favorable soil conditions for optimal tree performance. Soil amendments, pH adjustment, salt remediation, microbial inoculants, mulching, fertilization, tillage, and drainage techniques are some of the methods employed to improve soil quality.
Tree felling and removal are complex tasks that require careful planning, precise execution, and adherence to safety protocols. This chapter delves into the intricate process of assessing site conditions and tree structures to notch configurations, hinge control, limb removal (limbing), and log cutting (bucking)of tree felling, exploring the various factors that need to be considered, techniques employed, and safety measures taken to ensure a successful operation.
Before embarking on a tree felling operation, thorough preparation is essential. This involves conducting a comprehensive inspection of the tree and site to identify potential hazards, developing a meticulous work plan, and facilitating a detailed job briefing to ensure all team members are aware of their roles and responsibilities. Careful consideration must be given to the surrounding obstacles, terrain, wind direction, as well as the shape, flaws, and lean of the tree. If there are any concerns about the tree’s structural integrity, further investigation may be required before proceeding with the removal plan. Safety should always be prioritized, and workers must be positioned strategically to mitigate the risk of accidents during the felling process.
Tree felling techniques can vary depending on the specific circumstances and the condition of the tree. In some cases, trees may need to be rigged for removal, while in other instances, they can be felled using wedges or a tagline (pull line) to enhance control. Maintaining a safe distance from the tree being felled is crucial, with workers not directly involved in the operation positioned at least two tree lengths away. Those directly involved, including individuals handling the tagline, must maintain a distance of at least one and a half tree lengths, have effective means of communication with the feller, and establish a well-defined retreat path (escape route). The preferred retreat path for the chain saw operator during a felling operation is typically at a 45-degree angle opposite the intended direction of the fall. Throughout the process, the feller should be cautious and avoid turning their back to the falling tree.
The proper execution of felling notches and back cuts plays a pivotal role in controlling the direction of the tree’s fall. Notches are made above ground level to provide the chain saw operator with a safe starting position, stable stance, and the necessary freedom of movement for a successful cut. Various notch configurations can be employed, including the open-face notch, conventional notch, and Humboldt notch. While the conventional notch, with a 45-degree angle, has been widely used in the past, the open-face notch with an angle of 70 degrees or more is now favored due to its superior control over the tree’s descent.
When making the notch, it is important to consider its depth, length, and placement. The notch depth should generally be one-third or less of the tree’s diameter, while the length of the hinge should be approximately 80 percent of the tree’s diameter. Placing the notch away from cracks or decayed areas is crucial to ensure a solid hinge. Great care must be taken to avoid bypassing cuts that sever the critical fibers of the hinge. Initiating the cut with a top cut can provide better visibility and prevent this issue, as the kerf created by the top cut acts as a window for the chain saw operator to observe the approach of the bar when making the bottom cut.
The hinge, formed by the back cut, is a critical element in controlling the direction of the tree’s fall. It is essential to ensure the proper thickness of the hinge to achieve the desired outcome. As a general rule, the hinge thickness should be approximately 5 to 10 percent of the tree’s diameter. However, flexibility is required depending on the size of the tree and the specific circumstances. For instance, when cutting short sections aloft, a 10 percent hinge may be excessive, making it challenging for the climber to break it off with limited leverage. Conversely, larger trees may benefit from a hinge thickness of less than 10 percent. In the case of very large-diameter trees, a hinge thickness of 5 percent or less may be more suitable. It is crucial to avoid cutting into the hinge when making the back cut to maintain the hinge’s integrity.
The traditional approach involves a straight back cut made from the back of the tree toward the notch. With the open-face notch, the back cut does not need to be stepped higher and can be cut at the same level as the apex of the notch. This modification allows the hinge to exert control over the tree’s fall for a longer duration compared to the conventional notch. To minimize the possibility of the tree kicking back toward the operator when the hinge breaks, some texts recommend making the back cut slightly higher than the apex of the notch, especially when using a conventional notch.
In certain circumstances, trees may exhibit a heavy lean or internal flaws that increase the risk of splitting upward from the back cut, resulting in a dangerous situation known as a barber chair. Specific training in cutting techniques for felling trees with leans or flaws can significantly reduce the likelihood of a barber chair occurrence. Additionally, securing a load strap or logging chain around the tree above the notch can help prevent or minimize splitting. It is crucial to maintain a safe distance behind the tree during felling, ensuring that no other workers are in the immediate area directly behind the falling tree. The worker making the back cut should always plan an escape route at a 45-degree angle on either side of a line opposite the intended direction of the fall.
To aid in the felling process, it is advisable to have felling wedges readily available when making the back cut. These wedges can be driven into the back cut to prevent the tree from closing on the cut, thus avoiding the pinching of the chain saw bar and facilitating a smoother fall. They also assist in initiating the tree’s descent by exerting pressure in the desired direction.
Once the tree has been successfully felled, the next steps involve limb removal, known as limbing, and the cutting of the main logs and trunk, referred to as bucking. Proficiency in chain saw skills is crucial for safe and efficient limb and log cutting operations. Formal chain saw training is highly recommended, and some countries may require specific chain saw qualifications. During limbing and bucking, all chain saw safety regulations and guidelines must be strictly followed. Engaging the chain brake when not actively cutting, being cautious of limb tension release, and maintaining awareness of log and branch tension are essential for worker safety. Anticipating the movement of limbs after cutting is critical for positioning oneself safely. Different cutting techniques can be employed to release tension or control the direction of limb fall, such as using small notches or undercuts. When multiple workers are involved, clear communication and coordination are crucial to avoid accidents. Workers should stay on the uphill side of logs or trees, prevent rolling by blocking or securing the logs, and take precautions when approaching a saw operator to minimize the risk of injury.
