{"id":3969,"date":"2023-10-30T06:23:08","date_gmt":"2023-10-30T06:23:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/modul-1-biologija-dreves-in-pedologija-znanost-o-tleh"},"modified":"2024-07-24T19:08:35","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T19:08:35","slug":"modul-1-biologija-dreves-in-pedologija-znanost-o-tleh","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sl\/modul-1-biologija-dreves-in-pedologija-znanost-o-tleh","title":{"rendered":"Modul 1 &#8211; biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3969\" class=\"elementor elementor-3969 elementor-2173\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/pexels-johannes-plenio-1423600-scaled.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc3448 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cfc3448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-overlay-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99404ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99404ef\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03ac24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03ac24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/home\">Domov<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8575a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8575a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f07a3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f07a3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/arboriculture-for-gardeners\">Moduls<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c91116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c91116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63be87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63be87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh)<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48d2a55 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48d2a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modul 1<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b2c93 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39b2c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh)<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaa565f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eaa565f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1382774 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1382774\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:150,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2160ebb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2160ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63f0aaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63f0aaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee0f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfee0f3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279ffe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"279ffe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0e214f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0e214f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drevesa so bistveni del \u017eivljenja na Zemlji, saj brez njih \u017eivljenje na na\u0161em planetu ne bi moglo obstajati. Ljudje uporabljamo drevesa zaradi lesa, plodov ali estetske funkcije. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To poglavje vsebuje osnovne informacije o biologiji dreves ter njihovi morfolo\u0161ki in anatomski zgradbi. Osredoto\u010dili se bomo tudi na fiziolo\u0161ke procese, ki nenehno potekajo v drevesih in so potrebni za njihovo \u017eivljenje, ter na zunanje in notranje pogoje, ki vplivajo na te procese.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146df1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"146df1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b141df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b141df\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e1fd64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e1fd64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.1. Biologija dreves<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7b105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c7b105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Drevesa so olesenele rastline, ki lahko zrastejo ve\u010d kot 5 metrov v vi\u0161ino. Celotno steblo je olesenelo, spodnji nerazvejani del pa prehaja v razvejano kro\u0161njo. Drevesa so dolgo\u017eiva in ve\u010dkrat rodijo.  <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drevesa lahko razdelimo na tri glavne dele:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>korenine,<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>deblo,<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>kro\u0161nja.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f346a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f346a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Celice so osnova vseh \u017eivih organizmov, tudi dreves. Nove celice nastanejo z delitvijo obstoje\u010dih celic. Pri drevesih se celice delijo v meristemih. Celice s podobno funkcijo in zgradbo se zdru\u017eujejo v skupine, imenovane rastlinska tkiva.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tkiva se lo\u010dijo na:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>deljiva tkiva (meristemi),<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>trajna tkiva.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a86eac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a86eac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tkiva so razvr\u0161\u010dena v organe. Drevesa imajo 5 organov: <strong>korenino, steblo, list, cvet in plod.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-507c48c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"507c48c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeefc14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eeefc14\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f35e487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f35e487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2. Anatomija drevesa<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b74bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b74bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.1. Korenina<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b54da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b54da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Korenina je podzemni organ drevesa in ima dve osnovni funkciji: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>mehanska<\/strong> &#8211; pritrditi rastlino v tla,<\/li>\n<li><strong>fiziolo\u0161ka<\/strong> &#8211; \u010drpanje vode in v njej topnih snovi iz tal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7240c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7240c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pri korenini lo\u010dimo glavno korenino, stransko korenino in koreninske laske, katerih \u017eivljenjska doba je od nekaj ur do nekaj dni.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drevesa se lahko ukoreninijo:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>globoko<\/strong> &#8211; glavna korenina prodre v globoko v tla, npr. hrast (Quercus), murva (Morus),<\/li>\n<li><strong>plitvo<\/strong> &#8211; stranske korenine prodirajo vodoravno in blizu povr\u0161ine tal, npr. smreka (Picea).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a98a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59a98a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poznamo tri osnovne tipe koreninskega sistema:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>z glavno korenino<\/strong> &#8211; glavna korenina je debela in sega navpi\u010dno v globino podlage, npr. bela jelka (Abies alba), hrasti, jel\u0161e, navadni bor (Pinus sylvestris),<\/li>\n<li><strong>sr\u010dast<\/strong> &#8211; ve\u010dje \u0161tevilo debelej\u0161ih korenin, ki so usmerjene navzdol in po\u0161evno navzdol, npr. lipa (Tilia), gaber (Carpinus) , breza (Betula)<\/li>\n<li><strong>plitev<\/strong> &#8211; enako debele korenine, ki potekajo vzporedno s povr\u0161ino tal in le posamezne korenine prodirajo v globlje plasti, npr. osika (Populus tremula), jesen (Fraxinus), smreka (Picea). Ta vrsta korenin je plitva in ne preve\u010d stabilna. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b7a95b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b7a95b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.2. Steblo<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f076948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f076948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deblo je glavni nadzemni del drevesa. Je sekundarno odebeljeno olesenelo steblo, ki se na vrhu deli na olesenele veje. Na pre\u010dnem prerezu lo\u010dimo lubje, floem, kambij in ksilem (les). Vsaka plast debla ima dolo\u010deno funkcijo.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Skorja<\/strong> &#8211; je na povr\u0161ini debla in vej dreves. Zgornja plast se imenuje lubje in je mrtva. Spodnja zelena plast je \u017eiva. Globoko razpokano lubje se ve\u010dinoma razvije v spodnjem delu debla. Slu\u017ei kot za\u0161\u010dita pred mehanskimi po\u0161kodbami, izgubo vode ali pregrevanjem. V lubju so majhne odprtine &#8211; lenticele, ki omogo\u010dajo izmenjavo plinov.     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Floem<\/strong> je prevodno tkivo, ki prena\u0161a produkte fotosinteze od listov do korenin. Floem je sestavljen iz \u017eivih celic. Pri iglavcih so to sitaste celice (sitke), pri listavcih pa celice sitaste cevi in spremljevalne celice.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kambij<\/strong> &#8211; deljivo tkivo, ki proizvaja nove ksilemske in floemske celice. Cambium med rastno sezono tvori letne obro\u010de ksilema. En letni obro\u010d ustreza eni rastni sezoni.