{"id":4062,"date":"2024-03-05T08:33:03","date_gmt":"2024-03-05T08:33:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/modul-3-patologia-stromov-a-hodnotenie-stromov"},"modified":"2024-07-24T19:10:51","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T19:10:51","slug":"modul-3-patologia-stromov-a-hodnotenie-stromov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/modul-3-patologia-stromov-a-hodnotenie-stromov","title":{"rendered":"Modul 3 &#8211; Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4062\" class=\"elementor elementor-4062 elementor-2740\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/pexels-johannes-plenio-1423600-scaled.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc3448 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cfc3448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-overlay-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99404ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99404ef\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03ac24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03ac24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/home\">Home<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8575a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8575a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f07a3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f07a3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/arboriculture-for-gardeners\">Moduly<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c91116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c91116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63be87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63be87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Patol\u00f3gia stromov<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48d2a55 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48d2a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modul 3<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b2c93 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39b2c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Patol\u00f3gia stromov (diagnostika a poruchy rastl\u00edn) a hodnotenie stromov<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaa565f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eaa565f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1382774 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1382774\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:150,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2160ebb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2160ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tObsah\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63f0aaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63f0aaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee0f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfee0f3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279ffe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"279ffe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Patol\u00f3gia stromu<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0e214f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0e214f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patol\u00f3gia je veda, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom chor\u00f4b, teda zmien v bunk\u00e1ch, tkaniv\u00e1ch a org\u00e1noch, ku ktor\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza pri chorobe. Rastlinn\u00e1 patol\u00f3gia je neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u0161etk\u00fdch z\u00e1hradn\u00edckych syst\u00e9mov (konven\u010dn\u00fdch, integrovan\u00fdch a ekologick\u00fdch). Pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa ochranu rastl\u00edn je potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 technol\u00f3giu pestovania rastl\u00edn, ale aj patog\u00e9ny, ktor\u00e9 im \u0161kodia, ako aj sp\u00f4soby ich potla\u010denia. \u00dalohou fytopatol\u00f3gie je zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 infekcii, teda vzniku ochorenia. Choroby a \u0161kodcovia na stromoch m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 v\u00edrusmi, hubami, bakt\u00e9riami a hmyzom. Je potrebn\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 pr\u00ed\u010diny chor\u00f4b rastl\u00edn a zisti\u0165 viac o pr\u00ed\u010dine choroby. \u00dalohou fytopatol\u00f3gie je okrem vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho vedie\u0165, ako sa men\u00ed odolnos\u0165 hostite\u013ea pod vplyvom okolit\u00fdch faktorov a \u010dloveka, ako sa men\u00ed parazit\u00e1rna schopnos\u0165 pod vplyvom vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch a vonkaj\u0161\u00edch faktorov a nau\u010di\u0165 sa vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v\u0161etky dostupn\u00e9 opatrenia na ochranu rastl\u00edn.      <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rastliny s\u00fa vystaven\u00e9 r\u00f4znym \u0161kodliv\u00fdm vplyvom. M\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 vonkaj\u0161ie a vn\u00fatorn\u00e9. Vonkaj\u0161ie vplyvy s\u00fa klimatick\u00e9 podmienky, antropog\u00e9nne vplyvy, ekologick\u00e9 vplyvy a pod., vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 podmienky s\u00fa tie, ktor\u00e9 poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zo samotn\u00e9ho rastlinn\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva. Choroby rastl\u00edn m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 r\u00f4znymi patog\u00e9nmi &#8211; abiotick\u00e9ho alebo biotick\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu. Choroby abiotick\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu s\u00fa neparazit\u00e1rne choroby, pri\u010dom ich pr\u00ed\u010dinou s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie klimatick\u00e9 a edafick\u00e9 faktory ako nadbytok alebo nedostatok miner\u00e1lnych l\u00e1tok v p\u00f4de, kyslos\u0165, vodno-vzduchov\u00fd re\u017eim p\u00f4dy, nadmern\u00e9 zne\u010distenie ovzdu\u0161ia a v\u00f4d.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b05ecc elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b05ecc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-SK-1024x866.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2744\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-SK-1024x866.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-SK-300x254.