Tree felling requires meticulous planning, precise execution, and strict adherence to safety guidelines. From the initial preparation and assessment to the notch configurations, hinge control, and limb and log cutting, each step plays a vital role in executing a safe and efficient tree felling operation.
To ensure safe and efficient tree climbing and pruning operations, arborists rely on a range of specialized equipment. This chapter explores the essential gear used in climbing, chainsaw use, and other tree care activities. Proper selection, maintenance, and inspection of equipment are critical for the safety and effectiveness of arborists in their work.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) consists of head protection, eye protection, hearing protection, leg protection, work boots, gloves, and personal fall protection systems. Basic PPE must be worn at all times at the worksite:
Work-specific PPE should be worn in addition to the basic PPE, depending on the nature of the work and in accordance with relevant legislation and the manufacturer’s instructions for use of specific tools, equipment and machinery. See Chapter 4.1 Personal Protective Equipment for additional information.
While hand tools like hand saws and pruning shears/secateurs are preferred for pruning, chainsaws can be used for branches with diameters over 5 cm. All tools must be sharp, clean, and appropriate for the task at hand.
Regular inspection of personal protective equipment (PPE) and climbing equipment is essential to ensure their continued safety and effectiveness. PPE and climbing gear should be inspected every six months by a competent person within the company or by an external inspector. This periodic inspection assesses the condition, suitability, and proper storage of the equipment. However, it should be noted that systematic checks of all equipment before each use by the operator are necessary and should not be replaced by periodic inspections alone.
The use of appropriate climbing equipment, chainsaw gear, and other tools is crucial for the safety and efficiency of tree climbing and pruning operations. Arborists must carefully select, maintain, and inspect their equipment to ensure its reliability and functionality. Regular training and adherence to proper safety practices contribute to a safer working environment and the successful completion of tree care tasks.
Tree climbing is a physically demanding and potentially hazardous profession that requires skilled climbers who prioritize safety and adhere to established protocols. This chapter provides a detailed exploration of tree climbing techniques and safety considerations.
Before embarking on a climbing operation, conducting a comprehensive inspection of both the tree and climbing equipment is crucial. The tree should be carefully examined for potential hazards such as dead or broken limbs, cracks, insect infestations, weak branch unions, and signs of decay. Inspecting the root crown, often hidden by soil, bark, or vines, is also important as severe crown rot can result in the tree toppling over. Walking around the perimeter of the tree, both inside and outside the drip line, allows for a thorough assessment. This inspection also serves as an opportunity to plan the climbing route and identify safe tie-in points.
Choosing the appropriate climbing technique depends on factors such as the presence of electrical conductors, tree characteristics, and the desired work objectives. Climbing techniques can include using a climbing line, ladder, or climbing spurs. Each technique has its advantages and limitations. Climbers must remain cautious of potential hazards, such as large, dead branches, and continuously assess the tree’s condition while ascending. Planning the climbing route and tie-in point before starting the ascent ensures a smoother and safer climb.
Setting a rope in the tree is a crucial step in climbing. A throwline and shot pouch are used to accurately place the rope through desired crotches in the tree. Techniques for throwing, launching, and manipulating throwlines exist to achieve precise placement. Once the rope is set, climbers can utilize friction devices and climbing techniques such as body thrusting or footlocking to ascend. Resetting the climbing line may be necessary when ascending large trees, and it is essential to ensure there is enough rope length to reach the ground in case of emergencies.
Choosing the right tie-in point is vital for stability and safe movement within the tree. Ideally, a high and central location within the tree allows for freedom of movement and easy access to different areas. Tying in too low can restrict movement, while tying in too high may result in swinging toward power lines in case of a slip or fall. Selecting a wide crotch that allows the rope to pass through easily and installing a friction-saving device help reduce wear on the rope and facilitate smoother climbing.
The term “knot” encompasses all types of knots, hitches, and bends. A hitch is a specific type of knot that is utilized to secure a rope to an object, another rope, or even to the standing part of the same rope. On the other hand, a bend is a knot that joins two ends of a rope together. There are various categories of knots, hitches, and bends available.
When it comes to tree climbing, endline knots and hitches are commonly employed by climbers to secure the climbing line to carabiners or rope snaps. Additionally, endline knots are used to tie off branches that are being rigged.
Certain knots are considered directional, meaning their performance varies depending on the direction or end from which they are loaded or pulled.
The climbing line must be securely anchored. Canopy and basal anchors are commonly used. Canopy anchors isolate a single branch union within the canopy, while basal anchors are set at the tree’s base. The choice of anchor depends on the tree’s characteristics and the nature of the work to be performed. Ensuring proper compatibility and application of gear components is crucial, and backup measures should be in place to maintain anchor stability in case of component failure.
The climbing line serves multiple purposes beyond securing the climber. It enables ascents, descents, access to branch tips, balance maintenance, and free movement within the tree. Maintaining three points of contact with the tree, utilizing hands and feet, is essential for stability. Climbers can walk backward or sideways on limbs, keeping tension on the line when accessing the tip of horizontal limbs. Swinging techniques require precise control to avoid collisions with the trunk. Proper work positioning allows climbers to use both hands for work while keeping weight on the climbing line.
Using chainsaws aloft in a tree requires additional precautions and should only be done by experienced climbers with proper training. Climbers must secure themselves with a second means of attachment, such as a safety lanyard, before making any chainsaw cuts. Stable footing, work positioning, and adherence to chainsaw safety procedures are vital to maintain control and avoid accidents. Climbers must be aware of the position of the climbing line, safety lanyard, and other ropes to prevent accidental cuts. Precautions should be taken to avoid being struck by cut limbs.