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Ksilem<\/strong> &#8211; ima dve funkciji. Prva je mehanska, ki ohranja deblo v pokon\u010dnem polo\u017eaju, druga pa prevodna, ki prevaja vodo in topne minerale v smeri od korenine proti kro\u0161nji. V lesu so shranjene tudi zalo\u017ene snovi (olje in \u0161krob).  <\/p>\n<p>Les iglavcev je sestavljen iz traheid in parenhimskih celic. Les listavcev vsebuje traheje, vlakna in parenhimske celice. <\/p>\n<p>Traheide so podolgovate mrtve celice z odebeljenimi stenami. Imajo mehansko in prevodno funkcijo. Vlakna zagotavljajo mehansko trdnost. Parenhimske celice pomagajo pri prevajanju vode, skladi\u0161\u010dijo ogljikovodike in so pomembne pri obrambi pred razkrojem. Traheje so pomembni prevodni elementi pri listavcih.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c071c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c071c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.3. Kro\u0161nja<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab5f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ab5f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kro\u0161nja je sistem vej, ki rastejo iz zgornjega dela debla. Sestavljena je iz: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>strukturnih (mo\u010dnej\u0161ih) vej<\/strong> &#8211; dolo\u010dajo obliko kro\u0161nje, so ve\u010dje in debelej\u0161e ter imajo vegetativno funkcijo,<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0161ibkej\u0161ih vej<\/strong> &#8211; zapolnjujejo kro\u0161njo, imajo vegetativno in generativno funkcijo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba0a86f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba0a86f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na na\u010din oblikovanja kro\u0161nje vplivajo razli\u010dni dejavniki, in sicer genetika vrste ter biotski in abiotski dejavniki. Na strukturo in obliko kro\u0161nje v veliki meri vpliva na\u010din rasti poganjkov. <\/p>\n<p>Lo\u010dimo dve vrste razra\u0161\u010danja poganjkov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>monopodialni<\/strong> &#8211; glavni poganjek raste iz terminalnega brsta, na katerem iz lateralnih brstov rastejo stranski poganjki. Ne rastejo v smeri glavnega poganjka in ga ne prerastejo v vi\u0161ino. Vsi iglavci s sto\u017e\u010dasto kro\u0161njo so razvejani na ta na\u010din.  <\/li>\n<li><strong>simpodialni<\/strong> &#8211; glavni poganjek hitro neha s vr\u0161njo rastjo, vodilno vlogo prevzame lateralni poganjek. Tak\u0161en vzorec razvejitve je zna\u010dilen za vrbe (<i>Salix<\/i>), lipe (<i>Tilia<\/i>), breste (<i>Ulmus<\/i>), gabre (<i>Carpinus<\/i>) in robinijo (<i>Robinia<\/i>). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54b89e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e54b89e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Razlikujemo med temi oblikami kro\u0161nje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sto\u017e\u010dasta (smreka &#8211; <i>Picea abies<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>stebrasta (Pan\u010di\u0107eva smreka &#8211; <i>Picea omorica<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>jaj\u010dasta (\u010drna jel\u0161a &#8211; <i>Alnus glutinosa<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>okroglo jaj\u010dasta (lipa &#8211; <i>Tilia<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>okroglasta (divja jablana &#8211; <i>Malus sylvestris<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>de\u017enikasta oblika (robinija &#8211; <i>Robinia pseudoacacia<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>nepravilna.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5455ef1 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5455ef1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2576\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 1.1.<\/b> Oblike kro\u0161enj<br><b>Vir:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlasdrevin.sk\/morfologicka-charakteristika-drevin\">Zub\u010dek, V (2019) Atlas drev\u00edn.<\/a> (Zajeto15. 3. 2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-530fa5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"530fa5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.4. List<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e405458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e405458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>List je stranski organ, ki se morfolo\u0161ko deli na listno ploskev (plo\u0161\u010dati del lista), listni pecelj in listno dno. Listi vsebujejo zeleno barvilo klorofil, ki jim omogo\u010da fotosintezo. <\/p>\n<p>Glede na pritrditev lista na steblo razlikujemo med stebelnim in sede\u010dim listom (brez peclja). Glede polo\u017eaja listov na steblu razlikujemo med premenjalno, nasprotno, in vreten\u010dasto name\u0161\u010denimi listi. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Trajanje in \u017eivljenjska doba listov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Po koncu rastne sezone listi odpadejo. Abscizinska kislina ali v nekaterih primerih plast plute pospe\u0161i proces odpadanja. Zaradi nje se list lo\u010di in zapre rano. Pri iglavcih listi odpadejo v 1., 3. ali 9. letu. Ta \u010das se lahko skraj\u0161a zaradi neugodnih razmer (npr. kisli de\u017e).    <\/p>\n<p>Zunanja struktura lista<\/p>\n<p>Prepoznamo razli\u010dne razporeditve listnih \u017eil -o\u017eiljenost listne ploskve:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pernata (npr. \u010de\u0161nja &#8211; <i>Prunus<\/i>, lipa &#8211; <i>Tilia<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>dlanasta (npr. javor &#8211; <i>Acer<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>mre\u017easta (npr. \u010debelnjak &#8211; <i>Helleborus<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>vzporedna (enokali\u010dnice &#8211; trave)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-671f631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"671f631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepoznamo lahko razli\u010dne oblike listnih ploskev:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">igli\u010dasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u010drtalasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suli\u010dasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lopatasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jaj\u010dasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">narobe-jaj\u010dasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">elipti\u010dna<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sr\u010dasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">izrobljena<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">okroglasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ledvi\u010dasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rombasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pu\u0161\u010di\u010dasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kopjasta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0161\u010ditasta<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5414a90 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5414a90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2580\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2.jpg 843w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2-768x479.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 1.2.<\/b> Oblika lista<br><b>Vir:<\/b> V\u011btiv\u010dka,V Matou\u0161ov\u00e1, V. (1992). In: Stromy a kry. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a1073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a1073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Liste prepoznamo po robu listne ploskve &#8211; listnem robu:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>cel<\/li>\n<li>na\u017eagan<\/li>\n<li>dvojno na\u017eagan<\/li>\n<li>nazob\u010dan<\/li>\n<li>dvojni nazob\u010dan<\/li>\n<li>narezan<\/li>\n<li>valovit<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed34ede elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed34ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2584\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3.jpg 958w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3-300x126.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3-768x321.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 1.3.<\/b> Listni rob<br><b>Vir:<\/b> V\u011btiv\u010dka,V Matou\u0161ov\u00e1, V. (1992). In: Stromy a kry. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02f5880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02f5880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Listi na isti rastlini so obi\u010dajno podobni po obliki, velikosti in polo\u017eaju listov na steblu. \u010ce so na eni rastlini listi razli\u010dnih oblik, govorimo o heterofiliji. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1659728 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1659728\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.5. Brsti<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eabf04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4eabf04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>1.2.5. Brsti Brsti so rastni vr\u0161i\u010dki, obdani z listnimi zasnovami, mladimi listi in luskolisti, ki brst \u0161\u010ditijo pred neugodnimi okoljskimi razmerami.<\/p>\n<p>Razvejanost dreves lahko dolo\u010dimo po polo\u017eaju popkov na deblu. Ti imajo pomembno vlogo pri prepoznavanju dreves pozimi, saj so zna\u010dilni za ve\u010dino rodov in vrst.  <\/p>\n<p>Nahajajo se na poganjku v kolencih in so razli\u010dno razporejeni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>spiralasto,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>dvoredno,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>nasprotno.