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-SK-768x649.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-SK-1536x1298.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-SK-2048x1731.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 1:<\/b> R\u00fdchly sprievodca niektor\u00fdmi znakmi chor\u00f4b stromov. <br><b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kcgov.us\/DocumentCenter\/View\/1374\/Introduction-to-Diseases-Canadian-FSFPL-54-PDF\">Pest Forest leaflet (2001) Introduction to Forest Diseases.<\/a> (Dostupn\u00e9 18. 1. 2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-764bd34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"764bd34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Parazit\u00e1rne ochorenia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa \u017eiv\u00e9 organizmy, teda mikroorganizmy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa infek\u010dn\u00e9 a m\u00f4\u017eu sa pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 z rastliny na rastlinu. Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edmi chorobami okrasn\u00fdch a lesn\u00fdch drev\u00edn s\u00fa myk\u00f3zy. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parazit\u00e1rne ochorenia:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>myk\u00f3zy (sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 hubami)<\/li>\n<li>Bakteri\u00f3za (sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 bakt\u00e9riami)<\/li>\n<li>vir\u00f3za (sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 v\u00edrusmi)<\/li>\n<li>mykoplazm\u00f3za (sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 organizmami podobn\u00fdmi mykoplazm\u00e1m &#8211; MLO)<\/li>\n<li>Rickettsia (p\u00f4vodcom s\u00fa organizmy podobn\u00e9 rickettsii &#8211; RLO)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8feecd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8feecd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160kodcovia rastl\u00edn \u2013 patria do r\u00f4znych skup\u00edn \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov, z ktor\u00fdch najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie s\u00fa: hmyz, rozto\u010de, h\u00e1\u010fatk\u00e1, slim\u00e1ky, hlodavce, vt\u00e1ky a zvierat\u00e1. Po\u010detnos\u0165 jedn\u00e9ho druhu z\u00e1vis\u00ed od teploty prostredia, vlhkosti vzduchu, dostupnej potravy, prirodzen\u00fdch nepriate\u013eov a in\u00fdch.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Druhy \u0161kodcov (hmyz) <\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medzi najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch \u0161kodcov zara\u010fujeme tieto druhy: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mot\u00fdle ne\u0161kodia, najviac \u0161kodia ich h\u00fasenice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Chrob\u00e1ky <\/strong> \u2013 \u017eivia sa ohryzom \u010dast\u00ed rastl\u00edn, ako aj ich lariev.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hymenoptera <\/strong> &#8211; ich larvy sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa \u0161kody hryzen\u00edm r\u00f4znych \u00f4s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dvojkr\u00eddlovce <\/strong> \u2013 dospel\u00ed jedinci nesp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa \u0161kody, larvy \u017eij\u00fa v plodoch, ktor\u00fdmi sa \u017eivia. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Vo\u0161ky a \u0161upinat\u00fd hmyz<\/strong> &#8211; \u0161kodia cican\u00edm rastlinn\u00fdch \u0161tiav vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1ch ich rastu, vylu\u010duj\u00fa medovicu na rastlin\u00e1ch, na ktor\u00fdch sa usadzuj\u00fa sadzovit\u00e9 plesne.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rozto\u010de <\/strong> &#8211; l\u00ed\u0161ia sa od hmyzu, preto\u017ee maj\u00fa dva alebo \u0161tyri p\u00e1ry n\u00f4h. Rozto\u010de \u0161i\u0161ky \u2013 saj\u00fa \u0161\u0165avy, s\u00fa drobn\u00e9, rast\u00fa na rastlin\u00e1ch v \u0161peci\u00e1lnych \u00fatvaroch. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Nemat\u00f3dy <\/strong> \u2013 s\u00fa sotva mobiln\u00e9, \u017eij\u00fa v p\u00f4de a nap\u00e1daj\u00fa korene a vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa v\u00fdrastky, ktor\u00e9 ni\u010dia hlavn\u00fd kore\u0148. Niektor\u00e9 druhy m\u00f4\u017eu \u017ei\u0165 vo vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch \u010dastiach rastl\u00edn. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Slim\u00e1ky <\/strong> \u2013 najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie \u0161kody sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa slim\u00e1ky, \u017eivia sa listami a m\u00e4kk\u00fdmi \u010das\u0165ami rastliny, zanech\u00e1vaj\u00fa stopy slizu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hlodavce <\/strong> sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa po\u0161kodenie ohryzom k\u00f4ry a \u010dast\u00ed kore\u0148ov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zverina <\/strong> \u2013 po\u0161kodzuj\u00fa mlad\u00e9 strom\u010deky, obhr\u00fdzaj\u00fa k\u00f4ru a \u017eivia sa listami. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e6bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26e6bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.1. Biodiverzita \u2013 v\u00fdznam a ochrana<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9f754 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a9f754\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biodiverzita znamen\u00e1 diverzitu g\u00e9nov, druhov, spolo\u010denstiev druhov, ekosyst\u00e9mov, teda diverzitu na Zemi ako ucelenom ekosyst\u00e9me. Biologick\u00e1 diverzita je zdrojom genetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch a vylep\u0161en\u00fdch odr\u00f4d rastl\u00edn. Diverzita druhov sa pova\u017euje za najlep\u0161\u00ed indik\u00e1tor biodiverzity. Genetick\u00e9 rozdiely v r\u00e1mci toho ist\u00e9ho druhu sa pova\u017euj\u00fa za morfologick\u00e9 a fyziologick\u00e9 rozdiely. Biologick\u00e1 diverzita zni\u017euje riziko negat\u00edvnych vplyvov nepriazniv\u00fdch poveternostn\u00fdch podmienok a chr\u00e1ni pred napadnut\u00edm chorobami a \u0161kodcami. Stromy a kr\u00edky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 popul\u00e1ciu u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9ho hmyzu a inej fauny. Okrem biotopu je ka\u017ed\u00fd organizmus