Whether using a stationary or moving rope system, climbers must prioritize safety throughout the entire climbing operation. Effective communication with the ground crew, maintaining three points of contact with the tree, lanyarding in when making cuts, and minimizing rope angles exceeding 45 degrees are essential practices. Before descent, climbers should ensure there is sufficient rope length to reach the ground. Being prepared with the necessary gear to respond to emergencies and ensuring a safe return to the ground are critical considerations.
Environmental factors can greatly influence tree climbing operations. Climbers must be aware of changing weather conditions, such as high winds or lightning storms, which can compromise safety. Proper precautions should be taken when working during adverse weather conditions to mitigate risks. Additionally, climbers should consider the terrain surrounding the tree, as uneven ground or steep slopes can affect stability and footing.
To excel in the field of tree climbing, ongoing training and certification are essential. Arborists should participate in professional development programs that provide updates on industry standards, safety practices, and new climbing techniques. Several countries require specific chain saw qualifications for arborists. Continuous learning ensures that climbers stay up to date with the latest advancements in equipment, techniques, and safety protocols, enhancing their competence and safety in tree climbing operations.
Tree climbing requires meticulous planning, thorough inspections, and strict adherence to safety protocols. By mastering various climbing techniques and understanding the importance of proper work positioning, climbers can minimize risks and perform their tasks safely and efficiently. Through continuous training and a commitment to safety, arborists can cultivate a rewarding career in tree climbing while safeguarding themselves and the natural environment.
Rigging is an advanced aspect of tree work that involves the skillful use of ropes, specialized equipment, and precise techniques to safely and efficiently remove trees or handle limbs. In this chapter, we will delve into the tools, techniques, safety considerations, and best practices involved in rigging. It is important to note that rigging should only be undertaken by highly experienced climbers who possess a deep understanding of the principles and requirements of this complex field. Continuous training, practice, and adherence to safety standards are paramount to ensure the utmost safety and control during rigging operations.
The selection of the appropriate equipment plays a pivotal role in enhancing productivity and ensuring safety during rigging. Arborists rely on specifically designed friction devices that offer superior control when lowering branches. These devices, such as bollards, provide advantages over traditional wraps around the tree by allowing precise control of the load line. Additionally, the utilization of arborist blocks, which are heavy-duty pulleys, is essential. These blocks feature a large, rotating sheave for the rigging line and incorporate design elements that protect the rope from abrasion, ensuring its longevity and reliability.
Rigging techniques encompass a diverse range of methods that vary based on the position of the rigging point in relation to the work being performed. In simple pruning scenarios, tree pieces are safely cut and carefully thrown to a designated landing zone on the ground. However, as ropes are introduced into the equation, rigging techniques become more sophisticated and precise. When rigging from an elevated position with controlled swing, ensuring security, ease of tying and untying, and precise control are of utmost importance. In such cases, the piece being removed is typically tied at the butt end, cut with precision, and skillfully lowered to the ground. The climber’s ability to effectively control the swing of the load greatly influences the safety of the operation and the protection of surrounding property.
A comprehensive set of safety precautions must be followed diligently during rigging operations to mitigate risks effectively. It is imperative to ensure that the climber’s work line does not intersect or come into contact with the rigging line being used to lower cut parts of the tree. Anticipating the direction of fall for the cut tree or branch is essential, as climbers strategically position themselves in safe working locations to avoid hazards. Under no circumstances should climbers position themselves under a branch or any part of the tree that they intend to lower using a rigging line. Clear and effective communication between the climber and the ground worker is crucial, as agreement on the appropriate friction in the rigging system ensures smooth and safe operations. The climber’s continuous monitoring of the load’s movement until it safely reaches the ground ensures complete control throughout the rigging process.
Rigging represents a complex and inherently hazardous component of tree work that demands exceptional expertise, experience, and a deep understanding of safety protocols. By carefully selecting the appropriate equipment, following established safety guidelines, and fostering effective communication between climbers and ground workers, the risks associated with rigging operations can be minimized. Continuous training, practice, and ongoing education are essential for climbers to maintain their competence, develop new skills, and stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in rigging techniques.
Aerial rescue involves safely rescuing injured climbers or operators from elevated positions. This chapter focuses on the importance of emergency response procedures, first aid training, and the necessary equipment for conducting aerial rescues.
All crew members involved in tree work must receive comprehensive training in emergency response procedures. It is crucial that every individual is familiar with their role and knows what actions to take in case of an emergency. Aerial rescue training is particularly vital, as climbers should be capable of performing rescues when necessary. To enhance preparedness, it is recommended that a second worker, trained in aerial rescue, be present whenever a climber is in a tree. Regular practice of aerial rescue procedures within companies improves efficiency, skills, and reduces panic in real emergency situations.
First aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training is highly recommended for all tree workers and may be required by regulations in certain regions. It is important to have an approved and well-stocked first-aid kit available on every truck and at the worksite at all times. All employees should receive thorough instruction on the proper use of first-aid kits and emergency procedures. Emergency contact numbers should be prominently displayed in trucks, work orders, or job briefing sheets. Additionally, employees should be educated on the identification and treatment of common poisonous plants, as well as techniques for dealing with stinging or biting insects and potential encounters with vertebrates in trees.
In addition to standard arborist climbing equipment, a comprehensive rescue kit should be readily available on every job site. This kit may include a short tether for connecting the rescuer’s harness to the injured person’s harness, adjustable slings for rescue from the trunk or ground, pulley systems for lifting and transferring the load, additional ropes and lanyards, and specialized first aid equipment for treating injuries at height. It is crucial for competent individuals to continuously update their knowledge and practice the use of rescue techniques, including arborist rope techniques, to ensure effective and safe rescues from tree canopies or aerial platforms.
