{"id":4122,"date":"2023-10-30T06:23:08","date_gmt":"2023-10-30T06:23:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/modul-1-biologia-stromov-a-pedologia"},"modified":"2024-07-30T09:48:01","modified_gmt":"2024-07-30T09:48:01","slug":"modul-1-biologia-stromov-a-pedologia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/modul-1-biologia-stromov-a-pedologia","title":{"rendered":"Modul 1 &#8211; Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4122\" class=\"elementor elementor-4122 elementor-2173\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/pexels-johannes-plenio-1423600-scaled.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc3448 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cfc3448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-overlay-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99404ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99404ef\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03ac24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03ac24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/home\">Home<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8575a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8575a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f07a3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f07a3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/arboriculture-for-gardeners\">Moduly<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c91116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c91116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63be87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63be87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48d2a55 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48d2a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modul 1<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b2c93 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39b2c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaa565f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eaa565f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1382774 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1382774\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:150,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2160ebb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2160ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63f0aaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63f0aaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee0f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfee0f3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279ffe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"279ffe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00davod<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0e214f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0e214f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stromy s\u00fa nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u017eivota na Zemi, bez ktorej by \u017eivot na\u0161ej plan\u00e9ty nemohol existova\u0165. \u013dudia stromy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na drevo, pre ich plody alebo pre ich estetick\u00fa funkciu. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00e1to kapitola poskytuje z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o biol\u00f3gii stromov a o ich morfologickej a anatomickej stavbe. Venova\u0165 sa budeme taktie\u017e fyziologick\u00fdm procesom, ktor\u00e9 v stromoch neust\u00e1le prebiehaj\u00fa a s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre ich \u017eivot. Pozornos\u0165 zameriame aj na vonkaj\u0161ie a vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 podmienky ovplyv\u0148uj\u00face tieto procesy.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146df1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"146df1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b141df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b141df\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e1fd64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e1fd64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.1. Biol\u00f3gia stromov <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7b105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c7b105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stromy s\u00fa dreviny, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu v dospelosti dorasta\u0165 a\u017e do v\u00fd\u0161ky 6 metrov. S\u00fa to dreviny s celou stonkou zdrevnatenou, doln\u00e1 nerozkon\u00e1ren\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 prech\u00e1dza do rozkon\u00e1renej koruny. S\u00fa viacro\u010dn\u00e9 a\u017e dlhovek\u00e9 a plodia ve\u013eakr\u00e1t.  <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u00f4\u017eeme ich rozdeli\u0165 na 3 hlavn\u00e9 \u010dasti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>kore\u0148,<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>kme\u0148,<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>koruna.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f346a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f346a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z\u00e1kladom v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov, teda aj stromov, s\u00fa bunky. Nov\u00e9 bunky vznikaj\u00fa delen\u00edm u\u017e jestvuj\u00facich buniek. V stromoch delenie buniek prebieha v merist\u00e9moch. Bunky s podobnou funkciou a \u0161trukt\u00farou sa zoskupuj\u00fado skup\u00edn, naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch rastlinn\u00e9 pletiv\u00e1.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pletiv\u00e1 rozli\u0161ujeme na:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>deliv\u00e9 pletiv\u00e1 (merist\u00e9my),<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>trv\u00e1ce pletiv\u00e1.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a86eac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a86eac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pletiv\u00e1 sa zoskupuj\u00fa do org\u00e1nov. Stromy maj\u00fa 5 org\u00e1nov \u2013 <strong>kore\u0148, kme\u0148, list, kvet, plod. <\/strong> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-507c48c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"507c48c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeefc14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eeefc14\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f35e487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f35e487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2. Anat\u00f3mia stromov <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b74bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b74bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.1. Kore\u0148 (Radix) <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b54da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b54da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kore\u0148 je podzemn\u00fd org\u00e1n stromu, ktor\u00fd je ukryt\u00fd v p\u00f4de. M\u00e1 dve z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 funkcie: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>mechanick\u00fa <\/strong> \u2013 jej \u00falohou je upevnenie rastliny v p\u00f4de,<\/li>\n<li><strong>fyziologick\u00fa <\/strong> \u2013 jej \u00falohou je \u010derpanie vody a v nej rozpustn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok z p\u00f4dy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7240c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7240c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na koreni rozli\u0161ujeme hlavn\u00fd kore\u0148, bo\u010dn\u00fd kore\u0148 a kore\u0148ov\u00e9 vl\u00e1sie, ktor\u00e9ho \u017eivotnos\u0165 je od nieko\u013ek\u00fdch hod\u00edn do nieko\u013ek\u00fdch dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stromy m\u00f4\u017eu zakore\u0148ova\u0165:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>hlboko <\/strong> \u2013 hlavn\u00fd kore\u0148 prenik\u00e1 do p\u00f4dy zvislo a \u010dasto je v p\u00f4de tak hlboko, ako s\u00fa vysok\u00e9 nadzemn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny, napr. dub (Quercus), moru\u0161a (Morus),<\/li>\n<li><strong>plytko <\/strong> \u2013 bo\u010dn\u00e9 korene prenikaj\u00fa vodorovne a bl\u00edzko pod povrchom p\u00f4dy, napr. smrek (Picea).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a98a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59a98a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00fastava kore\u0148ov sa naz\u00fdva kore\u0148ov\u00e1 s\u00fastava. Rozli\u0161ujeme 3 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 typy kore\u0148ovej s\u00fastavy:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>kolovit\u00fd <\/strong> \u2013 hlavn\u00fd kore\u0148 je hrub\u00fd a smeruje vertik\u00e1lne do h\u013abky substr\u00e1tu, napr. jed\u013ea biela (Abies alba), duby, bresty, borovica lesn\u00e1 (Pinus sylvestris),<\/li>\n<li><strong>srdcovit\u00fd <\/strong> \u2013 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed po\u010det hrub\u0161\u00edch kore\u0148ov, ktor\u00e9 smeruj\u00fa nadol a \u0161ikmo nadol, napr. lipa (Tilia), hrab (Carpinus), breza (Betula),<\/li>\n<li><strong>ploch\u00fd <\/strong> \u2013 rovnako hrub\u00e9 korene, ktor\u00e9 smeruj\u00fa rovnobe\u017ene s povrchom p\u00f4dy a do hlb\u0161\u00edch vrstiev prenikaj\u00fa len jednotliv\u00e9 korene a korienky, napr. osika (Populus tremula), jase\u0148 (Fraxinus), smrek (Picea). Tento typ kore\u0148a je plytk\u00fd a m\u00e1lo stabiln\u00fd. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b7a95b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b7a95b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.2. Kme\u0148 (Phylum) <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f076948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f076948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kme\u0148 je nadzemn\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 stromu. Je to druhotne hrubn\u00faca drevnat\u00e1 stonka, ktor\u00e1 sa na vrchole \u010dlen\u00ed na drevnat\u00e9 kon\u00e1re. Na priereze kore\u0148a rozozn\u00e1vame k\u00f4ru, felog\u00e9n, lyko, kambium a drevo. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 vrstva kme\u0148a m\u00e1 ist\u00fa funkciu.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u00f4ra <\/strong> \u2013 je na povrchu kme\u0148a a aj kon\u00e1rov stromov. Vrchn\u00e1 vrstva sa naz\u00fdva borka a je odumret\u00e1. Spodn\u00e1 zelen\u00e1 k\u00f4ra je \u017eiv\u00e1. Borka je \u010dasto hlboko rozbr\u00e1zden\u00e1 a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou sa vyv\u00edja v spodnej \u010dasti kme\u0148a. Sl\u00fa\u017ei ako ochrana pred mechanick\u00fdm po\u0161koden\u00edm, nadmern\u00fdm v\u00fdparom alebo prehriat\u00edm. V k\u00f4re sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa mal\u00e9 otvory \u2013 lenticely, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdmenu plynov.     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Felog\u00e9n <\/strong> \u2013 deliv\u00e9 pletivo, ktor\u00e9 vytv\u00e1ra nov\u00e9 bunky. Z vonkaj\u0161ej strany produkuje korok, smerom dovn\u00fatra feloderm (zelen\u00fa k\u00f4ru).  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kambium <\/strong> \u2013 deliv\u00e9 pletivo, ktor\u00e9 produkuje nov\u00e9 bunky dreva a lyka. Lyka produkuje ove\u013ea menej ako dreva, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje druhotn\u00e9 hrubnutie kme\u0148a. Kambium vytv\u00e1ra vo vegeta\u010dnom obdob\u00ed letokruhy. Jeden letokruh zodpoved\u00e1 jedn\u00e9mu vegeta\u010dn\u00e9mu obdobiu.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Drevo <\/strong> \u2013 m\u00e1 dve funkcie. Prv\u00e1 je mechanick\u00e1 a m\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 udr\u017ea\u0165 kme\u0148 vo vzpriamenej polohe a druh\u00e1 je vodiv\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 vedie vodu a v nej rozpustn\u00e9 miner\u00e1lne l\u00e1tky v smere od kore\u0148a ku korune. V dreve sa tie\u017e ukladaj\u00fa z\u00e1sobn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (olej a \u0161krob).  <\/p>\n<p>Drevo nahosemenn\u00fdch stromov je zlo\u017een\u00e9 z cievic, vl\u00e1kien a parenchymatick\u00fdch buniek. Drevo listnat\u00fdch stromov obsahuje aj cievy. <\/p>\n<p>Cievice s\u00fa pred\u013a\u017een\u00e9, m\u0155tve bunky so zhrubnut\u00fdmi stenami. Maj\u00fa mechanick\u00fa a vodiv\u00fa funkciu. Vl\u00e1kna poskytuj\u00fa mechanick\u00fa silu. Parenchymatick\u00e9 bunky pom\u00e1haj\u00fa pri veden\u00ed vody, usklad\u0148uj\u00fa uh\u013eovod\u00edky a maj\u00fa v\u00fdznam pri obrane proti hnilobe. Cievy s\u00fa v listnat\u00fdch stromoch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi vodiv\u00fdmi prvkami.