ovplyvnen\u00fd v\u0161etk\u00fdmi \u017eiv\u00fdmi vecami, ktor\u00e9 ho obklopuj\u00fa. Tieto vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9 vplyvy \u017eiv\u00fdch bytost\u00ed s\u00fa biotick\u00e9 faktory, do ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017eeme zaradi\u0165 aj vplyv \u010dloveka, takzvan\u00fd antropog\u00e9nny faktor. Jedince toho ist\u00e9ho druhu v popul\u00e1cii sp\u00e1ja s\u00e9ria vz\u0165ahov, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm prostredn\u00edctvom rozmno\u017eovania. Popul\u00e1cie sa neust\u00e1le menia, ich po\u010det rastie alebo kles\u00e1. Prib\u00fadaj\u00fa naroden\u00edm, teda vytv\u00e1ran\u00edm nov\u00fdch jedincov. Po\u010det sa zni\u017euje \u00famrtnos\u0165ou alebo tzv. \u00famrtnos\u0165. Okrem reproduk\u010dn\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov existuje aj mno\u017estvo \u010fal\u0161\u00edch, ako je s\u00faperenie o \u017eivotn\u00fd priestor, o potravu, o sexu\u00e1lneho partnera a pod. Tak\u00e9to vz\u0165ahy sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa VN\u00daTRODRUHOV\u00c9 VZ\u0164AHY, teda vz\u0165ahy v r\u00e1mci druhu. Vz\u0165ahy medzi r\u00f4znymi druhmi sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa MEDZIODRUHOV\u00c9 VZ\u0164AHY.               <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Mestsk\u00e1 zele\u0148 umo\u017e\u0148uje biologick\u00fa diverzitu, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">udr\u017eiavanie priazniv\u00fdch mikroklimatick\u00fdch podmienok, infiltr\u00e1ciu vody do p\u00f4dy, sekvestr\u00e1ciu oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, vizu\u00e1lnu a estetick\u00fa kvalitu, rekre\u00e1ciu a soci\u00e1lny kapit\u00e1l. Veget\u00e1cia v mest\u00e1ch zni\u017euje hluk. \u00dabytok stromov, zelene a biologickej diverzity negat\u00edvne vpl\u00fdva na obyvate\u013eov miest, preto\u017ee s\u00fa naru\u0161en\u00e9 mikroklimatick\u00e9 podmienky pre \u017eivot, vysychanie p\u00f4dy, zn\u00ed\u017eenie kvality ovzdu\u0161ia a hladiny podzemn\u00fdch v\u00f4d, ohrozenie zdravia \u013eud\u00ed v d\u00f4sledku vzniku tzv. \u0161kodcom a chorob\u00e1m. Mestsk\u00e9 lesy predstavuj\u00fa popri v\u00fdsadbe stromov a roz\u0161irovan\u00ed zelen\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch azda najambici\u00f3znej\u0161iu formu n\u00e1vratu pr\u00edrody do miest. Mestsk\u00e9mu obyvate\u013estvu poskytuj\u00fa viacero benefitov a okrem toho, \u017ee ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa kvalitu \u017eivota a poskytuj\u00fa miesto na oddych a rekre\u00e1ciu, pom\u00e1haj\u00fa vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 pr\u00edjemn\u00fa mikrokl\u00edmu a zni\u017euj\u00fa teplotu vzduchu v prek\u00faren\u00fdch mest\u00e1ch, zvy\u0161uj\u00fa oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd a \u010distia vzduch, podporuj\u00fa biologick\u00fa diverzitu, a t\u00fdm maj\u00fa pozit\u00edvny vplyv na fyzick\u00e9 a du\u0161evn\u00e9 zdravie \u013eud\u00ed.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6a255b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6a255b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2. Stres stromu<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f554b54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f554b54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stres rastl\u00edn je v\u00fdsledkom vplyvu r\u00f4znych l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e9 zasahuj\u00fa do metabolizmu rastliny, alebo je v\u00fdsledkom nepriazniv\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00fdch podmienok. Hlavn\u00e1 pr\u00ed\u010dina stresu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 abiotick\u00e1 alebo biotick\u00e1. V z\u00e1vislosti od d\u013a\u017eky trvania m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 stres dlhodob\u00fd alebo kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd. Stres je naj\u010dastej\u0161ie v\u00fdsledkom kombin\u00e1cie r\u00f4znych negat\u00edvnych vplyvov na samotn\u00fa rastlinu. Existuje nieko\u013eko druhov stresu vzh\u013eadom na mno\u017estvo jeho pr\u00ed\u010din \u2013 individu\u00e1lny, viacn\u00e1sobn\u00fd individu\u00e1lny a kombinovan\u00fd stres. Individu\u00e1lny stres sa prejavuje ako d\u00f4sledok jedn\u00e9ho faktora, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 negat\u00edvny vplyv na rastlinu, na jej rast a v\u00fdvoj. Kombinovan\u00fd stres vznik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku kumulat\u00edvneho p\u00f4sobenia viacer\u00fdch faktorov, napr\u00edklad letn\u00e9 sucho spolu s vysok\u00fdmi teplotami (abiotick\u00e9 faktory) alebo s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00fdm napadnut\u00edm viacer\u00fdch \u0161kodliv\u00fdch organizmov (biotick\u00e9 faktory).      <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5d9105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b5d9105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3. Poruchy<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4feddc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d4feddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.1. Abiotick\u00e9 poruchy<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e629e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e629e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abiotick\u00e9 poruchy s\u00fa poruchy a po\u0161kodenia, ktor\u00e9 vznikaj\u00fa pod vplyvom nepriazniv\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch a edafick\u00fdch faktorov, ako s\u00fa: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>1.Vysok\u00e1 teplota <\/strong> \u2013 46-52\u1d52C su\u0161enie rastl\u00edn a \u010dast\u00ed rastl\u00edn, z\u00e1pal k\u00f4ry, \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je obsah vody, t\u00fdm je rastlina citlivej\u0161ia na vysok\u00e9 teploty. Denatur\u00e1cia bielkov\u00edn nad 50 stup\u0148ov.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cb0346 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3cb0346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"463\" height=\"609\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2748\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2.jpg 463w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2-228x300.jpg 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 2: <\/b> Po\u0161kodenie k\u00f4ry v d\u00f4sledku prehriatia. <br><b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Bark damage due to overheating. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.23). Ulmer Verlag    <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3de37d6 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3de37d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"379\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2755\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3.jpg 761w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3-300x149.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 3: <\/b> Po\u0161kodenie pop\u00e1len\u00edm sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 vystaven\u00edm extr\u00e9mnemu teplu.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Burn damage caused by exposure to extreme heat. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.247). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc0a41a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc0a41a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00edzka teplota &#8211; po\u0161kodenie \u010dast\u00ed rastl\u00edn mrazom (koniec jari a skor\u00e1 jese\u0148, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie po\u0161kodenie rastl\u00edn pln\u00fdch vody), omrzliny a mrazy. N\u00edzke teploty ved\u00fa k tvorbe \u013eadov\u00fdch kry\u0161t\u00e1likov v bunk\u00e1ch a medzibunkov\u00fdch priestoroch a n\u00e1sledkom toho doch\u00e1dza k roztrhnutiu buniek a dehydrat\u00e1cii protoplazmy. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1495d55 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1495d55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2759\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.jpg 917w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4-768x450.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 4:<\/b> Bronzov\u00e9 sfarbenie v zime, Buxus.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Bronze coloring in winter, Buxus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.50). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff2bc16 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ff2bc16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"606\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2763\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5.jpg 606w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 5:<\/b> Mrazov\u00e1 suchos\u0165.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Frost dryness. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.50). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e3a58e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e3a58e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>2. Nedostatok vlhkosti v p\u00f4de<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34cacb8 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"34cacb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"370\" height=\"437\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/6.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2767\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/6.jpg 370w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/6-254x300.jpg 254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 6:<\/b> Po\u0161kodenie v\u00e4dnut\u00edm v d\u00f4sledku nedostatku vody.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Wilting damage. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.193). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a809c1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a809c1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>3.Pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea vlhkosti v p\u00f4de<\/strong> &#8211; br\u00e1ni norm\u00e1lnej absorpcii kysl\u00edka cez korene, tak\u017ee rastliny odumieraj\u00fa. \u010casto doch\u00e1dza k hypertrofii kore\u0148ov\u00fdch lenticel, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno vidie\u0165 vo forme belav\u00fdch pupienkov na samotnom koreni. Vzh\u013ead lenticel umo\u017e\u0148uje \u013eah\u0161\u00ed prienik parazita do kore\u0148ov.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a21d293 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a21d293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2771\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7.jpg 761w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7-300x160.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 7:<\/b> Po\u0161kodenie k\u00f4ry sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 extr\u00e9mami po\u010dasia.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Bark damage caused by weather extremes. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.257). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b91bb89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b91bb89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>4.Nedostatok svetla<\/strong> \u2013 vedie k etiol\u00e1cii rastl\u00edn, teda k pred\u013a\u017een\u00e9mu rastu, \u010d\u00edm s\u00fa rastliny svetlej\u0161ie. Rastliny nie s\u00fa odoln\u00e9 a \u013eahko pod\u013eahn\u00fa r\u00f4znym infekci\u00e1m. Pr\u00edli\u0161 hust\u00fd syst\u00e9m v\u00fdsadby m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok nedostatok svetla, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje predl\u017eovanie rastl\u00edn.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>5.Pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea svetla<\/strong> &#8211; rastliny z\u00edskaj\u00fa vyblednut\u00fd vzh\u013ead a sp\u00e1lia sa.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-249bd55 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"249bd55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"447\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/8.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2775\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/8.jpg 447w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/8-300x277.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 8:<\/b> Rozsiahle \u017eltnutie po\u010das siln\u00e9ho slne\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Extensive yellowing throughout strong sunlight. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.56). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96e37ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96e37ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>6. nedostatok kysl\u00edka v p\u00f4de,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>7. Zne\u010disten\u00fd vzduch: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxid siri\u010dit\u00fd (SO2): vznik\u00e1 v tepeln\u00fdch elektr\u00e1r\u0148ach spa\u013eovan\u00edm uhlia, taven\u00edm meden\u00fdch, oloven\u00fdch, zinkov\u00fdch a niklov\u00fdch r\u00fad, pri vysok\u00fdch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch vznik\u00e1 chlor\u00f3za,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fluorovod\u00edk (HF) a fluorid kremi\u010dit\u00fd (SiF4): vznikaj\u00fa v hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch hut\u00e1ch, pri v\u00fdrobe fosfore\u010dn\u00fdch hnoj\u00edv, spracovan\u00ed \u017eeleza a v\u00fdrobe ocele. Vysok\u00e1 koncentr\u00e1cia: perif\u00e9rna nekr\u00f3za a chlor\u00f3za listov a \u0161tet\u00edn  <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxidy dus\u00edka (NO2, NO3): vznikaj\u00fa v spa\u013eovac\u00edch motoroch, pri rafin\u00e1cii ropy, spa\u013eovan\u00ed zemn\u00e9ho plynu a vykurovacieho oleja. Nekrotick\u00e9 \u0161kvrny vznikaj\u00fa na mlad\u00fdch ihli\u010dnanoch pri zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94eab2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94eab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>8.Pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea soli v p\u00f4de <\/strong> &#8211; probl\u00e9m pr\u00edtomn\u00fd v mestsk\u00fdch oblastiach, cesty s\u00fa posypan\u00e9 so\u013eami (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2). Pod\u013ea citlivosti na so\u013en\u00fd efekt sa lesn\u00e9 druhy delia do 4 skup\u00edn: 1. ve\u013emi citliv\u00e9 (smrek, duglaska, paga\u0161tan konsk\u00fd) 2. citliv\u00e9 (javor, buk, \u010dere\u0161\u0148a, lipa) 3. mierne citliv\u00e9 (breza, jel\u0161a , jase\u0148, brest, borovice, ak\u00e1cia) 4. necitliv\u00e9 (tis, dub, topo\u013e biely, platan, v\u0155ba).     <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nadmern\u00e9 mno\u017estvo soli na posypanie v p\u00f4de sa vyplavuje do hlb\u0161\u00edch vrstiev a ovplyv\u0148uje reverzn\u00fa osm\u00f3zu (voda z rastliny prech\u00e1dza cez kore\u0148ov\u00e9 vl\u00e1so\u010dnice do p\u00f4dy, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje probl\u00e9my s vodou a trval\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie stromov v podobe slab\u0161ieho rastu listov, vysychania listov a cel\u00e9ho stromu.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-534076f elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"534076f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"447\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2779\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/9.jpg 447w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/9-300x279.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 9:<\/b> Zmena farby listov v d\u00f4sledku otravy chloridmi.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to chloride poisoning. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.29). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09fc23a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09fc23a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>9.Vysok\u00e1 koncentr\u00e1cia \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch kovov v p\u00f4de <\/strong> (rastliny, ktor\u00e9 rast\u00fa na p\u00f4de kontaminovanej \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdmi kovmi, zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 rastu v d\u00f4sledku zmien fyziologick\u00fdch a biochemick\u00fdch procesov. To zni\u017euje ro\u010dn\u00fa \u00farodu listovej hmoty na stromoch, \u010do vedie k postupn\u00e9 odumieranie stromov a zmeny v ekosyst\u00e9me).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>10.Nedostatok \u017eiv\u00edn v p\u00f4de <\/strong> \u2013 makronutrienty \u2013 dus\u00edk (N), fosfor (P), drasl\u00edk (K), v\u00e1pnik (Ca), hor\u010d\u00edk (Mg) a s\u00edra (S). Mikro\u017eiviny \u2013 \u017eelezo (Fe), me\u010f (Cu), zinok (Zn), mang\u00e1n (Mn), b\u00f3r (B), molybd\u00e9n (Mo) a chl\u00f3r (Cl). Nedostatok t\u00fdchto prvkov vedie k objaveniu sa ne\u0161pecifick\u00fdch sympt\u00f3mov, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno zameni\u0165 za sympt\u00f3my sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 hubami. Nedostatok dus\u00edka vedie k chlorotick\u00e9mu vzh\u013eadu rastl\u00edn, spomaleniu rastu, padaniu listov, zatia\u013e \u010do nadbytok dus\u00edka vedie k bujn\u00e9mu rastu, tmavozelenej farbe rastl\u00edn, predl\u017euje vegeta\u010dn\u00e9 obdobie, vytv\u00e1ra ten\u0161iu epidermu listov, \u010do ovplyv\u0148uje silnej\u0161\u00ed rozvoj p\u00f4vodcu ochorenia. N\u00e1prava sa vykon\u00e1va hnojen\u00edm po pedologickom rozbore p\u00f4dy na \u017eiviny. Nedostatok fosforu sa prejavuje \u010dervenkastou alebo fialovou farbou listov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa men\u0161ie a stoja vzpriamene. V\u00fdvoj kore\u0148ov je slab\u0161\u00ed a rastliny nadob\u00fadaj\u00fa strnul\u00fd, strnul\u00fd vzh\u013ead. Nadbytok fosforu je v pr\u00edrode ve\u013emi zriedkav\u00fd, no ak sa vyskytne, sp\u00f4sobuje fytotoxicitu. Nedostatok drasl\u00edka sa prejavuje chlor\u00f3zou a nekr\u00f3zou okrajov listov, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00f4\u017eu roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 na cel\u00fa rastlinu. Listy nadob\u00fadaj\u00fa \u010dervenkast\u00fa farbu, hor\u0161ie sa tvoria p\u00fa\u010diky, opad\u00e1vaj\u00fa kvety a je slab\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kore\u0148ov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Nadbytok drasl\u00edka je v pr\u00edrode ve\u013emi zriedkav\u00fd, no je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee jeho dobr\u00fd pr\u00edsun zvy\u0161uje odolnos\u0165 rastl\u00edn. Nedostatok v\u00e1pnika sa prejavuje chlor\u00f3zou a odumieran\u00edm merist\u00e9mov, niekedy aj cel\u00fdch rastl\u00edn. Nedostatok \u017eeleza sa prejavuje ako chlor\u00f3za, vyskytuje sa najm\u00e4 na z\u00e1sadit\u00fdch p\u00f4dach a najsk\u00f4r na najmlad\u0161\u00edch listoch. Nedostatok zinku sa prejavuje chlor\u00f3zou a nekr\u00f3zou s opadan\u00edm listov (defoli\u00e1ciou) a tvorbou mal\u00fdch listov. Nedostatok b\u00f3ru sa prejavuje su\u0161en\u00edm vetvi\u010diek a vytv\u00e1ran\u00edm \u201e\u010darodejn\u00edckej metly\u201c.              <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17f8881 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"17f8881\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"527\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2783\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.jpg 761w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 10:<\/b> Zmena farby listov v d\u00f4sledku nedostatku \u017eeleza a mang\u00e1nu.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to iron manganese deficiency. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.179). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-221515e elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"221515e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"753\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2787\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11.jpg 753w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11-300x182.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 753px) 100vw, 753px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 11:<\/b> Zmena farby listov v d\u00f4sledku nedostatku \u017eeleza a mang\u00e1nu, rododendron.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to iron manganese deficiency, Rhododendron. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.179). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77ae36 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e77ae36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"438\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/12.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2791\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/12.jpg 438w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/12-273x300.jpg 273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 12:<\/b> Zmena farby listov v d\u00f4sledku nedostatku hor\u010d\u00edka.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to magnesium deficiency. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.82). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4775799 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4775799\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"366\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2795\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13.jpg 366w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13-246x300.jpg 246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 13:<\/b> \u017dltnutie ihly v d\u00f4sledku nedostatku \u017eeleza a mang\u00e1nu. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Needle yellowing due to iron-Manganese deficiency. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.135). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f81b3b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f81b3b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>11.Mechanick\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie<\/strong> \u2013 vetrom, snehom, \u013eadom, krupobit\u00edm, bleskom a strojmi. Vietor: mechanick\u00fd (v\u00fdbuchy, vetrolamy a oh\u00fdbanie stromov) a su\u0161enie (zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 vyparovanie vody). Sneh: l\u00e1manie snehu a oh\u00fdbanie snehu. Sne\u017eenie je be\u017en\u00e9 na jed\u013each v miestach n\u00e1dorov (sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch hubou M. caryopyllacearum ). V prirodzen\u00fdch biotopoch jedle a smreka sp\u00f4sobuje huba H. annossum hnitie kore\u0148ov stromov, ktor\u00e9 sa \u013eahko klad\u00fa. Sneh priamo ovplyv\u0148uje v\u00fdskyt patog\u00e9nnych h\u00fab, ktor\u00e9 sa vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa na zasne\u017een\u00fdch oblastiach Phacidium infestans (\u201esnehov\u00e1 huba\u201c). Herpotrichia nigra (p\u00f4vodca \u010diernych pavu\u010d\u00edn v ihli\u010dnanoch &#8211; mlad\u00fd smrek, borovica horsk\u00e1 a borovica).   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc1210 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9bc1210\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"368\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/14.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2799\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/14.jpg 368w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/14-236x300.jpg 236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 14:<\/b> Po\u0161kodenie k\u00f4ry sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 mechanick\u00fdm po\u0161koden\u00edm.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Bark damage caused by mechanical damage. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.257). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fb925d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fb925d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>12. Zmena podnebia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>13.Kysl\u00e9 da\u017ede<\/strong> \u2013 vznikaj\u00fa reakciou SO2 a NO2 s vodou, \u010do vedie k tvorbe kyseliny s\u00edrovej (H2SO4) a dusi\u010dnej (HNO3), kyslos\u0165 da\u017e\u010fa je pH 5,3; kysl\u00e9 zr\u00e1\u017eky pri da\u017edi: pH\u22642,5, d\u00f4sledky: zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm pH p\u00f4dy sa zvy\u0161uje koncentr\u00e1cia hlin\u00edka, odumieranie jemn\u00fdch kore\u0148ov a mykor\u00edzy. Pr\u00edznaky ochorenia sa prejavuj\u00fa ako nekr\u00f3za lenticel a listov, vyblednutie medzi\u017eilov\u00e9ho priestoru na listoch v d\u00f4sledku rozpadu chloroplastov. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d32dc34 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d32dc34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"691\" height=\"313\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/15.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2803\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/15.jpg 691w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/15-300x136.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 15:<\/b> Kysl\u00fd d\u00e1\u017e\u010f.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/arboriculture.wordpress.com\/2016\/01\/05\/effect-acid-rain-tree-populations\/\">Arboriculture blog (2016) Vplyv kysl\u00e9ho da\u017e\u010fa na stromov\u00e9 popul\u00e1cie.