Rescuing an injured tree worker from a tree requires a systematic approach. The following steps outline the process:
Step 1: Stop all work and activate the rescue plan.
Step 2: Assess the situation, call emergency services, and prepare first aid and rescue kits.
Step 3: Safely ascend the tree using proper techniques and equipment, while checking for potential hazards.
Step 4: Communicate with the injured worker and assess their condition, providing necessary first aid and care.
Step 5: Stabilize the injured worker and, if needed, transfer them to the rescuer’s rope system.
Step 6: Maintain constant communication and lower the injured worker safely and controlled to the ground.
Step 7: Provide further care on the ground and hand over the injured worker to emergency services.
Aerial rescue techniques apply to both rescuing injured climbers from trees and rescuing operators from elevated work platforms. Skilled and experienced climbers should conduct aerial rescues, ensuring the safety of the victim and preventing harm to themselves and others. Prioritizing safety, assessing the situation, and coordinating with emergency services are critical. The installation of a rescue line or access line in the tree before commencing work greatly facilitates efficient rescues. MEWP rescues require trained crew members, proper equipment, and a focus on safely lowering the victim from the platform.
Aerial rescue techniques are essential skills for tree workers, enabling them to respond effectively in emergency situations and ensure the safety and well-being of their colleagues. By prioritizing training, practicing rescue procedures, and having the necessary equipment readily available, tree crews can mitigate risks and carry out successful aerial rescues. The implementation of safety measures further enhances the overall safety and professionalism of tree work operations. Continuous education, adherence to regulations, and a commitment to safety are paramount in the arboriculture industry.
Aerial lifts, commonly referred to as mobile elevated work platforms (MEWPs), have revolutionized the tree care industry by providing a safe and efficient means of working at height. In this chapter, we will explore the importance of proper training for aerial lift operators, the essential steps involved in preparing and operating MEWPs, and the key considerations for maintaining a safe and productive work environment.
To ensure the safe operation of aerial lifts, operators must receive comprehensive training that covers both general tree care operations and specific equipment usage. Training should encompass a wide range of topics, including regulatory compliance, equipment inspection procedures, the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), fall protection techniques, emergency procedures, aerial rescue protocols, and routine maintenance tasks. Additionally, operators are responsible for conducting daily inspections and function checks on the equipment before each workday, as well as being familiar with the capabilities and limitations of the specific lift they are operating.
Before commencing any tree care work, a thorough site inspection is crucial to identify potential hazards and develop a safe work plan. This inspection should include locating utilities and other obstacles, assessing ground conditions, and determining the optimal placement of the aerial lift, including the use of outriggers. Proper equipment placement and worksite setup, along with the implementation of traffic control measures, play a vital role in ensuring job efficiency and mitigating risks. Taking the time for thoughtful planning and preparation can significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents and damage to trees, equipment, and the worksite.
Experienced aerial lift operators must demonstrate precise and controlled operation of the equipment to perform tree care tasks without causing unnecessary harm to trees, equipment, or the surrounding area. Operators must maintain constant awareness of the lift’s movement and the position of all parts in relation to their surroundings. They must adhere to safety guidelines to prevent any contact between the aerial device and energized electrical conductors, respecting minimum approach distances to ensure electrical safety at all times. Furthermore, evaluating the load-bearing capacity of the ground is critical to ensure platform stability. Operators should strictly adhere to the guidelines regarding the utilization of the MEWP basket, which should only accommodate operators and necessary tools, and not be employed as an anchor point for lowering or transporting tree sections.
MEWPs come in various configurations to cater to different tree care tasks, such as lifts with telescopic and knuckle-boom arms, self-propelled (wheeled or tracked) lifts, and trailer-mounted lifts. It is essential for operators to follow manufacturers’ recommendations and national safety guidelines specific to each type of MEWP.
Successful and safe tree care operations involving MEWPs require effective teamwork and clear communication between the tree worker at height and the ground worker. At least two workers should be present, with one performing tree care tasks while the other ensures safety on the ground, clears pruned parts, and provides assistance as required. Communication channels should be unhindered and well-established, with advanced communication devices such as microphones and headsets integrated into helmets recommended for trees exceeding 10 meters in height.
Prior to commencing tree care tasks at height, the operator must diligently prepare the MEWP. This includes checking fuel, engine oil, and hydraulic oil levels, as well as ensuring the work area is free from obstacles and properly stabilized. Stabilizer pads should be positioned correctly, and all controls on the lifting platform must undergo thorough functional checks. Conducting a stability test with the lifting arm fully extended in a horizontal position helps identify any movement of the stabilizers/pads, ensuring safe and stable operation of the MEWP.
As the foreman and operator, the tree worker at height must prioritize their own safety and the safety of other participants in the work process. This includes securing the work area to prevent unauthorized access, verifying that all ground workers are equipped with appropriate PPE and protective equipment, utilizing PPE themselves, ensuring correct stabilization of the MEWP, following manufacturer’s instructions for securing themselves inside the basket, having access to a rescue line in case of mechanical failure, maintaining clear and effective communication with ground workers, refraining from moving the MEWP when workers are within the danger zone, and providing necessary warnings and communication before lowering cut tree parts.
When descending from the tree canopy using a MEWP, the operator must prioritize the safety of all workers on the ground. Descending should be carried out in a controlled manner to prevent damage to the tree. The descent should only commence once the danger zone of the MEWP is clear. After firmly stabilizing the MEWP basket on the ground, the operator can safely exit the basket by disengaging the safety tether and lifting the basket guard, utilizing the designated entry/exit opening.