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f808409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f808409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brsti so lahko:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>terminalni (apikalni)<\/strong> &#8211; nahajajo se na koncu poganjka in so najbolj aktivni,<\/li>\n<li><strong>stranski<\/strong> &#8211; lahko tvorijo poganjke (vegetativne ali reproduktivne), nekateri so spe\u010di brsti, ki prevzamejo vlogo, \u010de odstranimo terminalni brst.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3350684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3350684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.6. Cvet<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e4b63a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e4b63a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cvetovi nastanejo s preoblikovanjem listov in se uporabljajo za spolno razmno\u017eevanje. Cvet je sestavljen iz: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>cvetnega peclja<\/strong> &#8211; pritrditev cveta na steblo,<\/li>\n<li><strong>cvetne posteljice<\/strong> &#8211; podalj\u0161ani zgornji del cvetnega peclja, ki ne sodeluje neposredno pri razmno\u017eevanju, deli se na \u010da\u0161o (zeleni spodnji deli) in venec (izrazito obarvani deli &#8211; cvetni listi\u010di),<\/li>\n<li><strong>razmno\u017eevalni organi<\/strong> &#8211; pra\u0161niki in pesti\u010di.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bdd4f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bdd4f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pra\u0161niki so mo\u0161ki razmno\u017eevalni organi, ki proizvajajo pelodna zrna. Sestavljeni so iz pra\u0161ni\u010dne niti in pra\u0161nice, ki jo tvorita dve pelodni vre\u010dki. Skupek pra\u0161nikov v cvetu se imenuje andrecej.  <\/p>\n<p>Pesti\u010d je \u017eenski spolni organ, ki nastane z zdru\u017eitvijo enega ali ve\u010d karpelov. Skupek pesti\u010dev v cvetu se imenuje ginecej. Pesti\u010d je sestavljen iz:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>brazde<\/strong> &#8211; zgornji del pesti\u010da, ki zajema pelodna zrna,<\/li>\n<li><strong>vratu <\/strong> &#8211; srednji del pesti\u010da,<\/li>\n<li><strong>plodnice <\/strong> &#8211; spodnji raz\u0161irjeni del, ki vsebuje eno ali ve\u010d jaj\u010dec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972dd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9972dd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cvetovi se delijo na enospolne in dvospolne. Dvospolni cvetovi imajo tako mo\u0161ke kot \u017eenske razmno\u017eevalne organe (npr. jablana &#8211; Malus), enospolni pa samo mo\u0161ke ali \u017eenske razmno\u017eevalne organe. \u010ce ima rastlina samo mo\u0161ke ali samo \u017eenske cvetove, pravimo, da je dvodomna (npr. vrba &#8211; Salix). \u010ce so na isti rastlini tako mo\u0161ki kot \u017eenski cvetovi, pravimo, da je enodomna (npr. hrast &#8211; Quercus).   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536cdca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"536cdca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.7. Plod<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8e1c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8e1c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plod je ve\u010dceli\u010dni razmno\u017eevalni organ. Njegova glavna naloga je za\u0161\u010dita in \u0161irjenje semen. Sestavljen je iz semen in perikarpa (plodne stene). Semena in plodovi se lahko \u0161irijo z:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>z vetrom (anemohorija)<\/strong> &#8211; z razli\u010dnimi pripomo\u010dki za letenje, npr. membranskimi krili (breza &#8211; Betula, javor &#8211; Acer),<\/li>\n<li><strong>s pomo\u010djo \u017eivali (zoohorija)<\/strong> &#8211; plodovi ali semena se lahko raz\u0161irijo po povr\u0161ini \u017eivalskega telesa (s pritrjevanjem na ko\u017euh) ali po prebavnem traktu,<\/li>\n<li><strong>z vodo (hidrohorija)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>z lastnimi na\u010dinom (avtohorija)<\/strong> &#8211; rastlina ima lasten mehanizem izmetavanja semen npr. izstrelitvijo semen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0772108 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0772108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Razporeditev plodov:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>mesnati <\/strong> &#8211; perikarp se deli na zunanji (lupina), srednji (pulpa) in notranji del. Sem spadajo ko\u0161\u010di\u010dasto sadje (npr. \u010de\u0161nja), pe\u010dkasto sadje (npr. jabolko) in jagodi\u010devje (npr. kosmulja). <\/li>\n<li><strong>suh<\/strong> &#8211; perikarp je trd ali usnjat. Sem spada lupinasto sadje (npr. oreh, le\u0161nik, kostanj, mandelj). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f10780 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f10780\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea8e34b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea8e34b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc0a2b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc0a2b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3. Fiziologija dreves <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c8a1d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c8a1d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osnovni \u017eivljenjski procesi dreves vklju\u010dujejo vnos, transport in izlo\u010danje vode. Voda je nenadomestljiva sestavina, je topilo in ima pomembno vlogo pri prenosu snovi, presnovnih procesih, termoregulaciji itd. <\/p>\n<p><strong>VNOS VODE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Drevesa absorbirajo vodo prek koreninskega sistema. Na vnos vode lahko vplivajo: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>temperatura tal<\/strong> &#8211; \u010de se temperatura tal zni\u017ea, se zmanj\u0161a tudi poraba vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>koncentracija hranil v tleh<\/strong> &#8211; z visoko koncentracijo osmotsko aktivnih snovi se prepre\u010di vnos vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>intenzivnost evapotranspiracije<\/strong> &#8211; \u010de rastline sprostijo ve\u010d vode, se pove\u010da tudi poraba vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>vsebnost kisika v tleh<\/strong> &#8211; z intenzivnej\u0161o evapotranspiracijo se sprejme ve\u010d vode<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcec2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcec2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>TRANSPORT VODE<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Prenos vode z raztopljenimi anorganskimi snovmi iz korenin v liste se imenuje ksilemski tok. Omogo\u010da: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>transpiracijski vlek<\/strong> &#8211; ko voda izhlapeva iz nadzemnih organov, se v prevodnih elementih ustvari osmotski podtlak in korenine lahko absorbirajo vodo<\/li>\n<li><strong>koreninski podtlak<\/strong> &#8211; osmotski tlak, ki potiska vodo in v njej raztopljene snovi iz korenine v nadzemne dele<\/li>\n<li><strong>kohezija<\/strong> &#8211; za\u010dasne vezi med molekulami vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>adhezija<\/strong> &#8211; oprijemanje vode na stene prevodnih elementov ustvari vodni stolpec<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cbe749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cbe749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>IZLO\u010cANJE VODE<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Za izlo\u010danje vode skrbita dva procesa, in sicer evapotranspiracija in gutacija. Evapotranspiracija je izhlapevanje vode iz nadzemnih organov in listov. Za ta proces ni potreben vnos energije. Lahko se izvaja na dva na\u010dina:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>stomatalna transpiracija<\/strong> &#8211; skozi listne re\u017ee.<\/li>\n<li><strong>kutikularna transpiracija<\/strong> &#8211; skozi celotno povr\u0161ino listne povrhnjice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2af6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e2af6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gutacija je izlo\u010danje vode v obliki kapljic. Na ta na\u010din se voda izlo\u010da pri visoki vla\u017enosti, ko evapotranspiracija ni mogo\u010da. <\/p>\n<p>Na izlo\u010danje vode vplivajo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>vodni potencial v rastlini<\/strong> &#8211; ob pomanjkanju vode se listne re\u017ee zaprejo, ob prese\u017eku pa se odprejo<\/li>\n<li><strong>temperatura zraka<\/strong> &#8211; z vi\u0161anjem temperature se pove\u010da tudi transpiracija, po dose\u017eeni dolo\u010deni temperaturi se prezra\u010devalne odprtine zaprejo<\/li>\n<li><strong>vla\u017enost zraka<\/strong> &#8211; s pove\u010devanjem vla\u017enosti se transpiracija zmanj\u0161uje<\/li>\n<li><strong>svetloba<\/strong> &#8211; pove\u010da transpiracijo, listne re\u017ee se odprejo<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0161tevilo in lokacija listnih re\u017e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8bb000 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8bb000\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.1. Fotosinteza in dihanje<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58fc9aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58fc9aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fotosinteza je proces, ki poteka v kloroplastih predvsem listnih celic, ki vsebujejo zeleno barvilo klorofil. Je najpomembnej\u0161i biokemi\u010dni proces na Zemlji, pri katerem se ob prisotnosti son\u010dne svetlobe in vode anorganske snovi spremenijo v organske. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kemijska formula fotosinteze:<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0820412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0820412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">12H2O + 6CO2 + klorofil, son\u010dna svetloba \u2192 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86dfc02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86dfc02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na intenzivnost fotosinteze vplivajo svetloba, koncentracija ogljikovega dioksida v zraku, temperatura, voda, koli\u010dina klorofila, starost listov, mineralna prehrana itd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dihanje je reakcija, pri kateri se iz organskih spojin spro\u0161\u010da energija. To energijo organizem uporabi za razli\u010dne sintezne procese, vnos hranil, rast itd. Intenzivnost dihanja je odvisna od temperature, koncentracije kisika, koli\u010dine vode v rastlini, starosti rastline itd.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fotosinteza poteka predvsem v listih in iglicah, dihanje pa v vseh delih rastline, tudi v deblu in koreninah.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a961a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a961a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.2. Rast in razvoj dreves<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5239d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5239d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rast in razvoj drevesa potekata so\u010dasno. Rast je pove\u010danje vegetativnih organov &#8211; korenin, stebla in kro\u0161nje. Za\u010dne se z delitvijo tkiva. Na rast vplivajo razli\u010dni zunanji in notranji dejavniki.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38146ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38146ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zunanji dejavniki:<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6049117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6049117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><b>svetloba<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>temperatura<\/strong> &#8211; ve\u010dina rastlin raste v obmo\u010dju od 5 do 40 \u00b0C. Vsaka rastlina ima druga\u010dno optimalno temperaturo, pri kateri raste najhitreje<\/li>\n<li><b>voda<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d490bac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d490bac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Notranji dejavniki<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vklju\u010dujejo rastlinske hormone, ki vplivajo na rast in razvoj rastlin. Razlikujemo: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>hormoni, ki spodbujajo rast (stimulatorji)<\/strong> &#8211; avksini, giberelini, citokinini<\/li>\n<li><strong>hormoni, ki zavirajo rast (inhibitorji)<\/strong> &#8211; abscizinska kislina, etilen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b5788c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b5788c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Razvoj so spremembe, ki se zgodijo v \u017eivljenju rastline od kalitve do smrti. Razvoj dreves je razdeljen na tri obdobja: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>mladostno<\/strong> &#8211; za\u010dne se s kalitvijo semena in kon\u010da, ko je drevo sposobno roditi sadove. V tej fazi je za drevesa zna\u010dilna hitra rast. <\/li>\n<li><strong>odraslo<\/strong> &#8211; v tem obdobju za\u010dnejo drevesa roditi, hitrost rasti se zmanj\u0161a, prav tako se zmanj\u0161a sposobnost prilagajanja na spremembe v okolju<\/li>\n<li><strong>staro<\/strong> &#8211; rast in rodnost se zmanj\u0161ata in se s\u010dasoma lahko ustavita, drevesa lahko izgubijo sposobnost prilagajanja okoljskim spremembam in za\u010dnejo odmirati.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-955e40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"955e40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na razvoj rastlin vplivata predvsem temperatura in svetloba.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba83b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ba83b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaklju\u010dek<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b54f8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b54f8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u010ce \u017eelimo za\u0161\u010dititi drevesa in jih \u0161e naprej uporabljati v dobro nas in na\u0161ega planeta, moramo imeti osnovno morfolo\u0161ko, anatomsko in fiziolo\u0161ko znanje o njih. Na \u017eivljenje dreves vplivajo tudi razli\u010dni notranji in zunanji dejavniki. Z njihovim preu\u010devanjem lahko pove\u010damo kakovost in ohranimo populacije dreves na na\u0161em planetu.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa0206c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa0206c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kviz o biologiji<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f55ebdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f55ebdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preverite svoje znanje v naslednjem kvizu in preverite, ali ste razumeli vsebino tega poglavja:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de707b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"de707b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-16\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"16\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Biology SL\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d89ac57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d89ac57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c35542 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c35542\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2d4213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2d4213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Pedologija<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da7d0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1da7d0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4271d93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4271d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tla razumemo kot \u017eivo in nenehno razvijajo\u010do se tridimenzionalno naravno tvorbo, ki je nastala zaradi medsebojnega delovanja ozra\u010dja, biosfere, hidrosfere in litosfere. V sodobni zgodovini je \u010dlovek postal najpomembnej\u0161a biotska sila ki vpliva na razvoj tal. V tem poglavju bomo spoznali fiziolo\u0161ke, biolo\u0161ke in kemijske lastnosti tal. Osredoto\u010dili se bomo tudi na strukturo tal.   <\/p>\n<p>Pedologija (iz gr\u0161kega <i>pedon<\/i> &#8211; zemlja, <i>logos<\/i> &#8211; znanost, nauk) ali znanost o tleh je naravoslovna veda, ki se ukvarja s preu\u010devanjem tal, njihovim nastankom, klasifikacijo, fizikalnimi, kemi\u010dnimi in biolo\u0161kimi lastnostmi. Tla so raznolik sistem. Skupaj s podnebnimi in vremenskimi dejavniki so pomembna sestavina okolja. Tla nastajajo iz mati\u010dne kamnine pod vplivom razli\u010dnih okoljskih pogojev. Gre za zapleten proces, v katerem mati\u010dna kamnina zaradi vremenskih vplivov razpade in se preobrazi v substrat. Iz tega nato pod vplivom razli\u010dnih tlotvornih procesov nastane samostojna naravna tvorba. Proces nastajanja tal je dolgoro\u010den in brez konca.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b62064a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b62064a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kako nastanejo tla:<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be77a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6be77a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nastanek tal &#8211; z delovanjem tlotvornih dejavnikov<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">razvoj tal &#8211; postopna sprememba \u017ee nastalih tal v dolo\u010denem \u010dasovnem obdobju<\/span><\/li>\n<li>preobrazba tal &#8211; sprememba tal zaradi tlotvornih dejavnikov<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27a9e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27a9e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Med preperevanjem kamnin potekajo mehanski (fizikalni), kemi\u010dni in biolo\u0161ki procesi.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87dad09 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"87dad09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1290\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SL-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2589\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SL-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SL-300x151.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SL-1024x516.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SL-768x387.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SL-1536x774.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SL-2048x1032.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 2.1.<\/b> Sestava tal<br><b>Vir:<\/b> Bezd\u011bkovsk\u00fd, M. et al. (1997). In: Technol\u00f3gia rastlinnej v\u00fdroby. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e817e54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e817e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1. Lastnosti tal<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42435c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42435c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na obmo\u010djih s podobnim naborom tlotvornih dejavnikov, zlasti z enako vla\u017enostjo in temperaturo, je mogo\u010de opazovati bolj ali manj enak na\u010din nalaganja in razgradnje organskih snovi, vodni in zra\u010dni re\u017eim, kro\u017eenje snovi ter naravno rodovitnost. Tako nastale plasti se imenujejo horizonti tal.  <\/p>\n<p>Tip tal je osnovna identifikacijska enota morfogenetske in agronomske kategorizacije tal. Tipe tal opredeljuje niz diagnosti\u010dnih horizontov, katerih najpomembnej\u0161e lastnosti so bile oblikovane z dolgotrajnim razvojem v specifi\u010dnih okoljskih razmerah in\/ali obdelovanjem tal. <\/p>\n<p>Na nastanek talnih horizontov vplivajo padavine, segrevanje in ohlajanje, kemi\u010dne reakcije in biolo\u0161ke dejavnosti. Profil tal obi\u010dajno sestavlja pet horizontov (O, A, E, B, C) in vmesne ter prehodne plasti. Te plasti (horizonti) se v\u010dasih med seboj razlikujejo po barvi, ki ka\u017ee na razlike v odcednosti tal, vsebnosti organskih snovi in tudi na razlike drugih lastnosti. Zgornji del profila tvori tanka plast razpadajo\u010de organske snovi, ki se imenuje organska plast (O). Plast, ki se nahaja pod organsko plastjo, je horizont (A). Ta horizont vsebuje \u0161tevilne drevesne korenine in je obi\u010dajno bogat z organskimi snovmi. Horizont (E) je obmo\u010dje mineralnega preperevanja. Horizont (B), ki se nahaja na srednji globini, je sestavljen iz drobnozrnatega materiala, ki izvira iz horizonta (A), in delcev mati\u010dne kamnine. Horizonta (A) in (B) lahko okolje spremeni do te mere, da ju skupno \u0161tejemo za zgornji sloj tal. Horizont (C) ali zdrobljena mati\u010dna podlaga je najni\u017eja plast tal, ki se razlikuje od podpovr\u0161ja.                <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-009234c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"009234c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"964\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SL-850x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2593\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SL-850x1024.jpg 850w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SL-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SL-768x926.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SL-1274x1536.jpg 1274w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SL.jpg 1670w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Silka 2.2.<\/b> Talni horizonti. O - organski horizont, A - humusno-akumulativni horizont, B - iluvialni horizont, C - zdrobljena mati\u010dna kamnina<br><b>Vir:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%B4dny_profil\"> US Department of Agriculture (brez datuma) Uk\u00e1\u017eka p\u00f4dneho profilu.<\/a><br>(Zajeto 23. 3. 2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6300342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6300342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organska plast na povr\u0161ini tal vsebuje listje, veje, lubje in organizme, ki tvorijo humus. Humus je biolo\u0161ko aktivna plast in se po\u010dasi razgrajuje. Mineralne snovi, razgrajeni biolo\u0161ki material in drugi ostanki se lahko prena\u0161ajo v spodnje plasti tal.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Tipi prsti: \u010drna tla (najbolj rodovitna vrsta tal), rjava tla (najbolj raz\u0161irjena tla v toplih regijah), rendzina (s humusom bogata plitva tla, ki obi\u010dajno nastanejo iz karbonatnih kamnin), hidromorfna tla (ob vodotoku), \u0161otna tla (visoka prepustnost), halomorfna tla (nastanejo zaradi zasoljevanja tal) in nerazvita tla (surova tla, kamnita in plitva).<\/p>\n<p>Vrsto tal se lahko dolo\u010da glede na vsebnost glinenih delcev v tleh:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ff6c9 eael-table-align-center eael-dt-th-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"55ff6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"55ff6c9\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-55ff6c9\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-55ff6c9\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Vrsta tal<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Tla<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Vsebnost glinenih delcev<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tte\u017eka\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tglina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tnad 60\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmeljasta glina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45 &#8211; 60\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsrednje te\u017eka\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpe\u0161\u010dena glinasta ilovica\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30 &#8211; 45\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tilovica\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20 &#8211; 30\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlahka\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpe\u0161\u010dena ilovica\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10 &#8211; 20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpesek\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 &#8211; 10\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1445cfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1445cfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Preglednica 1.1.<\/i><\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Razvrstitev tal glede na vsebnost glinenih delcev.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1bf076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1bf076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Teksturo tal se dolo\u010da glede na velikost zrn:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glina &#8230;&lt; &lt; 0,002 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Melj &#8230; 0,002 &#8211; 0,5 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pesek &#8230; 0,5 &#8211; 2 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae97128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae97128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teksturna tal glede na vsebnost delcev:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fa929 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d5fa929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SL-1024x990.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2597\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SL-1024x990.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SL-300x290.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SL-768x742.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SL-1536x1485.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SL-2048x1980.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 2.3:<\/b> Razdelitev tipov tal<br><b>Vir:<\/b> Groenendyk, Derek et al. (2015). USDA Soil Texture Triangle. In Groenendyk, Derek et al. (2015). Hydrologic-Process-Based Soil Texture Classifications for Improved Visualization of Landscape Function PLoS ONE 10(6).   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f5bcb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f5bcb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lahka tla vsebujejo bolj groba zrna in nimajo koloidov. Slabo zadr\u017eujejo vodo, zato rastline v njih pogosto trpijo zaradi su\u0161e. Vsebujejo veliko zraka. Organski deli v njih hitro razpadajo. Imajo nizko vsebnost humusa. Zlahka se obdelujejo tako v suhem kot v mokrem stanju.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Za srednje te\u017eka tla je zna\u010dilna uravnote\u017eena koli\u010dina drobnih in ve\u010djih delcev. S svojimi lastnostmi tvorijo prehod od lahkih do te\u017ekih tal. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Te\u017eka tla vsebujejo prete\u017eno najmanj\u0161e glinene delce ter malo makropor. Gibanje vode in zraka je omejeno, prav tako tudi biolo\u0161ka aktivnost. Zanje sta zna\u010dilni visoka kohezija in adhezija, zaradi \u010desar jih je te\u017eko obdelovati. Ko se posu\u0161ijo, se strdijo, razpokajo, na njihovi povr\u0161ini pa nastane obloga. Ko so mokra, so lahko lepljiva.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00c6f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c00c6f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.1. Fizikalne lastnosti <\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db905c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db905c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fizikalne lastnosti vplivajo na mo\u017enost obdelave tal ter na \u010das in na\u010din posameznih delovnih postopkov. Predstavljajo skupek lastnosti, ki so pogojene z razporeditvijo osnovnih delcev in medsebojnim razmerjem med trdno fazo, talno raztopino in zrakom v tleh. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delimo jih na:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">osnovne fizikalne lastnosti (zrnavost, struktura, specifi\u010dna te\u017ea, gostota in poroznost tal).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hidrofizikalne in zra\u010dne lastnosti (vla\u017enost, higroskopnost, prepustnost, vzgon, zra\u010dna kapaciteta in zra\u010dnost tal)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">temperaturne lastnosti (toplotna kapaciteta, toplotna prevodnost in temperatura tal).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fizikalno-mehanske lastnosti (kohezija, adhezija, konsistenca, plasti\u010dnost)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67de5bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67de5bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Specifi\u010dna masa je razmerje med maso trdne faze tal brez por in maso enake prostornine vode pri 4\u00b0C. Opredeljena je kot masa 1 m3 trdnih tal brez por, izra\u017eena v tonah (t\/m3). <\/p>\n<p>Prostorninska masa tal je masa dolo\u010dene prostornine tal (1 m3). Je pomemben parameter za dolo\u010danje lastnosti tal in pogojev za rast rastlin. Njene vrednosti vplivajo na rast in razvoj rastlinskih korenin, vplivajo na vodno-zra\u010dni re\u017eim tal ter na kemi\u010dne in biolo\u0161ke lastnosti tal.  <\/p>\n<p>Poroznost tal (P) izra\u017ea skupni odstotek prostega prostora med trdnimi delci tal. V tleh lo\u010dimo nekapilarne pore, ki hitro prepu\u0161\u010dajo gravitacijsko vodo, in kapilarne pore, ki zagotavljajo pronicanje vode s kapilarnim vlekom. Nekapilarne pore prepu\u0161\u010dajo vodo in zrak hitro skozi tla, odve\u010dno vodo pa prepu\u0161\u010dajo v globlje spodnje plasti. Kapilarne pore pomagajo zadr\u017eevati vodo. Kapilarna voda je le deloma podvr\u017eena gravitaciji. V kapilarnih porah se po\u010dasneje giblje tudi zrak.     <\/p>\n<p>Vla\u017enost tal ozna\u010duje trenutno vsebnost vode v tleh v masnih ali prostorninskih odstotkih. Vpliva na dolo\u010danje proizvodne sposobnosti tal. Spreminja se sezonsko in ima omejujo\u010d vpliv na pridelke.  <\/p>\n<p>Najve\u010dja higroskopnost je najve\u010dja koli\u010dina vode, ki jo tla lahko ve\u017eejo v pore. Njena vrednost se uporablja za dolo\u010ditev meje fiziolo\u0161ko nedostopne vode (to\u010dka venenja), ki ustreza vsebnosti vode v tleh, ki je rastline ne morejo ve\u010d uporabiti in za\u010dnejo usihati. <\/p>\n<p>Prepustnost (vodno zadr\u017eevalna lastnost) tal je sposobnost tal, da omejijo gibanje vode ali jo ve\u017eejo. Izra\u017eena je v razli\u010dnih oblikah vodne kapacitete. Za najve\u010dje zadr\u017eevanje vode je zna\u010dilna najve\u010dja (poljska) vodna kapaciteta, ki je enaka vrednosti skupne poroznosti. Opredelimo jo lahko tudi kot sposobnost prehajanja vode s povr\u0161ine v ni\u017eje plasti. Odvisna je od vrste in koli\u010dine por. Glinena tla so slabo prepustna in lahko zadr\u017eujejo vodo na povr\u0161ini. Pe\u0161\u010dena tla so zelo prepustna in se zato hitro izsu\u0161ijo.      <\/p>\n<p>Koli\u010dina vode, ki se zadr\u017ei v kapilarnih porah, je izra\u017eena s kapilarno vodno kapaciteto.<\/p>\n<p>Zra\u010dna prepustnost je pomemben kazalnik zra\u010dnosti tal. Zra\u010dna prepustnost se ne pojavlja v agregatih, manj\u0161ih od 0,5 mm. Agregati, ve\u010dji od 1 mm, prepu\u0161\u010dajo zrak.  <\/p>\n<p>Toplotna kapaciteta tal izra\u017ea sposobnost tal, da sprejemajo in zadr\u017eujejo toploto.<\/p>\n<p>Toplotna prevodnost tal je sposobnost delcev tal, da prevajajo toploto s povr\u0161ine v globlje plasti tal.<\/p>\n<p>Kohezija je sposobnost tal, da se uprejo zunanjemu pritisku, ki deluje na drobljenje agregatov, in da se uprejo prodiranju tujih teles v tla. Je sila, s katero so delci tal povezani med seboj. Manj\u0161i kot so delci tal, ve\u010dja je njihova sti\u010dna povr\u0161ina in ve\u010dja je njihova kohezija. Glinena tla imajo veliko kohezijo, pe\u0161\u010dena tla pa majhno.   <\/p>\n<p>Adhezija je sposobnost medsebojne privla\u010dnosti delcev tal na telo, ki prodira v tla. Stopnja adhezije je odvisna od velikosti delcev tal in njihove vla\u017enosti. Kohezija in adhezija pomembno vplivata na obdelovalnost tal. Tla z visoko kohezijo in adhezijo je te\u017eje obdelati.   <\/p>\n<p>Barva tal je odvisna od barve mineralnih delcev tal, zrnavosti, strukture, vla\u017enosti tal in vsebnosti humusa.<\/p>\n<p>Temperatura tal je odvisna od koli\u010dine toplote, ki jo zajema povr\u0161ina tal. Tla v povr\u0161inskem sloju absorbirajo son\u010dno sevanje in ga pretvarjajo v toplotno sevanje, ki seva nazaj v ozra\u010dje. <\/p>\n<p>Vodna kapaciteta je sposobnost tal, da zadr\u017eujejo vodo. Odvisna je od njene poroznosti in prevladujo\u010de vrste por. <\/p>\n<p>Najve\u010dja (poljska) kapaciteta vode je koli\u010dina vode, ki je potrebna za popolno zasi\u010denje tal &#8211; da se zapolnijo vse pore.<\/p>\n<p>Absolutna vodna kapaciteta je koli\u010dina vode, ki ostane v tleh 24 ur po njihovi popolni nasi\u010denosti.<\/p>\n<p>Zra\u010dna kapaciteta predstavlja vsebnost zraka v tleh.<\/p>\n<p>Vodna para predstavlja izgubo vode. Dolo\u010dena koli\u010dina vode se izgubi s povr\u0161inskim odtokom, pronicanjem v globino, ki je izven dosega rastlinskih korenin, in izhlapevanjem v zrak. Intenzivnost izhlapevanja je odvisna od fizikalnih lastnosti tal, rastlinske pokritosti in obdelave tal.  <\/p>\n<p>Skeletnost se ocenjuje skupaj z velikostjo zrn. Delci tal, ve\u010dji od 2 mm, se \u0161tejejo za skelet. Delci velikosti 2-60 mm se \u0161tejejo gramoz, ve\u010d kot 60 mm pa za kamenje.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c6a656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c6a656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.2. Kemijske lastnosti<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7b7e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7b7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predstavljajo niz posameznih in hkrati medsebojno povezanih kemijskih parametrov. Ti vklju\u010dujejo: vsebnost in vrste hranil, pH tal in vodo v tleh. Kemi\u010dna sestava in razli\u010dni kemi\u010dni procesi, ki potekajo v tleh, dolo\u010dajo kemi\u010dne lastnosti tal.  <\/p>\n<p>Mineralno sestavo tal sestavljajo posamezni elementi: kisik (O) 49 %, silicij (Si) 26 %, aluminij (Al) 7 %, kalcij (Ca) 3 %, \u017eelezo (Fe) 4 %, kalij (K) 2,5 %, fosfor (P) 0,08 %. Ti elementi so v tleh v obliki razli\u010dnih spojin, predvsem kot silikati, karbonati in fosfati.  <\/p>\n<p>Organska komponenta nastane z razgradnjo organskih snovi v tleh. Pri tem nastajajo enostavnej\u0161e organske snovi, pri popolni razgradnji pa ogljikov dioksid (CO2), voda (H2O) in enostavne organske snovi. <\/p>\n<p>Voda deluje na tla kot topilo. Vsebuje CO2, ki nastaja pri razgradnji organskih snovi. Zaradi tega deluje kot \u0161ibka kislina s pove\u010dano sposobnostjo raztapljanja. Zrak v tleh omogo\u010da in pogojuje oksidacijske in redukcijske procese.   <\/p>\n<p>Koloidi v tleh so osnova za humusu in glini podoben sorpcijski kompleks. Med sorpcijskim kompleksom in talno raztopino \u0161e vedno potekajo izmenjalne reakcije, ki so zelo pomembne za dostopnost hranil rastlinam. Te reakcije dodatno vplivajo na sorpcijo posameznih hranil in pH tal.  <\/p>\n<p>Vsebnost humusa v tleh je izra\u017eena v %. Vsebnosti humusa: do 0,5 % se \u0161teje za zelo majhno koli\u010dino, 0,5-1 % za zelo majhno, 1-2 % za majhno, 2-3 % za srednjo, 3-5 % za veliko, nad 5 % za zelo veliko.  <\/p>\n<p>Vsebnost du\u0161ika (N) v tleh se dolo\u010di s kemi\u010dnimi metodami v odvzetem vzorcu tal in se izrazi v %. Razvrstitev je naslednja: zelo nizka vsebnost du\u0161ika do 0,12 %, nizka vsebnost 0,12-0,16 %, srednja vsebnost 0,16-0,24 %, visoka vsebnost do 0,24-0,34 % in zelo visoka vsebnost (nad 0,34 %). <\/p>\n<p>Reakcijo tal se dolo\u010da v vodni raztopini ali v raztopini kalijevega klorida (KCl). Giblje se od 1 do 14 in je izra\u017eena v vrednostih pH. <\/p>\n<p>Pod pH 4 se smatra za zelo kislo, 4,6-5 mo\u010dno kislo 5,1-5,5 kislo 5,6-6,5 \u0161ibko kislo 6,6-7,2 nevtralno in 7,3-7,7 bazi\u010dno, nad 7 ,7 mo\u010dno bazi\u010dno.<\/p>\n<p>Vrednost pH razli\u010dno vpliva na ekologijo in kemijo tal. Vpliva na to, katere vrste in kateri organizmi v tleh bodo prisotni na dolo\u010denem mestu. Dostopnost mineralnih snovi je eden od pomembnih vplivov pH na rast dreves. Pri dolo\u010denih vrednostih pH osnovni elementi tvorijo kemi\u010dne spojine, ki so netopne v vodi in jih rastline ne morejo sprejemati, saj lahko korenine sprejemajo le v vodi topne mineralne snovi.   <\/p>\n<p>Za zni\u017eanje pH dodajamo v tla \u017eveplo, za zvi\u0161anje pH pa apno. Na obmo\u010dju dreves je spremembo pH te\u017eko dose\u010di zaradi velike koli\u010dine prsti na obmo\u010dju koreninskega sistema drevesa. <\/p>\n<p>Mineralne snovi, potrebne za rast dreves, so raztopljene v vodi. Kationska izmenjalna kapaciteta (CEC) je merilo privla\u010dnosti in zadr\u017eevanja ionov v tleh. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ea87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e4ea87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.3. Biolo\u0161ke (ekolo\u0161ke) lastnosti<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a14012f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a14012f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V tleh \u017eivijo \u0161tevilni organizmi, mikroorganizmi in makroorganizmi. Z vidika biolo\u0161kih lastnosti tal se za parametre \u0161tejejo skupne koli\u010dine posameznih vrst, fiziolo\u0161kih skupin organizmov v tleh, pa tudi intenzivnost njihovega delovanja. <\/p>\n<p>\u0160tevilo organizmov v tleh se ocenjuje predvsem s pomo\u010djo makroorganizmov v tleh (talnih \u017eu\u017eelk, \u010drvov, glodavcev &#8230;). \u0160tevilo mikroorganizmov (bakterije, glive, alge, aktinomicete, protozoji) ne velja za dovolj stabilno sestavino tal, da bi bilo pomembno z vidika parametrizacije lastnosti tal. <\/p>\n<p>Bakterije delimo v dve osnovni skupini:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">aerobne, ki \u017eivijo z dostopom do zraka<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">anaerobne, ki \u017eivijo brez dostopa do zraka<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66a919c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66a919c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glede na presnovo delimo bakterije na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">razgrajevalce, ki presnavljajo organske snovi brez du\u0161ika<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">nitrifikatorje in denitrifikatorje, ki presnavljajo organske du\u0161ikove snovi<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">rizobijske, ki ve\u017eejo atmosferski du\u0161ik<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">bakterije, ki presnavljajo \u017eveplo, \u017eelezo in metan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c81a4d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c81a4d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mineralizacija organske snovi v tleh je aktivnost mikroorganizmov, ki se meri s koli\u010dino CO2, ki se spro\u0161\u010da iz tal. Mineralizacija du\u0161ika izra\u017ea intenzivnost biolo\u0161kega spro\u0161\u010danja amoniaka iz organske snovi tal. Nitrifikacija je stopnja biolo\u0161ke oksidacije amoniaka v nitrate v tleh.  <\/p>\n<p>Tla so ekosistem, ki vsebuje na milijarde organizmov. Nekateri organizmi v tleh lahko po\u0161kodujejo rastlinske korenine, drugi so koristni, nekateri pa nimajo neposrednega vpliva na drevesa. Ko korenine prodrejo v tla, se koreninska kapica in zgornja plast povrhnjice lu\u0161\u010dita, snovi iz korenin pa pridejo v tla. Te so stalen vir organskih snovi za mikroorganizme. Mikorizne korenine, so posebne korenine ve\u010dine rastlin, na katerih se nahajajo glive. Te glive \u017eivijo v simbiozi s koreninami. Glive in korenine imajo od tega so\u017eitja koristi. Korenine glivam zagotavljajo \u017eivljenjski prostor in hrano (sladkorje). Glive pove\u010dajo sposobnost korenin, da absorbirajo vodo, in zagotavljajo osnovne elemente, zlasti fosfor.        <\/p>\n<p>Kro\u017eenje hranil je \u0161e posebej pomembno v naravnih rastlinskih sistemih. Ko rastlina raste, korenine absorbirajo bistvene elemente iz tal ter proizvajajo novo lesno maso in liste. S\u010dasoma rastline ali njihovi deli odmrejo in padejo na povr\u0161je tal, kjer jih razkrojijo organizmi v tleh in vremenski procesi. Postopoma pride do razgradnje in hranilne snovi se sprostijo v tla, kjer so ponovno na voljo koreninam.   <\/p>\n<p>\u017divali, npr. razli\u010dne vrste \u017eu\u017eelk in \u010drvi, prezra\u010dujejo tla in pospe\u0161ujejo procese razgradnje. Druge \u017eivali se hranijo s koreninami. Nekatere gliste lahko parazitirajo na koreninah dreves in prena\u0161ajo nekatere bolezni. Druge se hranijo s patogenimi organizmi, ki povzro\u010dajo razli\u010dne bolezni.   <\/p>\n<p>Rizosfera je obmo\u010dje intenzivne biolo\u0161ke dejavnosti v bli\u017eini rasto\u010dih korenin.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a34144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a34144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2. Vla\u017enost tal<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd040ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd040ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vla\u017enost tal je trenutna vsebnost vode v tleh. Izra\u017eena je kot odstotek mase suhih tal (w) ali kot volumenski odstotek (\u0398). Spremembe so odvisne od vremenskih razmer, izsu\u0161evanja koreninskega sistema rastlin, globine, teksture in strukture tal.  <\/p>\n<p>Za dolo\u010danje vlage v tleh se v raziskovalni praksi uporabljajo naslednje metode:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Te vklju\u010dujejo gravimetri\u010dno (izlo\u010danje), alkoholno (analiza z uporabo alkohola), glicerinsko (analiza z uporabo glicerina C3H8O3), karbidno (merjenje z napravo CM) in piknometri\u010dno metodo (dolo\u010danje gostote snovi). <\/li>\n<li>Te vklju\u010dujejo konduktometri\u010dno (metoda merjenja specifi\u010dne prevodnosti), tenzometri\u010dno (metoda odstranjevanja), gamaroskopsko (metoda merjenja absorpcije in razpr\u0161enosti v odvisnosti od gostote) in nevtronsko metodo (metoda merjenja z uporabo nevtronov). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f53132b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f53132b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vlaga v tleh je skupaj z zna\u010dilnostmi tal in vegetacije klju\u010dna za izmenjavo vode in energije med povr\u0161ino tal in ozra\u010djem. Informacije o talni vlagi na povr\u0161ini in v koreninskem obmo\u010dju so klju\u010dnega pomena za doseganje trajnostne rabe tal in upravljanja voda. <\/p>\n<p>Ko tla dose\u017eejo poljsko kapaciteto za vodo, vodo absorbirajo rastlinske korenine ali pa izhlapi. Korenine \u010drpajo vodo iz tal, dokler so sposobne premagati adhezijske sile, ki zadr\u017eujejo vodo v delcih tal. Listi dreves med velikimi potrebami po vodi \u010dez dan usihajo, pono\u010di, ko se izhlapevanje zmanj\u0161a, pa se obnovijo. Glede na sposobnost tal, da zadr\u017eujejo vodo, se dose\u017ee to\u010dka, ko drevo ne more ve\u010d \u010drpati vode iz tal. To se imenuje to\u010dka trajnega usihanja. Rastlina (drevo) si ne bo opomogla od odmiranja, \u010de ne bo dobivala vode v tla.     <\/p>\n<p>Drevesa potrebujejo zrak in vodo. V porah tal so voda in plini (kisik, du\u0161ik in ogljikov dioksid) v ravnovesju. Korenine dreves potrebujejo kisik in pri dihanju spro\u0161\u010dajo ogljikov dioksid. Izmenjava plinov med tlemi in ozra\u010djem obi\u010dajno poteka v obliki difuzije skozi povr\u0161ino tal. \u010ce je izmenjava plinov nezadostna, na primer v razmo\u010denih ali zbitih tleh, se lahko kopi\u010di ogljikov dioksid in primanjkuje kisika. Tak\u0161no stanje lahko zmanj\u0161a rast in delovanje korenin, \u010de pa traja dlje \u010dasa, lahko korenine tudi odmrejo.     <\/p>\n<p>Tekstura tal ima pomembno vlogo pri procesu infiltracije vode. \u010ce je plast grobozrnate prsti (pesek) na plasti drobnozrnate prsti (glina), se voda nabira v zgornji plasti, saj po\u010dasi pronica v spodnjo plast. <\/p>\n<p>Koli\u010dina in velikost por v tleh ter skupna povr\u0161ina delcev tal dolo\u010dajo koli\u010dino vode, ki jo tla lahko zadr\u017eijo. Glinena tla imajo ve\u010djo skupno prostornino por in povr\u0161ino delcev kot pe\u0161\u010dena tla. Iz tega sledi, da imajo glinasta tla ve\u010djo sposobnost zadr\u017eevanja vode kot pe\u0161\u010dena tla.  <\/p>\n<p>\u010ce je drevo posajeno v glinasto prst z dodano grobo prstjo, lahko sadilna jama deluje kot posoda, v kateri se zadr\u017euje voda in lahko \u201cutopi&#8221; korenine. \u010ce se odcednost ne izbolj\u0161a, se voda \u0161e naprej zadr\u017euje v tleh z drobnej\u0161o teksturo, dokler ne dose\u017ee zasi\u010denosti.  <\/p>\n<p>Optimalna vla\u017enost tal je tista, ki ne pade pod to\u010dko venenja, vendar tudi ni zasi\u010dena z vodo. Ko je vsebnost vode v tleh ve\u010dja od poljske kapacitete, tla niso ve\u010d dovolj zra\u010dna. <\/p>\n<p>To\u010dka venenja in poljska kapaciteta za vodo sta odvisni od vrste tal. Lahka (pe\u0161\u010dena) tla imajo nizko to\u010dko venenja in majhno poljsko kapaciteto za vodo. Srednja in te\u017eka tla (glinasta, ilovnata) imajo vi\u0161jo to\u010dko venenja in vi\u0161jo poljsko kapaciteto za vodo.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5477310 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5477310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3. Prehrana dreves<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605274c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"605274c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Drevesa potrebujejo 17 osnovnih elementov, raztopljenih v vodi, ki jih absorbirajo s koreninami. Vsak osnovni element ima v rastlini posebno vlogo in ga ni mogo\u010de nadomestiti z drugim elementom. Drevesa potrebujejo nekatere elemente, znane kot makrohranila, v razmeroma velikih koli\u010dinah. Najpomembnej\u0161i od teh makrohranil je du\u0161ik (N), saj je najpogosteje omejujo\u010d element, sledijo mu fosfor (P), kalij (K), kalcij (Ca), magnezij (Mg) in \u017eveplo (S).   <\/p>\n<p>Du\u0161ik je sestavni del beljakovin in klorofila ter ima pomembno vlogo pri fotosintezi in drugih procesih v rastlinah. V naravnih razmerah du\u0161ik v tleh prihaja iz organskih snovi in ozra\u010dja. Talni organizmi razgrajujejo organske snovi. Velik del du\u0161ika v tleh se lahko izgubi z izpiranjem ali izhlapevanjem. Odstranjevanje odpadlega listja in drugih naravnih virov du\u0161ika lahko prekine cikel sprejemanja du\u0161ika v tla. Pomanjkanje du\u0161ika se ka\u017ee v upo\u010dasnjeni rasti in manj\u0161ih listih. V\u010dasih so novi, razvijajo\u010di se listi bolj zeleni, ker se du\u0161ik v rastlini v ve\u010djih koli\u010dinah prenese na mesto nove rasti. Ti simptomi povzro\u010dajo \u0161tevilne druge te\u017eave, ki vplivajo na zdravje korenin in sprejemanje hranil. Namen gnojenja je obi\u010dajno zagotavljanje du\u0161ika, saj je to element, ki ga drevesom obi\u010dajno primanjkuje. Poleg du\u0161ika so potrebni tudi fosfor, kalij in \u017eveplo. Teh elementov je v mestnih tleh obi\u010dajno premalo. Podporni hranili sta magnezij in kalcij.           <\/p>\n<p>Za drevo so potrebni tudi drugi elementi, ki jih pogosto imenujemo mikrohranila (mikroelementi &#8211; bor (B), klor (Cl), baker (Cu), \u017eelezo (Fe), mangan (Mn), molibden (Mo), cink (Zn), nikelj (Ni) ). Pomanjkanje kateregakoli elementa ima lahko velike posledice za zdravje dreves. Najbolj raz\u0161irjena je kloroza, ki je posledica pomanjkanja \u017eeleza. Mladi listi so majhni in kloroti\u010dni (rumeni), z zelenimi \u017eilami, starej\u0161i listi pa so temno zeleni. Zaradi pomanjkanja \u017eeleza lahko drevo odmre.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Analiza tal in listov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Najprimernej\u0161i na\u010din za dolo\u010ditev potreb drevesa je laboratorijska analiza tal in listov. Analiza tal zagotavlja informacije o prisotnosti bistvenih elementov, pH, organski snovi in kationski izmenjalni kapaciteti. Vrednost pH in vsebnost soli (zlasti na suhih obmo\u010djih) sta najpomembnej\u0161i vrednosti. Pri vzor\u010denju tal je treba vzeti majhne vzorce s celotnega obmo\u010dja korenin. Te vzorce je treba preme\u0161ati. Kakovost vsake analize tal je odvisna od reprezentativnosti vzorcev. Zahtevana vsebnost posameznih elementov je za posamezne vrste dreves razli\u010dna. Eden od na\u010dinov za izvedbo analize je primerjava zdravih in simptomati\u010dnih dreves iste vrste. Vzorci listov, odvzeti s celotnega drevesa, posu\u0161eni in analizirani, lahko pomagajo diagnosticirati pomanjkanje dolo\u010denih elementov. Vendar sta lahko samo analiza tal ali analiza listov zavajajo\u010di. Lahko se zgodi, da so nekateri mineralni elementi v majhnih koli\u010dinah prisotni v listih, \u010deprav jih je v tleh veliko, vendar zaradi vrednosti pH niso dostopni drevesu.          <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f51b5ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f51b5ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.4. Urbana tla<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19deca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19deca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tla na urbanih obmo\u010djih pogosto nimajo organske plasti. Lahko so zbita ali utrjena, imajo po\u0161kodovan profil tal, spremenjeno odcednost, povi\u0161an pH ali podpovr\u0161inske ovire zaradi temeljenja cest ali podzemnih komunalnih vodov. Vsi ti dejavniki lahko vplivajo na rast korenin in zdravje dreves ter s\u010dasoma lahko povzro\u010dijo njihovo smrt.  <\/p>\n<p>V tleh \u0161tevilnih urbanih obmo\u010dij organsko plast nadome\u0161\u010dajo trate ali pozidana obmo\u010dja. Pozidana obmo\u010dja lahko poslab\u0161ajo zra\u010denje in infiltracijo vode. Zmanj\u0161anje vsebnosti organskih snovi zmanj\u0161uje biolo\u0161ko aktivnost, prepre\u010duje razvoj strukture tal in moti kro\u017eenje hranil. V urbanih tleh obi\u010dajno primanjkuje pomembnih mikroorganizmov, kot so mikorizne glive.   <\/p>\n<p>Drevesa in tla so v vzajemni simbiozi. Urbani razvoj lahko poru\u0161i ekolo\u0161ko ravnovesje in tako ustvarja neugodne ali celo antagonisti\u010dne razmere. Drevesa odmrejo zaradi stresnih razmer v tleh. Drevesa morajo iz tal pridobiti dovolj kisika, vode in drugih sestavin, da lahko zadovoljijo svoje energetske potrebe.   <\/p>\n<p>Pri gradnji sodobnih stanovanjskih naselij se pogosto odstrani humozna vrhnja plast tal s celotnega obmo\u010dja gradbi\u0161\u010da in ne le z mesta, kjer bo stavba postavljena.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96de0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96de0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaklju\u010dek<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d029750 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d029750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na tla ne smemo gledati le kot na osnovno proizvodno sredstvo v kmetijstvu. Obravnavati jih moramo kot enega od naravnih, uni\u010dljivih in zelo te\u017eko obnovljivih naravnih virov. \u0160irok spekter prakti\u010dne uporabe pedologije lahko vodi k dolgoro\u010dnemu varovanju tal in okolja.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24be311 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24be311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pedolo\u0161ki kviz<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db1a8a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db1a8a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preverite svoje znanje v naslednjem kvizu in preverite, ali ste razumeli vsebino tega poglavja:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21dba77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"21dba77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-17\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"17\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Pedology SL\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cef93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90cef93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a5a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a59a5a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05e3adb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05e3adb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aecb9ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aecb9ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literatura<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b0a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6b0a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIL\u010cEK, F. \u2013 \u010cIN\u010cURA, F. \u2013 GOLAIS, F. a kol. 1997. Preh\u013ead biol\u00f3gie 1. Bratislava: Slovensk\u00e9 pedagogick\u00e9 nakladate\u013estvo, 1997. ISBN 80-08-00990-X    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u011aTVI\u010cKA, V. \u2013 MATOU\u0160OV\u00c1, V. 1992. Stromy a kry. Bratislava: Pr\u00edroda, 1992. 312s. ISBN 80-07-00402-5    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BENE\u0160OV\u00c1, M. \u2013 HAMPLOV\u00c1, H. \u2013 KNOTOV\u00c1, K. a kol. 2006. Zmaturuj z biol\u00f3gie. Brno: Didaktis spol. s r. o., 2006. ISBN 80-86285-87-1<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BAUMERTHOV\u00c1, O. \u2013 KRI\u0160TOF, M. 2002. O\u0161etrovanie chr\u00e1nen\u00fdch stromov. Dostupn\u00e9 online:   <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sopsr.sk\/cinnost\/chranene_stromy\/metlist_stromy.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sopsr.sk\/cinnost\/chranene_stromy\/metlist_stromy.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VOJ\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1, B. a kol. 2013. Z\u00e1klady arboristiky. Dostupn\u00e9 online:    <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/akela.mendelu.cz\/~xcepl\/inobio\/skripta\/Zaklady_arboristiky.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">akela.mendelu.cz\/~xcepl\/inobio\/skripta\/Zaklady_arboristiky.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u010cUNDERL\u00cdK, I. 2009. \u0160trukt\u00fara dreva. Dostupn\u00e9 online:   <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vos.volyne.cz\/tu\/soubory\/st1.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vos.volyne.cz\/tu\/soubory\/st1.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedol%C3%B3gia_(p%C3%B4da)\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedol\u00f3gia (p\u00f4da)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pd\/pd.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pd\/pd.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vinko.sk\/podne-druhy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vinko.sk\/podne-druhy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pt\/pt.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pt\/pt.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pulib.sk\/web\/kniznica\/elpub\/dokument\/Michaeli1\/subor\/6.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pulib.sk\/web\/kniznica\/elpub\/dokument\/Michaeli1\/subor\/6.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.podnemapy.sk\/portal\/verejnost\/akt_poln_sezona\/pz\/pz.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/verejnost\/akt_poln_sezona\/pz\/pz.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kpg.fapz.uniag.sk\/upload\/navodynacvika.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kpg.fapz.uniag.sk\/upload\/navodynacvika.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/priroda\/zem\/hodnotenie-vlhkosti-povrchu-pody-pomocou-satelitnych-a-pozemnych-merani\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/priroda\/zem\/hodnotenie-vlhkosti-povrchu-pody-pomocou-satelitnych-a-pozemnych-merani<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agromanual.cz\/cz\/clanky\/technologie\/precizni-zemedelstvi\/monitoring-vlhkosti-polnohospodarskej-pody-nastrojmi-dialkoveho-prieskumu-zeme\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agromanual.cz\/cz\/clanky\/technologie\/precizni-zemedelstvi\/monitoring-vlhkosti-polnohospodarskej-pody-nastrojmi-dialkoveho-prieskumu-zeme<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vupop.sk\/dokumenty\/APVV_15_0136\/5.Sobocka_Vyznam_a_uloha_podneho_krytu.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vupop.sk\/dokumenty\/APVV_15_0136\/5.Sobocka_Vyznam_a_uloha_podneho_krytu.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.enviromagazin.sk\/enviro2007\/enviro4\/14.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enviromagazin.sk\/enviro2007\/enviro4\/14.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/publikacie.uke.sav.sk\/sites\/default\/files\/2004_6_310_313_jaduda.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">publikacie.uke.sav.sk\/sites\/default\/files\/2004_6_310_313_jaduda.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%B4dny_profil\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P\u00f4dny_profil<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Domov > Moduls > biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh) Modul 1 biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh) Kazalo vsebine Uvod Drevesa so bistveni del \u017eivljenja na Zemlji, saj brez njih \u017eivljenje na na\u0161em planetu ne bi moglo obstajati. Ljudje uporabljamo drevesa zaradi lesa, plodov ali estetske funkcije. To poglavje vsebuje osnovne informacije [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3969","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Modul 1 - biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh) - Learning - ARBORTECH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sl\/modul-1-biologija-dreves-in-pedologija-znanost-o-tleh\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sl_SI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modul 1 - biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh) - Learning - ARBORTECH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Domov &gt; Moduls &gt; biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh) Modul 1 biologija dreves in pedologija (znanost o tleh) Kazalo vsebine Uvod Drevesa so bistveni del \u017eivljenja na Zemlji, saj brez njih \u017eivljenje na na\u0161em planetu ne bi moglo obstajati. 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Ljudje uporabljamo drevesa zaradi lesa, plodov ali estetske funkcije. 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