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c071c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c071c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.3. Koruna (Corona) <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab5f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ab5f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Koruna je s\u00fastava kon\u00e1rov, ktor\u00e1 vyrast\u00e1 z hornej \u010dasti kme\u0148a. Korunu stromu tvor\u00ed s\u00fastava kon\u00e1rov, ktor\u00e9 vyrastaj\u00fa z kme\u0148a. Tvoria ju: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0161truktur\u00e1lne (kostrov\u00e9) kon\u00e1re<\/strong> \u2013 rozhoduj\u00fa o tvare koruny, s\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie a hrub\u0161ie s vegetat\u00edvnou funkciou,<\/li>\n<li><strong>vypl\u0148uj\u00face kon\u00e1re<\/strong> \u2013 slab\u0161ie, vyp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa korunu, maj\u00fa vegetat\u00edvnu i generat\u00edvnu funkciu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba0a86f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba0a86f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sp\u00f4sob utv\u00e1rania koruny ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa r\u00f4zne \u010dinitele, a to dedi\u010dnos\u0165 druhu, biotick\u00e9 a abiotick\u00e9 \u010dinitele. Do zna\u010dnej miery ovplyv\u0148uje stavbu a tvar koruny sp\u00f4sob rastu jej v\u00fdhonkov. <\/p>\n<p>Rozli\u0161ujeme 3 typy rastu v\u00fdhonkov a rozvetvenia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>monopodi\u00e1lny <\/strong> \u2013 z vrcholov\u00e9ho koncov\u00e9ho p\u00fa\u010dika vyrast\u00e1 hlavn\u00e1 stonka, na ktorej z bo\u010dn\u00fdch p\u00fa\u010dikov vyrastaj\u00fa slab\u0161ie bo\u010dn\u00e9 stonky. Nerast\u00fa v smere hlavnej stonky a neprerastaj\u00fa j\u00fa v\u00fd\u0161kovo. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom sa rozkon\u00e1ruj\u00fa v\u0161etky ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 dreviny s ku\u017ee\u013eovitou korunou,  <\/li>\n<li><strong>sympodi\u00e1lny <\/strong> \u2013 hlavn\u00fd v\u00fdhonok nie je vytvoren\u00fd z najvy\u0161\u0161ieho vrcholov\u00e9ho p\u00fa\u010dika, ale z bo\u010dn\u00e9ho. Takto sa rozkon\u00e1ruje napr\u00edklad v\u0155ba (<i>Salix<\/i>), lipa (<i>Tilia<\/i>), brest (<i>Ulmus<\/i>), hrab (<i>Carpinus<\/i>), ag\u00e1t (<i>Robinia<\/i>), <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54b89e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e54b89e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pod\u013ea tvaru koruny rozli\u0161ujeme korunu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ku\u017ee\u013eovit\u00fa (smrek oby\u010dajn\u00fd \u2013 <i>Picea abies<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>\u00fazko vretenovit\u00fa (smrek omorikov\u00fd \u2013 <i>Picea omorica<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>elipsovit\u00fa (jel\u0161a lepkav\u00e1 \u2013 <i>Alnus glutinosa<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>vajcovit\u00fa (lipa &#8211; <i>Tilia<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>gu\u013eat\u00fa (jablo\u0148 plan\u00e1 \u2013 <i>Malus sylvestris<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e1\u017ednikovit\u00fa (ag\u00e1t biely \u2013 <i>Robinia pseudoacacia<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>nepravideln\u00fa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5455ef1 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5455ef1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2575\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 1.1.<\/b> Tvary koruny <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlasdrevin.sk\/morfologicka-charakteristika-drevin\"> Zub\u010dek, V (2019) Atlas drev\u00edn.<\/a> (Dostupn\u00e9 15. 3. 2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-530fa5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"530fa5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.4. List (Phylloma) <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e405458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e405458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>List je bo\u010dn\u00fd org\u00e1n, ktor\u00fd je morfologicky rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd na listov\u00fa \u010depe\u013e (ploch\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 listu), stopku a po\u0161vu. Ak stopka nie je vyvinut\u00e1, medzi po\u0161vou a \u010depe\u013eou sa nach\u00e1dza blanit\u00fd v\u00fdrastok \u2013 jaz\u00fd\u010dek. Listy obsahuj\u00fa zelen\u00e9 farbivo chlorofyl, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje listom fotosynt\u00e9zu. <\/p>\n<p>Pod\u013ea pripojenia listu k stonke rozli\u0161ujeme list stopkat\u00fd alebo sediaci (bez stopky). Pod\u013ea postavenia listov na stonke rozli\u0161ujeme striedav\u00e9 listy, protistojn\u00e9 listy a praslenov\u00e9 listy. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Trvanie a \u017eivotnos\u0165 listov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Listy po skon\u010den\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia opad\u00e1vaj\u00fa. Proces opad\u00e1vania ur\u00fdch\u013euje kyselina abscisov\u00e1 alebo v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch vrstva korku. Sp\u00f4sob\u00ed oddelenie listu a uzavrie ranu. Pri ihli\u010dnanoch opad\u00e1vaj\u00fa listy od 1. do 3. a\u017e 9. roka. Tento \u010das sa vplyvom nepriazniv\u00fdch podmienok (kysl\u00e9 da\u017ede, exhal\u00e1ty) postupne skracuje.    <\/p>\n<p>Vonkaj\u0161ia stavba listu<\/p>\n<p>Na liste rozozn\u00e1vame listov\u00fa \u017eilnatinu. Pozn\u00e1me tieto typy \u017eilnatiny:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>perovit\u00e1 (napr. \u010dere\u0161\u0148a &#8211; <i>Prunus<\/i>, lipa &#8211; <i>Tilia<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>dla\u0148ovit\u00e1 (napr. javor &#8211; <i>Acer<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>odno\u017een\u00e1 (napr. \u010demerica &#8211; <i>Helleborus<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>paraleln\u00e9 (jednokl\u00ed\u010dnolistov\u00e9 &#8211; tr\u00e1vy)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-671f631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"671f631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pod\u013ea tvaru listovej \u010depele rozozn\u00e1vame list:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ihlicovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u010diarkovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kopijovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lopatkovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vajcovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obr\u00e1tene vajcovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">elipsovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">srdcovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obr\u00e1tene srdcovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">okr\u00fahly<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obli\u010dkovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">koso\u0161tvorcovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0161\u00edpovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o\u0161tepovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0161t\u00edtovit\u00fd<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5414a90 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5414a90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2579\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2.jpg 843w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2-768x479.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 1.2. <\/b> Tvary listovej \u010depele <b>Zdroj<\/b>: V\u011btiv\u010dka,V &amp; Matou\u0161ov\u00e1, V. (1992). In: Stromy a kry. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a1073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a1073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pod\u013ea okraja listovej \u010depele rozozn\u00e1vame list:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>celistvookrajov\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>p\u00edlkovit\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>dvojito p\u00edlkovit\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>dvojito z\u00fabkat\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>vr\u00fabkovan\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>vykrajovan\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>lalo\u010dnat\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed34ede elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed34ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2583\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3.jpg 958w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3-300x126.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3-768x321.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 1.3.<\/b> Listy pod\u013ea okraja listovej \u010depele <b>Zdroj:<\/b> V\u011btiv\u010dka,V &amp; Matou\u0161ov\u00e1, V. (1992). In: Stromy a kry. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02f5880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02f5880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Listy na tej istej drevine s\u00fa zvy\u010dajne zhodn\u00e9 tvarom, ve\u013ekos\u0165ou aj postaven\u00edm listov na stonke. Ak sa na jednej rastline nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa listy r\u00f4zneho tvaru, hovor\u00edme o heterof\u00fdlii \u2013 r\u00f4znolistovosti. Heterof\u00fdlia je typick\u00e1 napr. pre bre\u010dtan (Hedera), javor (Acer) a pod. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1659728 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1659728\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.5. P\u00fa\u010dik (Gemmon) <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eabf04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4eabf04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Z p\u00fa\u010dikov vyrastaj\u00fa nov\u00e9 dc\u00e9rske stonky \u2013 kon\u00e1re. P\u00fa\u010diky s\u00fa rastov\u00e9 vrcholy s hrbol\u010dekovit\u00fdmi z\u00e1kladmi \u010fal\u0161\u00edm stoniek, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa proti nepriazniv\u00fdm poveternostn\u00fdm vplyvom obalen\u00e9 kryc\u00edmi \u0161upinami. Maj\u00fa ochrann\u00fa funkciu a s\u00fa z\u00e1kladmi nov\u00fdch stoniek.<\/p>\n<p>Pod\u013ea postavenia p\u00fa\u010dikov na stonke m\u00f4\u017eeme ur\u010dova\u0165 rozkon\u00e1rovanie stromov. Pri ur\u010dovan\u00ed drev\u00edn v zime maj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu, preto\u017ee pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu rodov a druhov s\u00fa charakteristick\u00e9.  <\/p>\n<p>Na stonke s\u00fa postaven\u00e9 tromi sp\u00f4sobmi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>striedavo,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>protistojne,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>praslenovito.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f808409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f808409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P\u00fa\u010diky m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>termin\u00e1lne (vrcholov\u00e9) <\/strong> \u2013 nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa na konci v\u00fdhonku, s\u00fa najakt\u00edvnej\u0161ie,<\/li>\n<li><strong>bo\u010dn\u00e9 <\/strong> \u2013 spiace p\u00fa\u010diky, ktor\u00e9 sa prebudia, ak je odstr\u00e1nen\u00fd termin\u00e1lny p\u00fa\u010dik.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3350684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3350684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.6. Kvet (Flos) Kvet<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e4b63a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e4b63a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kvety vznikaj\u00fa premenou listov a sl\u00fa\u017eia na pohlavn\u00e9 rozmno\u017eovanie. Kvet sa sklad\u00e1 z: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>kvetnej stopky<\/strong> \u2013 sl\u00fa\u017ei na upevnenie kvetu k stonke,<\/li>\n<li><strong>kvetn\u00e9ho l\u00f4\u017eka<\/strong> \u2013 roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 vrchn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 kvetnej stopky, nez\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uje sa priamo na rozmno\u017eovan\u00ed, je farebne a tvarovo rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 na kalich (zelen\u00e1 spodn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 kvetn\u00fdch obalov) a korunu (v\u00fdrazne farebne sfarben\u00e1 \u010das\u0165),<\/li>\n<li><strong>reproduk\u010dn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov<\/strong> \u2013 ty\u010dinky a piestiky.