Aerial lifts, or MEWPs, have transformed the way tree care operations are conducted, providing safer and more efficient access to heights. This chapter has highlighted the importance of proper training, meticulous preparation, and vigilant operation to create a safe and productive work environment while maximizing the benefits offered by aerial lifts in tree care operations.
Working in and around trees can present a significant risk of personal injury if safety measures are not followed. Safety must always be the first concern. Safety is more than using special equipment, wearing appropriate gear, or attending occasional meetings. Safety is an attitude. It is an ongoing commitment at every level in an organization. Safety requires a conscious recognition of potential risks and hazards and the development of a program designed to prevent accidents. Safety precautions must be built into every task performed by tree workers. A small investment of time in safety education and training can help avoid injuries and save a great deal in downtime, insurance, and damages.
The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is paramount in ensuring the safety and well-being of tree workers throughout their various tasks. This chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the importance of selecting and employing appropriate PPE in tree care operations. We will explore the significance of head protection, eye protection, hearing protection, leg protection, work boots, gloves, and personal fall protection systems. By adhering to PPE guidelines, tree workers can minimize the risk of injuries and create a secure working environment.
To comply with impact and penetration requirements, all tree workers must wear head protection, such as approved protective helmets. These serve as a safeguard against falling objects and potential head injuries. Arborists working near electrical conductors must use headgear specifically approved and tested for high voltage environments, ensuring maximum safety.
The use of appropriate eye protection is crucial when performing tree work. Even a small twig can cause irreversible damage if it comes into contact with the eye. Sawdust and wood chips generated from chainsaws and chippers pose a significant threat to workers’ eyes. Tree climbers must wear protective glasses or goggles designed to shield their eyes from these potential hazards. Some eyewear options even provide additional ultraviolet (UV) protection. While face shields attached to hard hats offer supplementary facial protection, they should never substitute the need for protective glasses, which should always be worn.
Although regulations concerning glove usage in tree care operations may vary, wearing gloves is highly recommended for certain tasks. For example, when sharpening saw chains or chipping brush, gloves provide an added layer of protection. It is important to avoid wearing gauntlet-type gloves while chipping brush to prevent the risk of entanglement. When climbing trees, gloves with good grip capabilities should be selected to prevent hand slippage and reduce tendon strain. Ensuring a secure grip not only enhances safety but also minimizes the physical strain exerted by climbers.
Tree workers should prioritize wearing clothing and footwear that are suitable for the specific work conditions and weather. It is essential to choose durable fabrics that offer both freedom of movement and durability. Loose-fitting clothing can present a hazard as it may become entangled in machinery, making it crucial to avoid such garments.
Jewelry should never be worn while engaging in tree work as it poses a risk of becoming caught in equipment, potentially causing accidents or injuries.
Long-term exposure to the noise generated by chainsaws and brush chippers can result in permanent hearing loss. Hence, tree workers exposed to prolonged periods of loud equipment noise must use hearing protection. Whether earmuff- or ear-plug-type, the chosen hearing protection equipment should meet appropriate standards to effectively mitigate the risk of hearing impairment.
When operating chain saws on the ground or in trees, tree workers must wear leg protection. Many countries and U.S. companies now require climbers to wear leg protection while using chain saws in trees. Leg protection can be in the form of chaps or chain saw pants specially designed to jam and slow down the cutters of the saw chain upon contact, minimizing the severity of potential injuries. Modern designs of chain saw pants are lightweight and less bulky compared to their earlier counterparts. Moreover, innovative work clothing options incorporate chain saw protection into shirts, jackets, gloves, and bib-style pants.
Sturdy work boots are essential for tree workers, providing support, traction, and foot protection. These boots should be chosen carefully to meet the specific demands of tree care operations. Numerous approved work boot styles and types are available, some of which include chainsaw protection. For climbers who frequently use climbing spurs, boots with a deep, square heel are recommended to brace the spur’s stirrup. Additionally, boots with a steel or polymer shank offer arch support and enhanced comfort. In contrast, flat-soled boots facilitate footlocking techniques commonly employed by climbers.
Tree climbers rely on personal fall protection systems to ensure their safety during ascents, movement around the tree, and controlled descents. These systems consist of a primary system and a backup, working together to prevent falls, limit their potential, or reduce the distance and consequences of a fall. Regular inspection, maintenance, and correct usage of personal fall protection systems are vital to ensure their effectiveness. By integrating these systems into their work routines, tree workers can confidently execute tasks at height with the assurance of enhanced safety.
The appropriate utilization of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is of paramount importance in maintaining the safety of tree workers across diverse tree care operations. Whether it be head protection, eye protection, hearing protection, leg protection, work boots, gloves, or personal fall protection systems, each component serves a critical role in safeguarding workers from potential hazards.
Working in and around trees presents inherent hazards, making safety the utmost priority. By implementing a well-organized and meticulous approach to tree operations, both safety and productivity can be enhanced. Preparation for work plays a key role in this. This chapter outlines the important steps in work preparation, including the job briefing, necessary equipment preparation and inspection, and worksite set-up.
Before the start of the tree care operation, the foreman or worksite supervisor conducts a job briefing with all workers. The job briefing ensures that every worker has a clear understanding of their responsibilities and fosters a safe working environment.
The job briefing starts with the foreman presenting important information to the other workers, such as the scope and sequence of the work to be carried out as part of the work order. A work order typically contains the customer’s contact information, the location of the worksite, a description of the work to be performed, a list of tools, equipment, and machinery required, and safety requirements and instructions. It is necessary to verify that the instructions in the work order have been clearly understood by all parties involved.