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bdd4f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bdd4f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ty\u010dinky s\u00fa sam\u010die pohlavn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny, ktor\u00e9 produkuj\u00fa pe\u013eov\u00e9 zrn\u00e1. Sklad\u00e1 sa z nitky a pe\u013enice tvorenej dvoma pe\u013eov\u00fdmi vrec\u00fa\u0161kami. S\u00fabor ty\u010diniek v kvete sa naz\u00fdva andr\u00e9ceum.  <\/p>\n<p>Piestik je sami\u010d\u00ed pohlavn\u00fd org\u00e1n, ktor\u00fd vznikol zrasten\u00edm jedn\u00e9ho alebo viacer\u00fdch plodolistov. S\u00fabor plodolistov v kvete sa naz\u00fdva gyn\u00e9ceum. Piestik sa sklad\u00e1 z:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>blizny <\/strong> \u2013 horn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 piestika, ktor\u00e1 zachyt\u00e1va pe\u013eov\u00e9 zrn\u00e1,<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u010dnelky <\/strong> \u2013 stredn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 piestika,<\/li>\n<li><strong>semenn\u00edka <\/strong> \u2013 doln\u00e1 roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 \u010das\u0165, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje jedno alebo viac vaj\u00ed\u010dok.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972dd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9972dd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kvety rozde\u013eujeme na jednopohlavn\u00e9 a obojpohlavn\u00e9. Obojpohlavn\u00e9 kvety maj\u00fa sam\u010die aj sami\u010die pohlavn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny (napr. jablo\u0148 &#8211; Malus) a jednopohlavn\u00e9 kvety maj\u00fa len sam\u010die alebo sami\u010die pohlavn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny. Ak s\u00fa na rastline len sam\u010die alebo len sami\u010die kvety, hovor\u00edme, \u017ee je dvojdom\u00e1 (napr. v\u0155ba &#8211; Salix). Ak s\u00fa na tej istej rastline aj sam\u010die aj sami\u010die kvety, hovor\u00edme, \u017ee je jednodom\u00e1 (napr. dub &#8211; Quercus).   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536cdca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"536cdca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.7. Plod (Fructus) <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8e1c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8e1c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plod je mnohobunkov\u00fd rozmno\u017eovac\u00ed org\u00e1n. Jeho hlavnou \u00falohou je ochrana a roz\u0161irovanie semien. Sklad\u00e1 sa zo semien a z oplodia (stena plodu). Semen\u00e1 a plody sa m\u00f4\u017eu \u0161\u00edri\u0165:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>vetrom (anemoch\u00f3ria)<\/strong> \u2013 pomocou r\u00f4znych lietac\u00edch zariaden\u00ed, napr. blanit\u00fdch kr\u00eddel (breza &#8211; Betula, javor &#8211; Acer),<\/li>\n<li><strong>pomocou \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov (zooch\u00f3ria)<\/strong> \u2013 plody alebo semen\u00e1 sa m\u00f4\u017eu \u0161\u00edri\u0165 na povrchu tela \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov (prichyten\u00edm do srsti) alebo tr\u00e1viacim traktom,<\/li>\n<li><strong>vodou (hydroch\u00f3ria)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>vlastn\u00fdmi silami (autoch\u00f3ria) <\/strong> \u2013 vymr\u0161ten\u00edm do okolia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0772108 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0772108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozdelenie plodov:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>du\u017einat\u00e9 <\/strong> \u2013 oplodie je delen\u00e9 na vonkaj\u0161iu (\u0161upka), stredn\u00fa (du\u017eina) a vn\u00fatorn\u00fa \u010das\u0165. Patria sem k\u00f4stkovice (napr. \u010dere\u0161\u0148a), malvice (napr. jablko) a bobule (napr. egre\u0161) <\/li>\n<li><strong>such\u00e9 <\/strong> \u2013 oplodie je tvrd\u00e9 alebo ko\u017eovit\u00e9. Patr\u00ed sem napr. orie\u0161ok, javor,&#8230; <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f10780 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f10780\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea8e34b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea8e34b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc0a2b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc0a2b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3. Fyziol\u00f3gia stromov  <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c8a1d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c8a1d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00fdm procesom stromov patr\u00ed pr\u00edjem, transport a vylu\u010dovanie vody. Voda je nenahradite\u013enou zlo\u017ekou, je rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlo a m\u00e1 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu pri transporte l\u00e1tok, pri metabolick\u00fdch procesoch, termoregul\u00e1cii a pod. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00edjem vody<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Stromy prij\u00edmaj\u00fa vody kore\u0148ovou s\u00fastavou. Prij\u00edmanie vody m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>teplota p\u00f4dy<\/strong> \u2013 ak sa zni\u017euje teplota p\u00f4dy, zni\u017euje sa aj prij\u00edmanie vody<\/li>\n<li><strong>koncentr\u00e1cia p\u00f4dneho roztoku <\/strong> \u2013 pri vysokej koncentr\u00e1cii osmoticky akt\u00edvnych l\u00e1tok sa zabra\u0148uje prij\u00edmanie vody<\/li>\n<li><strong>intenzita transpir\u00e1cie <\/strong> \u2013 ak rastliny vyd\u00e1vaj\u00fa viac vody, zvy\u0161uje sa aj pr\u00edjem vody<\/li>\n<li><strong>obsah kysl\u00edka v p\u00f4de<\/strong> \u2013 pri intenz\u00edvnej\u0161om d\u00fdchan\u00ed sa prij\u00edma viac vody<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcec2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcec2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Transport vody<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Transport vody s rozpusten\u00fdmi anorganick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami od kore\u0148a k listom sa naz\u00fdva transpira\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00fad. Umo\u017e\u0148uje ho: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>transpir\u00e1cia <\/strong> \u2013 pri odparovan\u00ed vody z nadzemn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov sa vytv\u00e1ra podtlak v cievach a nas\u00e1vanie vody kore\u0148mi<\/li>\n<li><strong>kore\u0148ov\u00fd v\u00fdtlak <\/strong> \u2013 tlak, ktor\u00fd vytl\u00e1\u010da vody a v nej rozpusten\u00e9 l\u00e1tky z kore\u0148a do nadzemn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed<\/li>\n<li><strong>koh\u00e9zia <\/strong> \u2013 s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165 molek\u00fal vody<\/li>\n<li><strong>adh\u00e9zia <\/strong> \u2013 pri\u013enavos\u0165 vody k sten\u00e1m ciev<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cbe749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cbe749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Vylu\u010dovanie vody<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Vylu\u010dovanie vody zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa dva procesy, a to transpir\u00e1cia a gut\u00e1cia. Transpir\u00e1cia je odparovanie vody z nadzemn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov, z listov. Pri tomto procese sa nevy\u017eaduje pr\u00edsun energie. M\u00f4\u017ee sa uskuto\u010d\u0148ova\u0165 dvoma sp\u00f4sobmi:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>prieduchovou transpir\u00e1ciou<\/strong> \u2013 prostredn\u00edctvom prieduchov<\/li>\n<li><strong>poko\u017ekovou (kutikul\u00e1rnou) transpir\u00e1ciou<\/strong> \u2013 cel\u00fdm povrchom listov cez kutikulu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2af6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e2af6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gut\u00e1cia je vylu\u010dovanie vody vo forme kvapiek. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom sa vylu\u010duje voda pri ve\u013ekej vzdu\u0161nej vlhkosti, kedy nie je mo\u017en\u00e1 transpir\u00e1cia. <\/p>\n<p>V\u00fddaj vody ovplyv\u0148uje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>obsah vody v rastline<\/strong> \u2013 pri nedostatku vody sa prieduchy zatv\u00e1raj\u00fa, pri nadbytku sa otv\u00e1raj\u00fa<\/li>\n<li><strong>teplota vzduchu <\/strong> \u2013 so st\u00fapan\u00edm teploty st\u00fapa aj transpir\u00e1cia, po dosiahnut\u00ed ur\u010ditej teploty sa prieduchy zatvoria<\/li>\n<li><strong>vlhkos\u0165 vzduchu<\/strong> \u2013 pri zvy\u0161ovan\u00ed vlhkosti transpir\u00e1cia kles\u00e1<\/li>\n<li><strong>svetlo <\/strong> \u2013 zvy\u0161uje transpir\u00e1ciu, prieduchy sa otv\u00e1raj\u00fa<\/li>\n<li><strong>hr\u00fabka kutikuly<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8bb000 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8bb000\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.1. Fotosynt\u00e9za a d\u00fdchanie <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58fc9aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58fc9aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fotosynt\u00e9za je proces, ktor\u00fd prebieha v chloroplastoch listov\u00fdch buniek obsahuj\u00facich zelen\u00e9 farbivo chlorofyl. Je to najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed biochemick\u00fd proces na Zemi, pri ktorom nast\u00e1va premena anorganick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok na organick\u00e9 za pr\u00edtomnosti slne\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia a vody. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemick\u00fd vzorec fotosynt\u00e9zy:<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0820412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0820412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">12H2O + 6CO2 + chlorofyl , slne\u010dn\u00e9 \u017eiarenie \u2192 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86dfc02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86dfc02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intenzitu fotosynt\u00e9zy ovplyv\u0148uje svetlo, koncentr\u00e1cia oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, teplota, voda, mno\u017estvo chlorofylu, vek listov, miner\u00e1lna v\u00fd\u017eiva a pod.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u00fdchanie je reakcia, pri ktorej sa uvo\u013e\u0148uje energia z organick\u00fdch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn. T\u00fato energiu vyu\u017e\u00edva organizmus na r\u00f4zne syntetick\u00e9 procesy, prij\u00edmanie \u017eiv\u00edn, rast a pod. Intenzita d\u00fdchania z\u00e1vis\u00ed od teploty, koncentr\u00e1cie kysl\u00edka, mno\u017estva vody v rastline, veku rastliny at\u010f.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fotosynt\u00e9za prebieha v listoch a ihli\u010d\u00ed, ale d\u00fdchanie prebieha vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dastiach rastliny \u2013 aj v kmeni a kore\u0148och.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a961a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a961a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.2. Rast a v\u00fdvoj stromov <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5239d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5239d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rast a v\u00fdvoj sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje v priebehu \u017eivota stromov s\u00fa\u010dasne. Rast je zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovanie vegetat\u00edvnych org\u00e1nov \u2013 kore\u0148a, kme\u0148a a koruny. Zabezpe\u010duje ho deliv\u00e9 pletivo. Rast ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa r\u00f4zne vonkaj\u0161ie a vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 faktory.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38146ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38146ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vonkaj\u0161ie faktory:<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6049117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6049117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><b>svetlo<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>teplota <\/strong> \u2013 pri v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine rastl\u00edn prebieha rast v rozmedz\u00ed 5 \u2013 40\u00b0 C. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 rastlina m\u00e1 in\u00e9 teplotn\u00e9 optimum, pri ktorom rastie najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie<\/li>\n<li><b>voda<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d490bac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d490bac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 faktory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> K vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm faktorom patria rastlinn\u00e9 horm\u00f3ny, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa rast a v\u00fdvoj rastliny. Rozli\u0161ujeme: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>horm\u00f3ny povzbudzuj\u00face rast (stimul\u00e1tory)<\/strong> \u2013 aux\u00edny, giberel\u00edny, cytokin\u00edny<\/li>\n<li><strong>horm\u00f3ny spoma\u013euj\u00face rast (inhib\u00edtory)<\/strong> \u2013 kyselina abscisov\u00e1, etyl\u00e9n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b5788c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b5788c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdvoj s\u00fa zmeny, ktor\u00e9 sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uj\u00fa po\u010das \u017eivota rastliny od vykl\u00ed\u010denia a\u017e po odumretie. V\u00fdvoj stromu sa del\u00ed na 3 obdobia: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>mlados\u0165<\/strong> \u2013 za\u010d\u00edna vykl\u00ed\u010den\u00edm semena a kon\u010d\u00ed vtedy, ke\u010f je strom schopn\u00fd prin\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 plody. V tejto f\u00e1ze sa stromy vyzna\u010duj\u00fa r\u00fdchlym rastom. <\/li>\n<li><strong>zrelos\u0165<\/strong> \u2013 v tomto obdob\u00ed stromy za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa plodi\u0165, zni\u017euje sa tempo rastu a tie\u017e schopnos\u0165 prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 sa zmen\u00e1m prostredia<\/li>\n<li><strong>starnutie <\/strong> \u2013 rast a plodnos\u0165 sa za\u010d\u00edna zni\u017eova\u0165 a nakoniec zastavova\u0165, stromy stratia schopnos\u0165 prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 sa zmen\u00e1m prostredia a za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa odumiera\u0165<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-955e40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"955e40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00fdvoj rastl\u00edn ovplyv\u0148uje teplota a svetlo.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba83b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ba83b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00e1ver<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b54f8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b54f8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stromy s\u00fa na\u0161ou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou mnoho storo\u010d\u00ed, a preto by sme ich mali ochra\u0148ova\u0165 a stara\u0165 sa o ne. Ak chceme stromy chr\u00e1ni\u0165 a vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ich na\u010falej pre n\u00e1\u0161 prospech a na\u0161u plan\u00e9tu, mus\u00edme o nich vedie\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 morfologick\u00e9, anatomick\u00e9 a fyziologick\u00e9 poznatky. \u017divot stromov je tie\u017e ovplyv\u0148ovan\u00fd r\u00f4znymi vn\u00fatorm\u00fdmi a vonkaj\u0161\u00edmi faktormi. Ich \u0161t\u00fadiom m\u00f4\u017eeme zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 kvalitu a zachova\u0165 popul\u00e1ciu stromov na na\u0161ej plan\u00e9te.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa0206c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa0206c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biologick\u00fd kv\u00edz<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f55ebdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f55ebdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Otestujte si svoje vedomosti v nasleduj\u00facom kv\u00edze a zistite, \u010di ste porozumeli obsahu tejto \u010dasti:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de707b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"de707b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-23\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"23\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Biology SK\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d89ac57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d89ac57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c35542 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c35542\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2d4213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2d4213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Pedol\u00f3gia<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da7d0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1da7d0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00davod<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4271d93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4271d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00f4du ch\u00e1peme ako \u017eiv\u00fd a neust\u00e1le sa rozv\u00edjaj\u00faci trojrozmern\u00fd pr\u00edrodno-historick\u00fd \u00fatvar, ktor\u00fd vznikol p\u00f4soben\u00edm a interakciou atmosf\u00e9ry, biosf\u00e9ry, hydrosf\u00e9ry a litosf\u00e9ry. V modernej hist\u00f3rii sa \u010dlovek stal najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou biotickou silou vo v\u00fdvoji p\u00f4dy. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti prebieha diskusia o degrad\u00e1cii p\u00f4d intenz\u00edvnymi technol\u00f3giami s v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi energetick\u00fdmi a materi\u00e1lov\u00fdmi vstupmi. Pomaly si za\u010d\u00edname uvedomova\u0165 nevhodnos\u0165 t\u00fdchto postupov. Prvorad\u00fdm z\u00e1ujmom \u013eudstva by preto malo by\u0165 ur\u010denie kvalitn\u00e9ho a produk\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u00f4dneho fondu a jeho praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie, ktor\u00e9 povedie k trvalo udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9mu rozvoju.   <\/p>\n<p>Pedol\u00f3gia (z gr\u00e9ckeho <i>pedon <\/i> \u2013 p\u00f4da, <i>logos <\/i> \u2013 veda, veda) alebo pedol\u00f3gia je pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 veda, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom p\u00f4dy, jej vznikom, klasifik\u00e1ciou, fyzik\u00e1lnymi, chemick\u00fdmi a biologick\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami. P\u00f4da je r\u00f4znorod\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Spolu s klimatick\u00fdmi a poveternostn\u00fdmi faktormi je d\u00f4le\u017eitou zlo\u017ekou \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia. P\u00f4da sa tvor\u00ed z materskej horniny pod vplyvom r\u00f4znych podmienok prostredia. Ide o zlo\u017eit\u00fd proces, pri ktorom sa matersk\u00e1 hornina zvetr\u00e1van\u00edm rozpad\u00e1 a men\u00ed sa na zvetr\u00e1vanie alebo p\u00f4dotvorn\u00fd substr\u00e1t. Z p\u00f4dotvorn\u00e9ho substr\u00e1tu vznik\u00e1 p\u00f4dotvorn\u00fdmi procesmi p\u00f4da ako samostatn\u00fd pr\u00edrodn\u00fd \u00fatvar. P\u00f4dotvorn\u00fd proces sa tvorbou p\u00f4dy nekon\u010d\u00ed, ale pokra\u010duje.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b62064a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b62064a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Probl\u00e9m \u00fazemn\u00e9ho rozvoja je:<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be77a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6be77a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tvorba p\u00f4dy (tvorba p\u00f4dy p\u00f4soben\u00edm p\u00f4dotvorn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evol\u00facia p\u00f4dy (postupn\u00e1 zmena u\u017e vytvorenej p\u00f4dy po\u010das ur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010dasov\u00e9ho obdobia)<\/span><\/li>\n<li>p\u00f4dna metamorf\u00f3za (zmena p\u00f4dy v d\u00f4sledku zmeny a charakteru p\u00f4sobenia p\u00f4dotvorn\u00fdch faktorov).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27a9e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27a9e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pri zvetr\u00e1van\u00ed horn\u00edn prebiehaj\u00fa mechanick\u00e9 (fyzik\u00e1lne), chemick\u00e9 a biologick\u00e9 procesy.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87dad09 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"87dad09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1330\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SK-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2588\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SK-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SK-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SK-1024x532.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SK-768x399.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SK-1536x798.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-SK-2048x1064.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 1.4<\/b> Zlo\u017eenie p\u00f4dy <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Bezd\u011bkovsk\u00fd, M. et al. (1997). In: Technol\u00f3gia rastlinnej v\u00fdroby. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e817e54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e817e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1. Vlastnosti p\u00f4dy <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42435c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42435c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V oblastiach s pribli\u017ene rovnak\u00fdm s\u00faborom p\u00f4dotvorn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm s rovnak\u00fdmi vlhkostn\u00fdmi a teplotn\u00fdmi pomermi sa vytvorili p\u00f4dy, na ktor\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorova\u0165 viac alebo menej rovnak\u00fd charakter ukladania a rozkladu organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, vodn\u00e9ho a vzdu\u0161n\u00e9mu re\u017eimu, pohybu l\u00e1tok, ako aj rovnak\u00fa prirodzen\u00fa \u00farodnos\u0165. Takto vytvoren\u00e9 p\u00f4dy sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa genetick\u00fd p\u00f4dny typ. Vrstvy na jeho profile ozna\u010dujeme ako genetick\u00e9 p\u00f4dne horizonty. Genetick\u00fd p\u00f4dny typ, resp. prirodzen\u00e1 \u00farodnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy, sa ur\u010duje na p\u00f4dnom profile pod\u013ea pr\u00edtomnosti a ulo\u017eenia hr\u00fabky jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00f4dnych horizontov.  <\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4dny typ je z\u00e1kladnou identifika\u010dnou jednotkou morfogenetickej i agronomickej kategoriz\u00e1cie p\u00f4d. Zah\u0155\u0148a v sebe skupinu p\u00f4d charakterizovan\u00fa rovnakou stratigrafiou (kombin\u00e1ciou) p\u00f4dneho profilu, t.j. ur\u010ditou kombin\u00e1ciou diagnostick\u00fdch horizontov, ako v\u00fdsledok kvalitat\u00edvne \u0161pecifick\u00e9ho typu p\u00f4dotvorn\u00e9ho procesu, ktor\u00fd sa vyv\u00edjal a vyv\u00edja v rovnak\u00fdch hydrotermick\u00fdch podmienkach pod pribli\u017ene rovnakou veget\u00e1ciou. P\u00f4dne typy s\u00fa definovan\u00e9 s\u00faborom diagnostick\u00fdch horizontov a ich najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch dlhodob\u00fdm v\u00fdvojom v pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch podmienkach i kultiv\u00e1ciou. <\/p>\n<p>Na vznik p\u00f4dnych horizontov vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa zr\u00e1\u017eky, zohrievanie a ochladzovanie, chemick\u00e9 reakcie a biologick\u00e9 aktivity. Opis a klasifik\u00e1cia t\u00fdchto p\u00f4dnych vrstiev tvoria s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 p\u00f4dneho profilu. P\u00f4dny profil za norm\u00e1lnych okolnost\u00ed pozost\u00e1va z piatich horizontov (O, A, E, B, C), z podvrstiev a prechodn\u00fdch vrstiev. Tieto vrstvy sa od seba niekedy odli\u0161uj\u00fa farbou, ktor\u00e1 ozna\u010duje rozdiely, v odvod\u0148ovan\u00ed, obsahu organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok ako aj zmeny \u010fal\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed. Vrchn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 profilu v nezmenenej p\u00f4de tvor\u00ed tenk\u00e1 vrstva rozkladaj\u00faceho sa organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, ktor\u00e1 sa naz\u00fdva organick\u00e1 vrstva (O). \u010eal\u0161ou vrstvou, ktor\u00e1 sa nach\u00e1dza pod organickou vrstvou je horizont (A). Obsahuje absorb\u010dn\u00e9 korene stromov. Tento horizont je za norm\u00e1lnych okolnost\u00ed bohat\u00fd na organick\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Horizont (E) je oblas\u0165ou miner\u00e1lneho zvetr\u00e1vania. Horizont (B), nach\u00e1dzaj\u00faci sa v strednej h\u013abke sa sklad\u00e1 z materi\u00e1lov jemnej text\u00fary poch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci z horizontu (A) a z p\u00f4dnych \u010dast\u00edc materskej horniny. Horizonty (A) a (B) m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 prostred\u00edm modifikovan\u00e9 do takej miery, aby ich bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eova\u0165 za vrchn\u00fa vrstvu p\u00f4dy. Horizont (C) alebo z\u00e1kladov\u00e1 vrstva p\u00f4dy je najni\u017e\u0161ou vrstvou p\u00f4dy odli\u0161uj\u00facou sa od podlo\u017eia a sklad\u00e1 sa z materskej horniny.                <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-009234c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"009234c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"964\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SK-850x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2592\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SK-850x1024.jpg 850w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SK-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SK-768x926.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SK-1274x1536.jpg 1274w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-SK.jpg 1670w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 2.2.<\/b> Uk\u00e1\u017eka p\u00f4dneho profilu O - organick\u00fd horizont, A - humusov\u00fd horizont, B - iluvi\u00e1lny horizont, a C je matersk\u00e1 hornina. <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%B4dny_profil\"> US Department of Agriculture (no date) Uk\u00e1\u017eka p\u00f4dneho profilu.<\/a> (Dostupn\u00e9 23. 3. 2023)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6300342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6300342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organick\u00e1 vrstva na povrchu p\u00f4dy obsahuje listy, kon\u00e1re, k\u00f4ru a organizmy, ktor\u00e9 vyv\u00e1raj\u00fa humusov\u00fa vrstvu. Humusov\u00e1 vrstva je biologicky akt\u00edvna, sp\u00f4sobuje jej pomal\u00fd rozklad. Miner\u00e1lne l\u00e1tky, rozlo\u017een\u00fd biologick\u00fd materi\u00e1l a \u010fal\u0161ie rez\u00eddu\u00e1 sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa do spodnej miner\u00e1lnej vrstvy p\u00f4dy.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4soben\u00edm p\u00f4dotvorn\u00fdch \u010dinite\u013eov vznikli p\u00f4dne typy: \u010dernozem (naj\u00farodnej\u0161\u00ed p\u00f4dny typ), hnedozem (najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ia p\u00f4da tepl\u00fdch oblast\u00ed), oglejen\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (\u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 p\u00f4dy v zamokren\u00fdch oblastiach), hned\u00e9 p\u00f4dy, rendziny (opak hnedej lesnej p\u00f4dy na v\u00e1penatom podklade), nivn\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (p\u00f4da v bl\u00edzkosti vodn\u00e9ho toku), ra\u0161elinov\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (maj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fa priepustnos\u0165), slancov\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (p\u00f4da l\u00fak a v bl\u00edzkosti lesa) a nevyvinut\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (surov\u00e1 p\u00f4da, skalnat\u00e1 a plytk\u00e1).<\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4dy sa delia na p\u00f4dne typy pod\u013ea obsahu \u00edlov\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc v p\u00f4de:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ff6c9 eael-table-align-center eael-dt-th-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"55ff6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"55ff6c9\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-55ff6c9\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-55ff6c9\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">P\u00f4dny druh<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">P\u00f4da<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Obsah \u00edlovit\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u0164a\u017ek\u00e9\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thlina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNad 60\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpies\u010dit\u00fd \u00edl\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45 &#8211; 60\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStredn\u00e9\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpies\u010dit\u00fd \u00edl\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30 &#8211; 45\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpieso\u010dnato-hlinit\u00e1 hlina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20 &#8211; 30\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSvetlo\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpies\u010dit\u00e1 hlina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10 &#8211; 20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpiesok\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 &#8211; 10\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1445cfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1445cfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Tabu\u013eka 1.1.<\/i><\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Klasifik\u00e1cia p\u00f4d do p\u00f4dnych typov<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1bf076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1bf076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jednotliv\u00e9 frakcie zrnitosti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00edl &#8230; &lt; 0,002 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prach &#8230; 0.002 &#8211; 0.05 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">piesok &#8230; 0,05 &#8211; 2 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae97128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae97128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rozdelenie p\u00f4dnych typov pod\u013ea obsahu zrnit\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fa929 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d5fa929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SK-1024x990.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2596\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SK-1024x990.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SK-300x290.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SK-768x742.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SK-1536x1485.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-SK-2048x1980.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 2.3:<\/b> Rozdelenie p\u00f4dnych typov. <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Groenendyk, Derek et al. (2015). USDA Soil Texture Triangle. In Groenendyk, Derek et al. (2015). Hydrologic-Process-Based Soil Texture Classifications for Improved Visualization of Landscape Function PLoS ONE 10(6).   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f5bcb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f5bcb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u013dahk\u00e9 p\u00f4dy obsahuj\u00fa hrub\u0161ie zrn\u00e1, maj\u00fa nedostatok koloidov. Zle zadr\u017eiavaj\u00fa vodu, rastliny v nich \u010dasto trpia suchom. Obsahuj\u00fa ve\u013ea vzduchu a organick\u00e9 zvy\u0161ky sa v nich r\u00fdchlo rozkladaj\u00fa. Maj\u00fa n\u00edzky obsah humusu. Za sucha i za mokra sa \u013eahko sprac\u00favaj\u00fa.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stredn\u00e9 p\u00f4dy sa vyzna\u010duj\u00fa primeran\u00fdm mno\u017estvom jemnej\u0161\u00edch i v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch \u010dast\u00edc. Svojimi vlastnos\u0165ami vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa prechod od \u013eahk\u00fdch k \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm p\u00f4dam. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0164a\u017ek\u00e9 p\u00f4dy obsahuj\u00fa preva\u017ene najjemnej\u0161ie \u00edlovit\u00e9 \u010dastice a m\u00e1lo kapil\u00e1rnych p\u00f3rov (otvory, ktor\u00e9, via\u017eu a p\u00fataj\u00fa vodu a vzduch) i nekapil\u00e1rnych p\u00f3rov (otvory, ktor\u00e9 nep\u00fataj\u00fa vodu a vzduch). Zle prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa vodu a s\u00fa m\u00e1lo vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 s n\u00edzkou biologickou \u010dinnos\u0165ou. Vyzna\u010duj\u00fa sa vysokou s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165ou a pri\u013enavos\u0165ou, \u010do zapr\u00ed\u010di\u0148uje ich \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 spracovanie. Za sucha tvrdn\u00fa, pukaj\u00fa a na ich povrchu sa vytv\u00e1ra pr\u00edsu\u0161ok. Za mokra sa lepia.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00c6f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c00c6f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.1. Fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti p\u00f4dy  <\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db905c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db905c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa spracovate\u013enos\u0165 p\u00f4dy, \u010das a sp\u00f4sob vykonania jednotliv\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed. Predstavuj\u00fa s\u00fabor vlastnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa podmienen\u00e9 disperznos\u0165ou (rozptylom) element\u00e1rnych \u010dast\u00edc a vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdm vz\u0165ahom medzi pevnou f\u00e1zou, p\u00f4dnym roztokom a vzduchom v p\u00f4de. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Del\u00edme ich na:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti (zrnitos\u0165, \u0161trukt\u00fara, mern\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165, objemov\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165 a p\u00f3rovitos\u0165 p\u00f4dy)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hydrofyzik\u00e1lne a aera\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti (vlhkos\u0165, maxim\u00e1lna hydroskopickos\u0165, vodn\u00e1 priepustnos\u0165, vzl\u00ednavos\u0165, vzdu\u0161n\u00e1 kapacita a prevzdu\u0161nenos\u0165 p\u00f4dy)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">teplotn\u00e9 vlastnosti (tepeln\u00e1 kapacita, tepeln\u00e1 vodivos\u0165 a teplota p\u00f4dy)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fyzik\u00e1lno-mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti (s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165, pri\u013enavos\u0165, konzistencia, vl\u00e1\u010dnos\u0165, plastickos\u0165, napu\u010diavanie, usadenie)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67de5bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67de5bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>1\/Mern\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165 predstavuje pomer hmotnosti pevnej f\u00e1zy p\u00f4dy bez p\u00f3rov k hmotnosti toho ist\u00e9ho objemu vody pri 4\u00b0C. Definuje sa ako hmotnos\u0165 1m3 pevnej, nepor\u00f3znej zeminy, vyjadren\u00e1 v ton\u00e1ch (t\/m3) <\/p>\n<p>Objemov\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy je hmotnos\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9ho objemu p\u00f4dy (1m3) v prirodzenom ulo\u017een\u00ed. Je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm parametrom zis\u0165ovania vlastnost\u00ed p\u00f4d a podmienok pre rast rastl\u00edn. Jej hodnoty vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa na rast a v\u00fdvoj kore\u0148ov rastl\u00edn, ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa vodno-vzdu\u0161n\u00fd re\u017eim p\u00f4dy, chemick\u00e9 a biologick\u00e9 vlastnosti p\u00f4dy. Je meradlom p\u00f3rovitosti p\u00f4dy, respekt\u00edve mno\u017estva vzduchu medzi \u010dasticami p\u00f4dy.  <\/p>\n<p>P\u00f3rovitos\u0165 p\u00f4dy (P) vyjadruje celkov\u00e9 percentu\u00e1lne mno\u017estvo vo\u013en\u00e9ho priestoru medzi pevn\u00fdmi \u010dasticami p\u00f4dy. V p\u00f4de rozli\u0161ujeme nekapil\u00e1rne p\u00f3ry, ktor\u00e9 r\u00fdchlo prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa gravita\u010dn\u00fa vodu a kapil\u00e1rne p\u00f3ry, ktor\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa vzl\u00ednanie vody. Nekapil\u00e1rne p\u00f3ry r\u00fdchlo priv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa do p\u00f4dy vodu a vzduch, prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa prebyto\u010dn\u00fa vodu do hlb\u0161\u00edch spodn\u00fdch vrstiev a odv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa vzduch ochudobnen\u00fd o kysl\u00edk (O) a obohaten\u00fd oxidom uhli\u010dit\u00fdm (CO2). Kapil\u00e1rne p\u00f3ry trvalo zadr\u017eiavaj\u00fa vodu. Kapil\u00e1rna voda podlieha p\u00f4sobeniu pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivosti len v obmedzenej miere. V kapil\u00e1rnych p\u00f3roch sa aj vzduch pohybuje pomal\u0161ie.     <\/p>\n<p>Vlhkos\u0165 p\u00f4dy ud\u00e1va moment\u00e1lny obsah vody v p\u00f4de v hmotnostn\u00fdch alebo objemov\u00fdch percent\u00e1ch. Uveden\u00e1 vlastnos\u0165 m\u00e1 vplyv na ur\u010dovanie produk\u010dnej schopnosti p\u00f4d. Sez\u00f3nne m\u00e1 premenliv\u00fd v\u00fdvoj s limituj\u00facim dopadom na \u00farody.  <\/p>\n<p>Maxim\u00e1lna hydroskopickos\u0165 je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie mno\u017estvo vody, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee p\u00f4da p\u00fata\u0165 v p\u00f3roch z ovzdu\u0161ia pri relat\u00edvnej vlhkosti pribli\u017ene 100%. Jej hodnota sa vyu\u017e\u00edva pre stanovenie hranice fyziologicky nepr\u00edstupnej vody (bodu v\u00e4dnutia), ktor\u00e1 zodpoved\u00e1 obsahu vody v p\u00f4de, ktor\u00fa u\u017e rastliny nie s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 a za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa v\u00e4dn\u00fa\u0165. <\/p>\n<p>Priepustnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy je schopnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy obmedzova\u0165 pohyb vody resp. zadr\u017eiava\u0165 ju. Vyjadruje sa rozli\u010dn\u00fdmi formami vodnej kapacity. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu vododr\u017enos\u0165 charakterizuje maxim\u00e1lna (po\u013en\u00e1) vodn\u00e1 kapacita, ktor\u00e1 sa rovn\u00e1 celkovej hodnote p\u00f3rovitosti. M\u00f4\u017ee sa definova\u0165 i ako schopnos\u0165 prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165 vodu z povrchov\u00fdch do spodn\u00fdch vrstiev. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed od druhu a mno\u017estva p\u00f3rov. \u00cdlovit\u00e9 p\u00f4dy s\u00fa m\u00e1lo priepustn\u00e9 a na povrchu s\u00fa zamokren\u00e9. Pieso\u010dnat\u00e9 p\u00f4dy s\u00fa ve\u013emi priepustn\u00e9 a preto r\u00fdchlo vysychaj\u00fa.      <\/p>\n<p>Mno\u017estvo vody, ktor\u00e9 sa udr\u017eiava v kapil\u00e1rnych p\u00f3roch vyjadruje kapil\u00e1rna vodn\u00e1 kapacita.<\/p>\n<p>Vzduchopriepustnos\u0165 je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm ukazovate\u013eom aer\u00e1cie p\u00f4dy. V agreg\u00e1toch men\u0161\u00edch ako 0,5mm nedoch\u00e1dza k priepustnosti vzduchu. Agreg\u00e1ty v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako 1mm vzduch prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa.  <\/p>\n<p>Tepeln\u00e1 kapacita p\u00f4dy vyjadruje schopnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy prij\u00edma\u0165 a zadr\u017eiava\u0165 teplo.<\/p>\n<p>Tepeln\u00e1 vodivos\u0165 p\u00f4dy je schopnos\u0165 p\u00f4dnych \u010dast\u00edc vies\u0165 teplo z povrchu do hlb\u0161\u00edch vrstiev p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165 (koh\u00e9zia) je schopnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy odol\u00e1va\u0165 vonkaj\u0161iemu tlaku p\u00f4sobiacemu na drobenie agreg\u00e1tov a ma\u0165 odpor pri vnikan\u00ed cudz\u00edch telies do p\u00f4dy. Je sila, ktorou s\u00fa p\u00f4dne \u010dastice k sebe p\u00fatan\u00e9. \u010c\u00edm s\u00fa p\u00f4dne \u010dastice men\u0161ie, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia je ich dotykov\u00e1 plocha a t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia je ich s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165. \u00cdlovit\u00e9 p\u00f4dy maj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fa s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165, pieso\u010dnat\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (sypk\u00e9) men\u0161iu.   <\/p>\n<p>Pri\u013enavos\u0165 (adh\u00e9zia) je schopnos\u0165 vz\u00e1jomne pri\u0165ahova\u0165 p\u00f4dne \u010dastice k telesu vnikaj\u00faceho do p\u00f4dy. Stupe\u0148 pri\u013enavosti z\u00e1vis\u00ed od ve\u013ekosti p\u00f4dnych \u010dast\u00edc a ich vlhkosti. S\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165 a pri\u013enavos\u0165 maj\u00fa podstatn\u00fd vplyv na spracovate\u013enos\u0165 p\u00f4d. P\u00f4dy s ve\u013ekou s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165ou a pri\u013enavos\u0165ou sa sprac\u00favaj\u00fa \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie.   <\/p>\n<p>Napu\u010diavanie a usadenie p\u00f4dy vyjadruje mno\u017estvo prij\u00edmanej vody, alebo percento zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161enia objemu. Usadenie p\u00f4dy je d\u00f4sledok straty vody.<\/p>\n<p>Teplota p\u00f4dy z\u00e1vis\u00ed od mno\u017estva tepla, ktor\u00e9 zachyt\u00ed povrch p\u00f4dy. P\u00f4da v povrchovej vrstve pohlcuje slne\u010dn\u00e9 \u017eiarenie a premie\u0148a ho na tepeln\u00e9 \u017eiarenie, ktor\u00e9 vy\u017earuje sp\u00e4\u0165 do ovzdu\u0161ia. <\/p>\n<p>Vodn\u00e1 kapacita je schopnos\u0165 p\u00f4dy zadr\u017eiava\u0165 vodu a udr\u017ea\u0165 ju na dlh\u0161\u00ed \u010das. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed od jej p\u00f3rovitosti a prevl\u00e1daj\u00faceho druhu p\u00f3rov. <\/p>\n<p>Maxim\u00e1lna vodn\u00e1 kapacita je mno\u017estvo vody potrebn\u00e9 na \u00fapln\u00e9 nas\u00fdtenie p\u00f4dy, t.j. na vyplnenie v\u0161etk\u00fdch p\u00f3rov.<\/p>\n<p>Absol\u00fatna vodn\u00e1 kapacita je mno\u017estvo vody, ktor\u00e9 zostane v p\u00f4de 24hod\u00edn po jej \u00faplnom nas\u00fdten\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Vzdu\u0161n\u00e1 kapacita predstavuje obsah vzduchu v p\u00f4de.<\/p>\n<p>Vzl\u00ednavos\u0165 p\u00f4dy je pohyb vody zdola na hor. \u010c\u00edm s\u00fa p\u00f3ry men\u0161ie, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia je v\u00fd\u0161ka vzl\u00ednania a men\u0161ia r\u00fdchlos\u0165. V \u00edlovit\u00fdch p\u00f4dach vzl\u00edna voda do v\u00fd\u0161ky 2m a viac, v hlinit\u00fdch p\u00f4dach vystupuje do v\u00fd\u0161ky pribli\u017ene 1,50m, v pieso\u010dnat\u00fdch p\u00f4dach vzl\u00edna do v\u00fd\u0161ky 0,30-0,50m.  <\/p>\n<p>Spolu so zrnitos\u0165ou sa hodnot\u00ed skeletovitos\u0165. Za skelet s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00e9 \u010dastice p\u00f4dy v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako 2mm. \u010castice ve\u013ek\u00e9 2-4mm pova\u017eujeme za hrub\u00fd piesok, 4-30mm za \u0161trk a nad 30mm za kamene.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c6a656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c6a656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.2. Chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti p\u00f4dy <\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7b7e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7b7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predstavuj\u00fa s\u00fabor individu\u00e1lnych a s\u00fa\u010dasne aj vz\u00e1jomne integrovan\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch parametrov. Patria sem: obsah a druhy \u017eiv\u00edn, p\u00f4dna reakcia a p\u00f4dna voda. Chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie a rozli\u010dn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 procesy, ktor\u00e9 v p\u00f4de prebiehaj\u00fa, ur\u010duj\u00fa chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti p\u00f4dy.  <\/p>\n<p>Miner\u00e1lny podiel v p\u00f4de tvoria jednotliv\u00e9 prvky: kysl\u00edk (O) 49%, krem\u00edk (Si) 26%, hlin\u00edk (Al) 7%, v\u00e1pnik (Ca) 3%, \u017eelezo (Fe) 4%, drasl\u00edk (K) 2,5% fosfor (P) 0,08%. Tieto prvky sa v p\u00f4de nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa vo forme rozli\u010dn\u00fdch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn, hlavne ako kremi\u010ditany, uhli\u010ditany a fosfore\u010dnany.  <\/p>\n<p>Organick\u00fd podiel vznik\u00e1 rozkladom organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok v p\u00f4de. Procesom vznikaj\u00fa jednoduch\u0161ie organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a pri \u00faplnom rozklade vznik\u00e1 oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2), voda (H2O) a jednoduch\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. <\/p>\n<p>Voda p\u00f4sob\u00ed na p\u00f4dnu zlo\u017eku ako rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlo. Obsahuje CO2, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 rozkladom organick\u00e9ho podielu. T\u00fdm sa st\u00e1va slabou kyselinou so zv\u00fd\u0161enou rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165acou schopnos\u0165ou. Vzduch v p\u00f4de umo\u017e\u0148uje a podmie\u0148uje oxida\u010dn\u00e9 a reduk\u010dn\u00e9 procesy.   <\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4dne koloidy s\u00fa z\u00e1kladom pre humusovo\u00edlovit\u00fd sorp\u010dn\u00fd komplex. Medzi sorp\u010dn\u00fdm komplexom a p\u00f4dnym roztokom st\u00e1le prebiehaj\u00fa v\u00fdmenn\u00e9 reakcie, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam pri spr\u00edstup\u0148ovan\u00ed \u017eiv\u00edn pre rastliny. Tieto reakcie \u010falej ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa sorpciu jednotliv\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00edn a reakciu p\u00f4dy.  <\/p>\n<p>Obsah humusu v p\u00f4de sa vyjadruje v %. Hodnotenie z\u00e1soby humusu sa vykon\u00e1va pod\u013ea K\u00f3dexu ochrany p\u00f4dy: do 0,5% extr\u00e9mne mal\u00e1, 0,5-1% ve\u013emi mal\u00e1, 1-2% mal\u00e1, 2-3% stredn\u00e1, 3-5% dobr\u00e1, nad 5% ve\u013emi dobr\u00e1.  <\/p>\n<p>Obsah dus\u00edka (N) v p\u00f4de sa stanovuje chemick\u00fdmi met\u00f3dami v odobratej p\u00f4dnej vzorke a vyjadruje sa v %. Hodnotenie je nasledovn\u00e9: ve\u013emi n\u00edzky obsah dus\u00edka do 0,12%, n\u00edzky obsah 0,12-0,16, stredn\u00fd obsah 0,16-0,24%, vysok\u00fd obsah do 0,24%-0,34% a ve\u013emi vysok\u00fd obsah (nad 0,34%). <\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4dna reakcia sa vz\u0165ahuje na p\u00f4dny v\u00fdluh. Stanovuje sa vo vodnom v\u00fdluhu alebo vo v\u00fdluhu chloridu draseln\u00e9ho (KCl). M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v rozp\u00e4t\u00ed od 1 do 14 a vyjadruje sa hodnotami pH. <\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdmenn\u00e1 reakcia p\u00f4dy sa stanovuje ako obsah vod\u00edkov\u00fdch i\u00f3nov v roztoku neutr\u00e1lnej soli. Pod pH 4 extr\u00e9mne kysl\u00e1, 4,6-5 silno kysl\u00e1 5,1-5,5 kysl\u00e1 5,6 \u2013 6,5 slabo kysl\u00e1 6,6-7,2 neutr\u00e1lna a 7,3 \u2013 7,7 alkalick\u00e1, nad 7,7 silno alkalick\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Hodnota pH m\u00e1 na ekol\u00f3giu a chemizmus p\u00f4dy r\u00f4zny vplyv. Ovplyv\u0148uje, ktor\u00e9 druhy a ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4dne organizmy bud\u00fa v danej lokalite pr\u00edtomn\u00e9. Dostupnos\u0165 miner\u00e1lnych l\u00e1tok je jedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch vplyvov pH na rast stromov. Pri ur\u010dit\u00fdch hladin\u00e1ch pH vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 prvky chemick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vo vode nerozpustn\u00e9 a rastliny ich nem\u00f4\u017eu prija\u0165, preto\u017ee korene s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 prij\u00edma\u0165 len miner\u00e1lne l\u00e1tky rozpustn\u00e9 vo vode.   <\/p>\n<p>Je zlo\u017eit\u00e9 zmeni\u0165 pH p\u00f4dy a dosiahnu\u0165 optim\u00e1lne rastov\u00e9 podmienky. Za \u00fa\u010delom zn\u00ed\u017eenia pH prid\u00e1vame do p\u00f4dy s\u00edru (S), na zv\u00fd\u0161enie pH pou\u017e\u00edvame v\u00e1pno. V oblasti stromov je zmena pH \u0165a\u017eko dosiahnute\u013en\u00e1 z d\u00f4vodu ve\u013ek\u00e9ho objemu p\u00f4dy v kore\u0148ovej s\u00fastave stromu. <\/p>\n<p>Miner\u00e1lne l\u00e1tky potrebn\u00e9 k rastu stromu sa rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa vo vode. Kapacita kati\u00f3novej v\u00fdmeny (KKV) je meradlom pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivej sily p\u00f4dy a retencie (zadr\u017eania). <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ea87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e4ea87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.3. Biologick\u00e9 vlastnosti p\u00f4dy <\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a14012f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a14012f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V p\u00f4de \u017eije mno\u017estvo organizmov, mikroorganizmov a makroorganizmov. Z h\u013eadiska biologick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed p\u00f4d sa za parametre pova\u017euj\u00fa celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00e1 jednotliv\u00fdch druhov, fyziologick\u00fdch skup\u00edn organizmov v p\u00f4de, ale aj intenzity ich \u0161pecifick\u00fdch biologick\u00fdch prejavov. <\/p>\n<p>Po\u010dty organizmov v p\u00f4de sa hodnotia predov\u0161etk\u00fdm cez p\u00f4dny makroedaf\u00f3n (p\u00f4dny hmyz, \u010dervy, hlodavce). Po\u010dty mikroorganizmov (bakt\u00e9rie, huby, riasy, aktinomyc\u00e9ty, prvoky) nie s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za nato\u013eko stabiln\u00fa zlo\u017eku p\u00f4dy, aby mohli by\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 z h\u013eadiska parametriz\u00e1cie vlastnost\u00ed p\u00f4d. <\/p>\n<p>Bakt\u00e9rie sa delia na dve z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 skupiny:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">aer\u00f3bne, ktor\u00e9 \u017eij\u00fa za pr\u00edstupu vzduchu<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">anaer\u00f3bne, ktor\u00e9 \u017eij\u00fa bez pr\u00edstupu vzduchu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66a919c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66a919c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pod\u013ea \u010dinnosti sa bakt\u00e9rie delia:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">rozkladaj\u00face organick\u00e9 bezdus\u00edkat\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">rozkladaj\u00face organick\u00e9 dus\u00edkat\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">nitrog\u00e9nne, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu p\u00fata\u0165 vzdu\u0161n\u00fd dus\u00edk<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">s\u00edrne, \u017eelezit\u00e9 a metanov\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c81a4d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c81a4d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mineraliz\u00e1cia p\u00f4dnej organickej hmoty je aktivita mikroorganizmov meran\u00e1 mno\u017estvom uvo\u013enen\u00e9ho CO2 z p\u00f4dy. Mineraliz\u00e1cia dus\u00edka (N) vyjadruje intenzitu biologick\u00e9ho uvo\u013e\u0148ovania amoniaku z p\u00f4dnej organickej hmoty. Nitrifik\u00e1cia je r\u00fdchlos\u0165 biologickej oxid\u00e1cie amoniaku na dusi\u010dnany v p\u00f4de.  <\/p>\n<p>P\u00f4da je ekosyst\u00e9mom obsahuj\u00facim miliardy organizmov. Niektor\u00e9 p\u00f4dne organizmy m\u00f4\u017eu po\u0161kodzova\u0165 korene, s\u00fa u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9, in\u00e9 zasa nemaj\u00fa na korene stromov \u017eiadny priamy vplyv. \u017divo\u010d\u00edchy, napr. r\u00f4zne druhy hmyzu a \u010dervy, ktor\u00e9 ob\u00fdvaj\u00fa p\u00f4du a humusov\u00fa vrstvu, p\u00f4du prevzdu\u0161\u0148uj\u00fa a ur\u00fdch\u013euj\u00fa rozkladn\u00e9 procesy. In\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy sa \u017eivia kore\u0148mi. Hl\u00edstovce, mikroskopick\u00e9 \u010dervy, m\u00f4\u017eu parazitova\u0165 na kore\u0148och stromov a pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 niektor\u00e9 ochorenia. In\u00e9 sa \u017eivia patog\u00e9nnymi organizmami sp\u00f4sobuj\u00facimi r\u00f4zne ochorenia.        <\/p>\n<p>Rizosf\u00e9ra-kore\u0148ov\u00e1 z\u00f3na intenz\u00edvnej biologickej aktivity v bl\u00edzkosti predl\u017euj\u00facich sa kore\u0148ov. Ako korene prenikaj\u00fa p\u00f4dou, kore\u0148ov\u00e1 \u010diapo\u010dka a vrchn\u00e1 vrstva sa odlupuj\u00fa a l\u00e1tky z kore\u0148ov sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa do p\u00f4dy. S\u00fa st\u00e1lym zdrojom organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, z ktor\u00e9ho \u017eij\u00fa mikroorganizmy. Mykor\u00edza \u2013 hubovit\u00e9 korene, predstavuj\u00fa osobitn\u00e9 korene v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny rastl\u00edn, na ktor\u00fdch sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa huby. Tieto huby \u017eij\u00fa v symbiotickom vz\u0165ahu s kore\u0148mi. Z tohto spolu\u017eitia maj\u00fa \u00fa\u017eitok huby i korene. Korene poskytuj\u00fa hub\u00e1m \u017eivotn\u00fd priestor a potravu. Huby zvy\u0161uj\u00fa schopnos\u0165 kore\u0148ov absorbova\u0165 vodu a z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 prvky, hlavne fosfor (P).   <\/p>\n<p>Kolobeh \u017eiv\u00edn je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd hlavne v pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch rastlinn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch. Ako rastlina rastie, korene absorbuj\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 prvky z p\u00f4dneho roztoku a produkuj\u00fa nov\u00fa drevnat\u00fa hmotu a listy. \u010casom rastliny alebo ich \u010dasti odumieraj\u00fa a dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa na povrch p\u00f4dy, kde p\u00f4sobia p\u00f4dne organizmy a procesy zvetr\u00e1vania.   <\/p>\n<p>Postupne doch\u00e1dza k rozkladu a \u017eiviny sa uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa do p\u00f4dy, kde s\u00fa potom op\u00e4tovne k dispoz\u00edcii kore\u0148om.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a34144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a34144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2. Vlhkos\u0165 p\u00f4dy <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd040ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd040ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00f4dna vlhkos\u0165 je moment\u00e1lny obsah vody v p\u00f4de. Vyjadruje sa v percent\u00e1ch k hmotnosti suchej zeminy (w), alebo v objemov\u00fdch percent\u00e1ch (\u0398). Zmeny z\u00e1visia od poveternostn\u00fdch podmienok, desukcie kore\u0148ov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu rastl\u00edn, agrotechniky, h\u013abky p\u00f4dy, zrnitosti a \u0161trukt\u00farnosti.  <\/p>\n<p>Vo v\u00fdskumnej p\u00f4doznaleckej praxi na zis\u0165ovanie p\u00f4dnej vlhkosti sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa met\u00f3dy:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>met\u00f3dy pre pou\u017eitie ktor\u00fdch treba odobra\u0165 vzorky z p\u00f4dneho prostredia. Patria k nim gravimetrick\u00e1 (vylu\u010dovacia), liehov\u00e1 (anal\u00fdza s vyu\u017eit\u00edm liehu), glycer\u00ednov\u00e1 (anal\u00fdza vyu\u017eit\u00edm glycer\u00ednu C3H8O3), karbidov\u00e1 (meranie pomocou CM pr\u00edstroja) a pyknometrick\u00e1 met\u00f3da (stanovenie hustoty l\u00e1tok) <\/li>\n<li>met\u00f3dy, ktor\u00fdmi m\u00f4\u017eeme mera\u0165 v ter\u00e9nnych podmienkach, vegeta\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch, lyzimetroch (zariadenie na meranie v\u00fdparu vody z p\u00f4dy) a pod. Patr\u00ed k nim konduktometrick\u00e1 (met\u00f3da merania mernej vodivosti), tenzometrick\u00e1 (met\u00f3da odstra\u0148ovania), gamaskopick\u00e1 (met\u00f3da merania absorpcie a rozptylu z\u00e1visl\u00e9ho na hustote) a neutr\u00f3nov\u00e1 met\u00f3da (met\u00f3da merania s vyu\u017eit\u00edm neutr\u00f3nov). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f53132b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f53132b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00f4dna vlhkos\u0165 spolu s charakteristikami p\u00f4dy a veget\u00e1cie m\u00e1 za \u00falohu zabezpe\u010di\u0165 v\u00fdmenu vody a energie medzi povrchom p\u00f4dy a atmosf\u00e9rou. Inform\u00e1cie o p\u00f4dnej vlhkosti v povrchovej a kore\u0148ovej z\u00f3ne s\u00fa rozhoduj\u00face pre dosiahnutie udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9ho vyu\u017eitia krajiny a hospod\u00e1renia s vodou. <\/p>\n<p>Ke\u010f sa p\u00f4da nach\u00e1dza na \u00farovni po\u013enej kapacity, voda je absorbovan\u00e1 kore\u0148mi rastl\u00edn alebo sa vypar\u00ed. Korene \u010derpaj\u00fa vodu z p\u00f4dy dovtedy, pokia\u013e s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 prekona\u0165 adhez\u00edvne sily (pri\u013enav\u00e9 sily) dr\u017eiace vodu v p\u00f4dnych \u010dasticiach. Listy stromov po\u010das ve\u013ek\u00fdch n\u00e1rokov na vodu cez de\u0148 v\u00e4dn\u00fa a v noci, ke\u010f sa vyparovanie zn\u00ed\u017ei sa zregeneruj\u00fa. V z\u00e1vislosti od vododr\u017enej kapacity p\u00f4dy sa dosiahne bod, ke\u010f strom nie je schopn\u00fd \u010derpa\u0165 z p\u00f4dy \u017eiadnu vodu. Naz\u00fdva sa bodom trval\u00e9ho v\u00e4dnutia. Pokia\u013e sa do p\u00f4dy nedod\u00e1 voda, rastlina (strom) sa zo zv\u00e4dnutia nespam\u00e4t\u00e1.     <\/p>\n<p>Stromy potrebuj\u00fa vzduch aj vodu. V p\u00f3roch p\u00f4dy sa voda a plyny (kysl\u00edk, dus\u00edk a oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd) nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v rovnov\u00e1he. Korene stromov vy\u017eaduj\u00fa kysl\u00edk a v procese d\u00fdchania uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd. K v\u00fdmene plynov medzi p\u00f4dou a atmosf\u00e9rou v\u0161eobecne doch\u00e1dza formou dif\u00fazie cez povrch p\u00f4dy. Ak je v\u00fdmena plynov nedostato\u010dn\u00e1, napr\u00edklad v nasiaknut\u00fdch alebo v zhutnen\u00fdch p\u00f4dach, m\u00f4\u017ee doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k hromadeniu oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho a k deficitu kysl\u00edka. Tak\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee zredukova\u0165 rast a funkciu kore\u0148ov, ak pretrv\u00e1 dlh\u0161ie obdobie, m\u00f4\u017eu korene vyhyn\u00fa\u0165.     <\/p>\n<p>Vrstvy p\u00f4dy p\u00f4dnej text\u00fary sa v mestsk\u00fdch p\u00f4dach vyskytuj\u00fa be\u017ene a m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pri v\u00fdsadbe probl\u00e9mom. Text\u00fara p\u00f4dy m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu v procese infiltr\u00e1cie vody. Ak sa na vrstve jemnozrnnej p\u00f4dy (\u00edlovitej) nach\u00e1dza vrstva hrubozrnnej p\u00f4dy (pies\u010ditej), voda sa akumuluje vo vrchnej vrstve nako\u013eko sa do spodnej vrstvy infiltruje pomaly. <\/p>\n<p>Mno\u017estvo a ve\u013ekos\u0165 p\u00f3rov v p\u00f4de a celkov\u00fd povrch p\u00f4dnych \u010dast\u00edc ur\u010duje mno\u017estvo vody, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017ee p\u00f4da zadr\u017ea\u0165. \u00cdlovit\u00e9 p\u00f4dy maj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed celkov\u00fd objem p\u00f3rov a povrch \u010dast\u00edc ako pieso\u010dnat\u00e9 p\u00f4dy. Z toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee \u00edlovit\u00e9 p\u00f4dy maj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu vododr\u017en\u00fa kapacitu ako pieso\u010dnat\u00e9 p\u00f4dy.  <\/p>\n<p>Ak je strom zasaden\u00fd do \u00edlovitej p\u00f4dy s pridanou hrubozrnnou p\u00f4dou, v\u00fdsadbov\u00e1 jama m\u00f4\u017ee p\u00f4sobi\u0165 ako misa, ktor\u00e1 zadr\u017eiava vodu. Voda zachyten\u00e1 na dlh\u0161\u00ed \u010das utop\u00ed korene. Odvodneniu nepom\u00e1ha pridanie dren\u00e1\u017ee do jamy, voda na\u010falej zost\u00e1va v p\u00f4de s jemnej\u0161ou text\u00farou, pokia\u013e sa v nej nedosiahne stav nas\u00fdtenia.  <\/p>\n<p>Optim\u00e1lna vlhkos\u0165 p\u00f4dy je tak\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 neklesne pod vlhkos\u0165 v\u00e4dnutia, ale nie je ani nas\u00fdten\u00e1 vodou. Pri obsahu vody v p\u00f4de v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej ako po\u013en\u00e1 vodn\u00e1 kapacita, nie je u\u017e p\u00f4da dostato\u010dne prevzdu\u0161nen\u00e1. <\/p>\n<p>Bod v\u00e4dnutia (vlhkos\u0165) a po\u013en\u00e1 vodn\u00e1 kapacita z\u00e1visia od druhu p\u00f4dy. \u013dahk\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (pieso\u010dnat\u00e9) maj\u00fa n\u00edzky bod v\u00e4dnutia a po\u013en\u00fa vodn\u00fa kapacitu. Stredne \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 a \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 p\u00f4dy (hlinit\u00e9, \u00edlovit\u00e9) maj\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bod v\u00e4dnutia a po\u013en\u00fa vodn\u00fa kapacitu.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5477310 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5477310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3. V\u00fd\u017eiva stromov <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605274c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"605274c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stromy prij\u00edmaj\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 prvky rozpusten\u00e9 vo vode svojimi kore\u0148mi a vy\u017eaduj\u00fa 17 z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch prvkov. Ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd prvok pln\u00ed v rastline \u0161pecifick\u00fa \u00falohu, nem\u00f4\u017ee ho nahradi\u0165 in\u00fd prvok. Stromy vy\u017eaduj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 prvky, ktor\u00e9 sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa ako makro\u017eiviny v relat\u00edvne ve\u013ek\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou z t\u00fdchto makro\u017eiv\u00edn je dus\u00edk (N), preto\u017ee je naj\u010dastej\u0161ie limituj\u00facim prvkom, \u010falej fosfor (P). drasl\u00edk(K), v\u00e1pnik (Ca), hor\u010d\u00edk (Mg) a s\u00edra(S).   <\/p>\n<p>Dus\u00edk (N) je zlo\u017ekou bielkov\u00edn a chlorofylu, m\u00e1 \u00falohu vo fotosynt\u00e9ze a v \u010fal\u0161\u00edch procesoch, ktor\u00e9 prebiehaj\u00fa v rastlin\u00e1ch. Za prirodzen\u00fdch podmienok poch\u00e1dza p\u00f4dny dus\u00edk (N) z organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a z atmosf\u00e9ry. P\u00f4dne organizmy rozkladaj\u00fa organick\u00fa hmotu. Ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 dus\u00edka (N) v p\u00f4de m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 straten\u00e1 z d\u00f4vodu vyl\u00fahovania alebo vyparovania v plynnom skupenstve. Odstra\u0148ovanie popadan\u00fdch listov a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch prirodzen\u00fdch zdrojov dus\u00edka (N) m\u00f4\u017ee naru\u0161i\u0165 cyklus prij\u00edmania dus\u00edka (N) do p\u00f4dy. Nedostatok dus\u00edka (N) sa prejavuje spomalen\u00fdm rastom a men\u0161\u00edmi listami. Niekedy s\u00fa nov\u00e9, vyv\u00edjaj\u00face sa listy zelen\u0161ie, preto\u017ee dus\u00edk (N) sa vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch mno\u017estv\u00e1ch v rastline premiest\u0148uje do miesta nov\u00e9ho rastu. Tieto sympt\u00f3my sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa rad \u010fal\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa zdravie kore\u0148ov a pr\u00edjem prvkov. Nako\u013eko dus\u00edk (N) je prvkom, ktor\u00e9ho je v stromoch zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161a nedostatok. Hnojenie sa zvy\u010dajne zameriava na jeho zabezpe\u010denie. Okrem dus\u00edka (N) je potrebn\u00fd: fosfor (P), drasl\u00edk (K) a s\u00edra (S). Tieto prvky s\u00fa v p\u00f4dach pre stromy a ve\u013ek\u00e9 kry v nedostato\u010dnom mno\u017estve. Podporn\u00fdmi \u017eivinami s\u00fa hor\u010d\u00edk (Mg) a v\u00e1pnik (Ca).           <\/p>\n<p>\u010eal\u0161ie prvky, ktor\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00fa ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 ako mikro\u017eiviny (mikroprvky \u2013 b\u00f3r (B), chl\u00f3r (Cl), me\u010f (Cu),\u017eelezo (Fe), mang\u00e1n (Mn), molybd\u00e9n (Mo), zinok (Zn), nikel (Ni)), s\u00fa taktie\u017e pre strom potrebn\u00e9. Nedostatok niektor\u00e9ho prvku m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 na zdravie stromov v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky. Najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ia je chlor\u00f3za, t\u00e1 je sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 nedostatkom \u017eeleza (Fe). Mlad\u00e9 listy s\u00fa mal\u00e9 a chlorotick\u00e9 (\u017elt\u00e9), so zelen\u00fdmi \u017eilami a star\u0161ie listy s\u00fa tmavozelen\u00e9. Nedostatok \u017eeleza (Fe) sp\u00f4sobuje odumretie stromu.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hnojivo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hnojiv\u00e1 s\u00fa v r\u00f4znych form\u00e1ch a kombin\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Komplexn\u00e9 hojivo obsahuje dus\u00edk (N), fosfor (P) a drasl\u00edk(K). Hnojiv\u00e1 s\u00fa v organickej a anorganickej forme. Anorganick\u00e9 hnojiv\u00e1 po rozpusten\u00ed vo vode uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa r\u00fdchlo z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 prvky a organick\u00e9 hnojiv\u00e1 ich uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa pomaly. \u010casto sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa hnojiv\u00e1 s pomal\u00fdm uvo\u013e\u0148ovan\u00edm prvkov. D\u00e1vky hnoj\u00edv sa aplikuj\u00fa v z\u00e1vislosti od veku, zdravotn\u00e9ho stavu, druhu stromu, formy hnojiva, sp\u00f4sobu aplik\u00e1cie a miestnych podmienok. Odpor\u00fa\u010da sa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ni\u017e\u0161ie d\u00e1vky. Hnojiv\u00e1 sa aplikuj\u00fa koncom zimy a za\u010diatkom jari. Pr\u00edjem a metabolick\u00e1 potreba s\u00fa v \u010dase dormancie na n\u00edzkej \u00farovni. Hnojiv\u00e1 sa aplikuj\u00fa na povrch p\u00f4dy ru\u010dn\u00fdm rozmeta\u010dom, podpovrchov\u00fdm v\u0155tan\u00edm dier pr\u00edpadne kvapalnou injekt\u00e1\u017eou          <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f51b5ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f51b5ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.4. Mestsk\u00e9 p\u00f4dy <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19deca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19deca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stimuluj\u00fa rast a posil\u0148uj\u00fa zdravie rastl\u00edn. Medzi p\u00f4dne pr\u00edsady patria: vitam\u00edny, miner\u00e1lne prvky a chaluhy (hned\u00e9 riasy). Vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa p\u00f4dne o\u010dkovacie l\u00e1tky a mykor\u00edza. Mykor\u00edza je symbiotick\u00fd vz\u0165ah (spoluna\u017e\u00edvanie) medzi kore\u0148mi stromov a hubami. Do p\u00f4dy sa zavedie hubov\u00e9 inokulum (o\u010dkovacia l\u00e1tka), ktor\u00e9 potom vytvor\u00ed mykor\u00edzu. Mykor\u00edzu ovplyv\u0148uje pH p\u00f4dy, svetlo, miner\u00e1lne l\u00e1tky v p\u00f4de.  <\/p>\n<p>Optim\u00e1lnou mierou hnojenia sa vyhneme sp\u00e1leniu. Hnojiv\u00e1 s\u00fa so\u013eami r\u00f4znych chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre rast a zdravie rastl\u00edn. Sp\u00e1lenie hnojivom je t\u00fdm ist\u00fdm druhom poranenia ako sp\u00e1lenie be\u017enou so\u013eou (chlorid so\u013en\u00fd &#8211; NaCl) pou\u017e\u00edvanou pri rozt\u00e1pan\u00ed \u013eadu a snehu.   <\/p>\n<p>Nadmern\u00fdm hnojen\u00edm sp\u00f4sob\u00edme v\u00e4dnutie, sp\u00e1lenie okrajov listov a\u017e odumretie. Na obaloch hnoj\u00edv je uveden\u00fd so\u013en\u00fd index. Uprednost\u0148ovan\u00e9 je hnojivo so so\u013en\u00fdm indexom ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm ako 50. Minimalizova\u0165 po\u0161kodenie so\u013eami sa m\u00f4\u017ee vyu\u017eit\u00edm hnoj\u00edv s pomal\u00fdm uvo\u013e\u0148ovan\u00edm.   <\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdstavbe modern\u00fdch s\u00eddlisk zvy\u010dajne predch\u00e1dza odstr\u00e1nenie humusovej ornice z celej plochy staveniska, nielen zo zastavanej plochy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96de0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96de0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00e1ver<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d029750 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d029750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na p\u00f4du sa mus\u00edme pozera\u0165 nielen ako na z\u00e1kladn\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00fd prostriedok v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve. Mus\u00edme ju pova\u017eova\u0165 za jeden z pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch, zni\u010dite\u013en\u00fdch a ve\u013emi \u0165a\u017eko obnovite\u013en\u00fdch pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov. Upozornili sme na \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum praktick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eitia poznatkov o p\u00f4de a jej praktick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eitia, ktor\u00e9 povedie k ochrane p\u00f4dneho fondu a \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24be311 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24be311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pedologick\u00fd kv\u00edz<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db1a8a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db1a8a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Otestujte si svoje vedomosti v nasleduj\u00facom kv\u00edze a zistite, \u010di ste porozumeli obsahu tejto \u010dasti:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21dba77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"21dba77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-24\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"24\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Pedology SK\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cef93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90cef93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a5a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a59a5a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05e3adb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05e3adb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aecb9ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aecb9ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b0a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6b0a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIL\u010cEK, F. \u2013 \u010cIN\u010cURA, F. \u2013 GOLAIS, F. a kol. 1997. Preh\u013ead biol\u00f3gie 1. Bratislava: Slovensk\u00e9 pedagogick\u00e9 nakladate\u013estvo, 1997. ISBN 80-08-00990-X    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u011aTVI\u010cKA, V. \u2013 MATOU\u0160OV\u00c1, V. 1992. Stromy a kry. Bratislava: Pr\u00edroda, 1992. 312s. ISBN 80-07-00402-5    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BENE\u0160OV\u00c1, M. \u2013 HAMPLOV\u00c1, H. \u2013 KNOTOV\u00c1, K. a kol. 2006. Zmaturuj z biol\u00f3gie. Brno: Didaktis spol. s r. o., 2006. ISBN 80-86285-87-1<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BAUMERTHOV\u00c1, O. \u2013 KRI\u0160TOF, M. 2002. O\u0161etrovanie chr\u00e1nen\u00fdch stromov. Dostupn\u00e9 online:   <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sopsr.sk\/cinnost\/chranene_stromy\/metlist_stromy.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sopsr.sk\/cinnost\/chranene_stromy\/metlist_stromy.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VOJ\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1, B. a kol. 2013. Z\u00e1klady arboristiky. Dostupn\u00e9 online:    <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/akela.mendelu.cz\/~xcepl\/inobio\/skripta\/Zaklady_arboristiky.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">akela.mendelu.cz\/~xcepl\/inobio\/skripta\/Zaklady_arboristiky.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u010cUNDERL\u00cdK, I. 2009. \u0160trukt\u00fara dreva. Dostupn\u00e9 online:   <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vos.volyne.cz\/tu\/soubory\/st1.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vos.volyne.cz\/tu\/soubory\/st1.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedol%C3%B3gia_(p%C3%B4da)\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedol\u00f3gia (p\u00f4da)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pd\/pd.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pd\/pd.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vinko.sk\/podne-druhy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vinko.sk\/podne-druhy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pt\/pt.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pt\/pt.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pulib.sk\/web\/kniznica\/elpub\/dokument\/Michaeli1\/subor\/6.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pulib.sk\/web\/kniznica\/elpub\/dokument\/Michaeli1\/subor\/6.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.podnemapy.sk\/portal\/verejnost\/akt_poln_sezona\/pz\/pz.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/verejnost\/akt_poln_sezona\/pz\/pz.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kpg.fapz.uniag.sk\/upload\/navodynacvika.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kpg.fapz.uniag.sk\/upload\/navodynacvika.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/priroda\/zem\/hodnotenie-vlhkosti-povrchu-pody-pomocou-satelitnych-a-pozemnych-merani\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/priroda\/zem\/hodnotenie-vlhkosti-povrchu-pody-pomocou-satelitnych-a-pozemnych-merani<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agromanual.cz\/cz\/clanky\/technologie\/precizni-zemedelstvi\/monitoring-vlhkosti-polnohospodarskej-pody-nastrojmi-dialkoveho-prieskumu-zeme\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agromanual.cz\/cz\/clanky\/technologie\/precizni-zemedelstvi\/monitoring-vlhkosti-polnohospodarskej-pody-nastrojmi-dialkoveho-prieskumu-zeme<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vupop.sk\/dokumenty\/APVV_15_0136\/5.Sobocka_Vyznam_a_uloha_podneho_krytu.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vupop.sk\/dokumenty\/APVV_15_0136\/5.Sobocka_Vyznam_a_uloha_podneho_krytu.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.enviromagazin.sk\/enviro2007\/enviro4\/14.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enviromagazin.sk\/enviro2007\/enviro4\/14.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/publikacie.uke.sav.sk\/sites\/default\/files\/2004_6_310_313_jaduda.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">publikacie.uke.sav.sk\/sites\/default\/files\/2004_6_310_313_jaduda.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%B4dny_profil\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P\u00f4dny_profil<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home > Moduly > Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia Modul 1 Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia Obsah \u00davod Stromy s\u00fa nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u017eivota na Zemi, bez ktorej by \u017eivot na\u0161ej plan\u00e9ty nemohol existova\u0165. \u013dudia stromy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na drevo, pre ich plody alebo pre ich estetick\u00fa funkciu. T\u00e1to kapitola poskytuje z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o biol\u00f3gii stromov a o ich [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4122","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Modul 1 - Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia - Learning - ARBORTECH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/modul-1-biologia-stromov-a-pedologia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modul 1 - Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia - Learning - ARBORTECH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Home &gt; Moduly &gt; Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia Modul 1 Biol\u00f3gia stromov a pedol\u00f3gia Obsah \u00davod Stromy s\u00fa nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u017eivota na Zemi, bez ktorej by \u017eivot na\u0161ej plan\u00e9ty nemohol existova\u0165. \u013dudia stromy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na drevo, pre ich plody alebo pre ich estetick\u00fa funkciu. 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