The familiarization with the scope of work is followed by a thorough assessment of tree and site risks. From the ground, conduct a visual inspection of the entire tree, meticulously examining all “sides” from roots to branches. Simultaneously, pay keen attention to the worksite, identifying potential hazards that may compromise safety. Neglecting this part of the pre-climb inspection often leads to property damage and accidents.
Binoculars can aid in locating hidden hazards within the tree canopy, as foliage may obstruct visibility. As tree workers ascend and perform work aloft, continuous visual inspections of the tree should be carried out, allowing for the identification of potential issues that were not visible from the ground. Additionally, tree workers should remain attentive to sounds that may indicate hazards, such as buzzing from hornets, bees, or any other animal noises.
However, during the whole-tree inspection, we look not only for hazards, but also for habitats and the presence of protected and endangered species. These species are likely to inhabit veteran trees and those exhibiting increased natural value due to factors such as hollows and decay. To prevent damage or destruction of their habitats, tree workers must exercise due diligence. This involves inspecting the entire tree before commencing work to identify potential habitats for protected species. If protected species are present or suspected, relevant authorities responsible for plant, animal, or fungal protection should be contacted, and the necessary permits obtained. Even with permits in hand, the work should be carried out under appropriate environmental supervision to ensure adherence to habitat protection guidelines. Tree workers must also be mindful of not scaring or disturbing protected animal species, taking necessary precautions to fulfill these requirements.
For the hazards identified, we evaluate the risk to workers’ safety and health. We then determine which hazards can and cannot be eliminated. If the hazard cannot be eliminated or it is not practical to do so, we need to identify and take preventive safety measures to control the risks. An example of a preventive safety measure is the mandatory use of personal protective equipment.
The risk assessment and the precautionary precautions are attached in writing to the work order and stored together in a predetermined place on the worksite, together with the rescue plan, the rescue kit and the worksite first aid kit.
The rescue plan is an extremely important element of the job briefing, which is communicated by the foreman to all the workers present. It contains a clear description of the systematic sequence of the rescue/emergency procedures, including the emergency protocol (112 call), location and route plan to the nearest emergency medical care unit. The rescue plan ensures that the workers present are familiar with the emergency procedure and their role in it. It is stored in written form together with the work order, the tree and site risk assessment and the preventative precautions, rescue kit and worksite first aid kit in a predetermined place on the worksite.
The final step in the job briefing involves developing a work plan based on the scope of work and risk assessment. It is determined how the work can best be carried out and which of the workers will be in charge of it.
It is crucial to have at least two workers present when operating at height. The tree worker is responsible for executing the tree care tasks, while the ground worker carries out supporting tasks and provides assistance as needed. If the tree worker also assumes the role of the foreman, they must prioritize the safety of all individuals involved and manage other work tasks. The ground worker plays a crucial role in ensuring unhindered communication with the tree worker and maintaining a safe working environment on the ground, including keeping the worksite tidy.
At the end of the work plan, the most effective way of communicating between workers is agreed upon. All instructions need to be clear and understood by all workers present.
To facilitate a safe and productive work environment, tree workers must ensure that all necessary climbing and work equipment is readily available and in optimal working condition.
Before ascending any tree, it is imperative to routinely, systematically, and thoroughly inspect all climbing equipment. Not only is this a prudent practice, but it is also mandated by Work Safety Standards. By inspecting each piece of equipment daily before use, tree workers can identify defects, damage, signs of wear and deterioration, and take appropriate measures. Any defective or damaged equipment should be promptly removed from service or, if permissible by manufacturer, repaired before being used.
The equipment inspection process should be continuous, encompassing pre-climb, during-climb, and post-climb assessments. Regularly inspecting equipment should become second nature to tree workers, especially when equipment is subjected to potentially damaging situations during climbs. Components such as personal protective equipment (PPE), ropes, climbing harnesses, lanyards, fliplines, prusik cords, carabiners, rope clamps, ascenders, pulleys, and other relevant gear should be meticulously examined for integrity and functionality.
Chainsaws and other machines that will be used must also be safety-checked before use. Proper operation is checked and the machines are warmed up so that they are ready for use. In the case of chainsaws, this procedure should be carried out when still on the ground.
Other important equipment, such as an easily and quickly accessible tree rescue kit and a worksite first aid kit, should also be prepared.
Worksite set-up includes the designation of the work zone and the danger work zone, the establishment of dedicated areas for the temporary storage of equipment, the marking of the worksite with signalling and safety devices, and the protection of the worksite.
The work zone refers to the designated area where tree work takes place, including the tree crown and the ground underneath the tree where branches are prepared for removal. The boundaries of the work zone may also be influenced by natural or artificial terrain conditions, as well as the need to close paths or roads in proximity to the trees. Properly defining the work zone enhances safety and minimizes the risk of accidents or unauthorized access.
A danger work zone relates to specific areas, such as approved drop zones or the danger zone of machinery, where only authorized personnel are permitted.
Marking the worksite with warning signs, road signs, signal cones, warning tape, or other visible indicators serves to inform unauthorized individuals that the area is fenced off and restricted.
Worksite protection may involve relocating potential targets or providing protective measures such as plywood, tarps, tires, or other suitable aids for ground protection. Targets are people and property on the work site (and immediate surroundings) that could be injured or damaged in any way as a result of various activities and events during work.
Maintaining a well-organized worksite is crucial for safety and efficiency. This involves using warning signs, markers, cones, and tapes to clearly delineate work areas and potential hazards. A ground worker should be present to ensure safety protocols are followed. Adequate communication between workers, appropriate equipment and training, proper storage of equipment and tools, regular stacking of cut branches or tree parts (if feasible and safe), appropriate parking of vehicles, and ensuring an adequate number of workers are all integral components of a well-organized worksite.
Thorough preparation is the basis for safe and effective tree care. A good job briefing before starting tree work ensures that all workers involved understand what needs to be done, what the safety risks are and how to mitigate them, the most efficient way to carry out the work, and who is responsible and accountable for carrying it out. Routine gear inspections ensure that the equipment used is in good working condition and functional. A well-organised worksite means that the different zones within the worksite and the associated safety precautions are clearly defined. The worksite must be properly marked and secured. Good worksite organisation ensures efficient work and safety for all involved and the surrounding area.
Ensuring safety at the worksite begins with proper training and awareness of safety regulations. This chapter emphasizes the importance of communication, emergency preparedness, accident prevention, and specific safety considerations related to electrical hazards and chainsaw usage. By implementing these safe work practices, tree workers can minimize risks, prevent accidents, and maintain a secure working environment.
All workers involved in tree work must receive adequate training for their specific tasks. Employers have a responsibility to ensure that workers understand the safety requirements and regulations applicable to their work. Establishing safe work procedures and providing thorough equipment training are vital. Documentation of training sessions helps track compliance and reinforces the importance of safety in the workplace.
Effective communication is crucial for safe tree work. Workers must coordinate their actions both on the ground and in the trees. Maintaining constant awareness of one another’s activities and managing risks collectively helps prevent accidents. Clear communication channels between climbers and ground workers ensure that ground personnel can safely enter designated work zones, such as landing zones or drop zones. Communication methods may include sign language, audio communication, or the use of telecommunication systems, such as integrated microphones and headsets in workers’ helmets. In situations where communication becomes challenging due to distance or environmental factors, appropriate devices should be employed to ensure effective communication between team members.
Being prepared for workplace emergencies is essential in tree care operations. Adequate training, competency in job tasks, and regular refresher courses on emergency rescue plan procedures contribute to a well-prepared workforce. Utilizing appropriate equipment, fostering effective communication, and implementing preventive measures in advance are critical for avoiding accidents at work.
Recognizing warning signs before a work-related accident can help prevent potential hazards. Signs such as a series of minor accidents, communication issues among workers, workers under stress or attempting tasks beyond their qualifications, decreased concentration, distraction, or fatigue should serve as red flags. Workers should be mindful of these signs and take corrective actions to address any potential risks.
Taking preventive measures is key to reducing accidents and injuries. Ensuring workers are competent for their assigned tasks, providing proper supervision for inexperienced workers, following safe working practices (e.g., stable positioning, double belay point usage), promoting worker well-being and abstaining from alcohol or drug consumption, using safe and well-maintained equipment, maintaining proper safety clearances near power lines, protecting the work area, conducting risk assessments, fostering a positive safety culture, employing clear communication protocols, allowing sufficient time for safe work execution, complying with relevant legislation, and utilizing personal protective equipment (PPE) contribute to accident and injury prevention. Additionally, ensuring that at least one qualified aerial rescue colleague is present on-site during work is crucial for prompt response to emergencies.
Tree workers, whether climbers or mobile elevated work platform (MEWP) operators, must be aware of circumstances that require work to be stopped. Work should halt if an unauthorized person is detected in the drop zone, if ropes become entangled or damaged, if there are issues with the safe operation of the MEWP, or if protected species are discovered in the tree. Work may resume only after ensuring the removal of any hazards or personnel on the ground, as confirmed by the ground worker.
Prior to commencing tree work, conducting an inspection to identify electrical hazards is crucial. Electrical hazards pose risks associated with direct or indirect contact with electrical conductors. Adequate training in electrical hazard safety awareness and specific procedures for working in proximity to electrical conductors is essential for all tree workers. Electrical conductors must be fully switched off or kept at a safe distance from tree care operations. A minimum distance of twice the tree’s height should be maintained between the tree and any electrical or utility lines. Adjustments to work procedures must be made if the required clearance cannot be achieved.
Using a chainsaw for tree pruning or removal can significantly expedite the process, but it also carries inherent risks. Operators must follow manufacturer instructions regarding operation and maintenance. Personal protective equipment, including hard hats or approved climbing helmets, work boots, eye protection, and hearing protection, must be worn. Leg protection requirements may vary by jurisdiction. Careful attention must be paid to securely attaching hand saws or chainsaws to the arborist’s harness or leg, ensuring that they do not come into contact with ropes or pose a risk to the worker. Activation of the chainsaw brake when not in use and using blade guards are recommended safety measures. Chainsaw operation should only occur with both hands on the tool. Proper stowing of the chainsaw when climbing or moving through the canopy is crucial to avoid accidents.
The use of a wood chipper must adhere to certain guidelines. It should not be operated in areas where legal noise restrictions or other regulations apply. The wood chipper should be positioned in such a way that its danger zone and the drop zone should not overlap. Additionally, the wood chipper must be in proper working condition without any malfunctions or blockages. The operation of the wood chipper should be ceased if it interferes with communication or if an unauthorized person is detected within its danger zone.
In the context of wood processing, a ground worker may be present in the danger zone for preparing wood debris for removal or chipping. However, their presence should not interfere with communication with the tree worker in the tree, and all necessary safety measures and personal protective equipment should be employed. It is crucial to ensure that the danger zone is clear of any personnel or obstructions before initiating wood processing activities.
To promote fire safety, fire extinguishers should be available on trucks, and employees should receive proper training in their usage. Safe practices must be followed during refueling of gasoline-powered equipment, including engine shutdown, removal of spilled fuel, and strict prohibition of smoking near flammable liquids. Proper storage, handling, and dispensing of flammable liquids using approved safety containers while keeping them separate from ropes and equipment are essential precautions.
Adhering to safe work practices is paramount in the tree care industry to ensure the well-being of workers and minimize accidents. Effective communication, emergency preparedness, accident prevention measures, awareness of electrical hazards, and adherence to chainsaw and wood chipper safety protocols contribute to a secure and productive worksite. By prioritizing safety and implementing these practices, tree workers can carry out their duties with confidence and reduce the risk of workplace incidents.
Tree operations conducted in traffic areas pose unique challenges and safety concerns. This chapter focuses on the importance of planning and implementing effective traffic safety measures to protect workers, pedestrians, and passing vehicles. Compliance with regulations, securing worksites, and professional conduct are emphasized to ensure a safe and efficient working environment.
Prior to conducting tree operations in traffic areas, thorough planning is essential. Adequate notice should be given to affected individuals, allowing them to remove vehicles and objects that may hinder the operation. Approval from the appropriate authorities should be obtained before taking down utility or telegraph lines obstructing tree work. Special precautions must be taken to safeguard surrounding objects from falling branches. The employer holds full legal responsibility for any damage caused to third parties and should have public liability insurance coverage.
Implementing effective temporary traffic control measures is crucial to ensure the safety of both workers and the public. Compliance with regulations pertaining to traffic control devices in tree operations is mandatory. Work crews have a legal obligation to secure the worksite, preventing individuals or vehicles from passing under trees where tree work is in progress.
When the worksite is situated in an area accessible to the public, additional measures must be taken to secure the site and protect both the public and passing vehicles. Merely using flagging tapes or barricades is insufficient to guarantee safety. Appropriate signs with relevant text must be employed. It may be necessary to assign more than one worker to ensure worksite safety. The approval of the local highways authority should be obtained for roadside site safety. Relevant guidelines and regulations should be strictly observed, especially in areas outside towns and villages or on roads with poor visibility.
Securing a worksite in a traffic area, such as a road, may require partial or total (temporary) road closure. In some cases, a traffic control plan prepared by competent authorities may be necessary. Depending on the location, various methods can be employed to secure the worksite. These methods include worksite marking; the use of road work warning signs, traffic lights, warning tape, signal posts, fencing, flags, high-visibility clothing or vests for ground workers, positioning work vehicles outside open areas, partial or total road or worksite closures, and the presence of ground workers directing traffic or redirecting pedestrians. Additionally, objects that must not be damaged and cannot be moved during the work (e.g., statues, signs, glass objects, swimming pools, etc.) should be adequately protected.
Maintaining respect and professionalism are essential when working in traffic areas. Regardless of the position or situation on the ground, workers should exhibit professionalism and remain composed in the face of disagreements or verbal attacks from passers-by or neighbors. Informing the public with professional and credible information is crucial. Providing appropriate expert explanations and basic facts about trees, pruning techniques, and other relevant information helps create awareness and understanding among the public. Effective communication tailored to the target audience promotes cooperation and ensures a safer work environment.
Thorough planning, compliance with regulations, proper signage, securing work zones, and maintaining professionalism contribute to a safe and successful operation.
Biosecurity plays a vital role in preventing the introduction and spread of harmful pests and diseases that can impact trees. This chapter highlights the importance of implementing biosecurity measures in tree care to minimize the risk of transmitting unwanted pathogens or insects. By following proper biosecurity practices, arborists can safeguard tree health and prevent the unintentional spread of pests and diseases.
Biosecurity encompasses a range of measures and work practices aimed at reducing the risk of introducing and spreading pests and diseases. It is particularly important in areas where transmissible tree diseases are prevalent. Arborists must identify infected plants and adhere to optimal biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of further spread. Neglecting proper biosecurity practices can lead to the death of trees that arborists are entrusted to care for.
Professionals involved in tree work are at a higher risk of transmitting pests and diseases between trees and worksites. To mitigate this risk, additional biosecurity procedures should be implemented. When working on infected trees or in areas with known disease prevalence, heightened biosecurity standards should be applied. This may include stricter cleaning and disinfection protocols, dedicated tools for infected trees, and specialized training for handling potentially contaminated materials.
When pruning infected parts of a tree, tools must be disinfected before making the final cut. At the conclusion of tree care, tools should be disinfected again. Disinfection can be accomplished by wiping or spraying the tools with denatured 70% or 90% alcohol, followed by using a gas torch or lighter. However, caution must be exercised to ensure personal and fire safety. For practical reasons, a handsaw is recommended for such work, as disinfecting a chainsaw can be more challenging due to the need to isolate and disinfect the cutting set.
Nursery trees should be accompanied by a phytosanitary plant passport, containing information about the tree species, a code for tracing the producer, and the country of origin. Each tree should also have a label indicating its scientific name and size class. All trees for planting must be free of diseases and pests, and the use of natural products is preferred over plastics. Transporting soil and plant material over long distances should be avoided, and local materials are preferred. Consideration of significant associated pests and diseases is essential when planting certain tree species. Encouraging species diversity in new plantings can improve resistance to potential pests and diseases.
Implementing biosecurity measures is crucial for tree care professionals to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and diseases. By staying informed, conducting regular surveillance, maintaining cleanliness, and following proper disinfection protocols, arborists can play a vital role in protecting trees and preserving their health. Responsible biosecurity practices should be integrated into everyday work routines, ensuring a sustainable and resilient tree care industry. Continued education and awareness about biosecurity measures are essential to adapt to emerging threats and safeguard the health of our valuable tree populations.
Test your knowledge in the following quizzes and see if you understood the contents of this module:
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