<\/a> (Dostupn\u00e9 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c300dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c300dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>14.Fytotoxicita<\/strong> &#8211; poranenia s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 nedostato\u010dnou aplik\u00e1ciou prostriedkov na ochranu rastl\u00edn, \u010do sa prejavuje v podobe r\u00f4znych poranen\u00ed a pop\u00e1len\u00edn.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abiotick\u00e9 faktory ved\u00fa k zn\u00ed\u017eeniu vitality stromov, ktor\u00e9 sa potom st\u00e1vaj\u00fa citliv\u00fdmi na biotick\u00e9 \u010dinitele.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d854c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"47d854c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"370\" height=\"551\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/16.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2811\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/16.jpg 370w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/16-201x300.jpg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 16:<\/b> Odumieranie kon\u00e1rov na \u017eiv\u00fdch plotoch z t\u0155stia cez abiotick\u00e9 pr\u00ed\u010diny.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Branch dieback on firethorn hedges through abiotic causes. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.175). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17724d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17724d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.2. Biotick\u00e9 poruchy<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc78b6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc78b6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biotick\u00e9 poruchy sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne \u017eiv\u00e9 organizmy, ktor\u00e9 \u017eij\u00fa v ur\u010dit\u00fdch podmienkach na rastlin\u00e1ch. Do tejto skupiny patria: huby, bakt\u00e9rie, v\u00edrusy a poloparazity. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parazitizmus a parazity s\u00fa heterotrofn\u00e9 organizmy (\u017eivia sa na \u00fakor in\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch bytost\u00ed) a s\u00fa patog\u00e9nne organizmy (infikuj\u00fa in\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti). Aby parazit dosiahol infekciu, mus\u00ed existova\u0165 kompatibilita medzi n\u00edm a hostite\u013eom. Na rastlin\u00e1ch parazituj\u00fa huby, bakt\u00e9rie, riasy a li\u0161ajn\u00edky.  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>HUBY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vegetat\u00edvne telo h\u00fab &#8211; st\u00e9lka alebo myc\u00e9lium zlo\u017een\u00e9 zo sie\u0165ovan\u00fdch jednobunkov\u00fdch a mnohobunkov\u00fdch h\u00fdf<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rozmno\u017eovanie &#8211; pohlavn\u00e9 alebo nepohlavn\u00e9 (sp\u00f3ry vznikaj\u00fa ako produkt oboch rozmno\u017eovan\u00ed)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nepohlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdtrusy (naj\u010dastej\u0161ie na opor\u00e1ch &#8211; kon\u00eddiofory alebo pykn\u00eddie alebo acervuly v plodniciach)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pohlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdtrusy (vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa sa v mal\u00fdch plodniciach, naj\u010dastej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou chor\u00f4b stromov s\u00fa tieto rody h\u00fab:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vegetat\u00edvne telo h\u00fab &#8211; st\u00e9lka alebo myc\u00e9lium zlo\u017een\u00e9 zo sie\u0165ovan\u00fdch jednobunkov\u00fdch a mnohobunkov\u00fdch h\u00fdf<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rozmno\u017eovanie &#8211; pohlavn\u00e9 alebo nepohlavn\u00e9 (sp\u00f3ry vznikaj\u00fa ako produkt oboch rozmno\u017eovan\u00ed)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nepohlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdtrusy (naj\u010dastej\u0161ie na opor\u00e1ch &#8211; kon\u00eddiofory alebo pykn\u00eddie alebo acervuly v plodniciach)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pohlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdtrusy (vytvoren\u00e9 v mal\u00fdch plodniciach kleistot\u00e9ci\u00ed, perit\u00e9ci\u00ed a apot\u00e9ci\u00ed) alebo vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch plodniciach (hr\u00edb po\u013en\u00fd, karpofory).<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f47fe6 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f47fe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-SK-742x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2815\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-SK-742x1024.jpg 742w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-SK-218x300.jpg 218w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-SK-768x1059.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-SK-1114x1536.jpg 1114w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-SK-1485x2048.jpg 1485w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-SK.jpg 1738w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 17:<\/b> Sp\u00f3ry sp\u00f4sobuj\u00face ochorenie I.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Disease causing spores I. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.271). Ulmer Verlag  <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bddb4d8 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bddb4d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"762\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-SK-762x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2819\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-SK-762x1024.jpg 762w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-SK-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-SK-768x1032.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-SK-1143x1536.jpg 1143w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-SK-1524x2048.jpg 1524w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-SK.jpg 1750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 762px) 100vw, 762px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 18:<\/b> Sp\u00f3ry sp\u00f4sobuj\u00face ochorenie II.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Disease causing spores II. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.272). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-766d688 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"766d688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-SK-723x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2823\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-SK-723x1024.jpg 723w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-SK-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-SK-768x1087.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-SK-1085x1536.jpg 1085w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-SK-1447x2048.jpg 1447w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-SK.jpg 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 19:<\/b> Sp\u00f3ry sp\u00f4sobuj\u00face ochorenie III.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Disease causing spores III. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.273). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f387487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f387487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>BAKT\u00c9RIE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Choroby sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 bakt\u00e9riami sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa bakteri\u00f3zy. Dnes je zn\u00e1mych viac ako 300 druhov a odr\u00f4d fytopatog\u00e9nnych bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed. Bakt\u00e9rie parazituj\u00fa na viac ako tis\u00edcke rastlinn\u00fdch druhov. Prvou objavenou bakt\u00e9riou je Erwinia amylovora , ktor\u00e1 sp\u00f4sobuje ve\u013ek\u00e9 \u0161kody na ovocn\u00fdch stromoch. M\u00e1 ty\u010dinkov\u00fd tvar, s mihalnicami alebo bez nich, \u010do mu umo\u017e\u0148uje pohybova\u0165 sa vo vode. Rozmno\u017euj\u00fa sa vegetat\u00edvne, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie delen\u00edm, zriedkavo pu\u010dan\u00edm, s\u00fa aer\u00f3bne, asporog\u00e9nne a naz\u00fdvame ich fakultat\u00edvne parazity. Do rastl\u00edn prenikaj\u00fa cez prirodzen\u00e9 otvory, prieduchy, lenticely, hydat\u00f3dy alebo cez poranenia sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 krupobit\u00edm, vetrom, snehom alebo biotick\u00fdmi faktormi (hmyz, h\u00e1\u010fatk\u00e1, \u010dlovek). Optim\u00e1lne podmienky pre v\u00fdvoj bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed s\u00fa pH 6,2 &#8211; 6,8, teplota 25 &#8211; 30\u1d52C. Najlep\u0161ie sa vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa v podmienkach zv\u00fd\u0161enej vlhkosti a bez kvapky vody nie je takmer \u017eiadna infekcia. Bakt\u00e9rie vplyvom priameho slne\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia str\u00e1caj\u00fa svoju vitalitu. Podzemn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny alebo tkaniv\u00e1 vo vn\u00fatri hostite\u013ea s\u00fa parazitovan\u00e9 bakt\u00e9riami z bielych kol\u00f3ni\u00ed.          <\/p>\n<p>Naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edmi pren\u00e1\u0161a\u010dmi bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed s\u00fa: \u013eudia, hmyz, \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161ne organizmy, voda, pr\u00fady<\/p>\n<p>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie rody fytopatog\u00e9nnych bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed s\u00fa: <i>Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas a Streptomyces. <\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6bbb5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6bbb5d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef773a9 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ef773a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"481\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2827\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 20:<\/b> Agrobacterium. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agrobacterium\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Agrobacterium.<\/a><br> (Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7280f66 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7280f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2832\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21.jpg 1138w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 21:<\/b> Erwinia. <br> <b>Zdroj: <\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Erwinia\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Erwinia. <\/a> <br>(Vstupn\u00e9 on 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d57b777 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d57b777\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-660x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2836\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-660x1024.jpg 660w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-768x1191.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 22:<\/b> Pseudomonas. <br> <b>Zdroj: <\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudomonas_syringae\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Pseudomonas. <\/a><br> (Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-237f770 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"237f770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2840\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23.jpg 1138w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 23:<\/b> Xsanthomonas. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/enhttps:\/\/arboriculture.wordpress.com\/2016\/01\/05\/effect-acid-rain-tree-populations\/.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xanthomonadales#\/media\/File:Xanthomonas_leaf_spot.png\"> Arboriculture blog (2016) Xanthomonas.<\/a> <br> (Vstupn\u00e9 on 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3d16c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3d16c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakt\u00e9rie sa \u0161\u00edria intracelul\u00e1rne a degraduj\u00fa centr\u00e1lne lamely. Objavuj\u00fa sa na povrchu rastl\u00edn vo forme bakteri\u00e1lneho exsud\u00e1tu (kvapky alebo hlien). Pr\u00edznaky bakteri\u00f3zy:  <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mokr\u00e1 hniloba &#8211; vznik\u00e1 na tkaniv\u00e1ch bohat\u00fdch na vodu a \u017eiviny ( <i>Erwinia <\/i> )<\/li>\n<li>\u0160kvrny a nekr\u00f3za &#8211; ide o naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00ed typ sympt\u00f3mu pri bakteri\u00f3ze, \u0161kvrny s\u00fa spo\u010diatku vodnat\u00e9 a prieh\u013eadn\u00e9, nesk\u00f4r hnedn\u00fa a prasknut\u00edm odumret\u00e9ho tkaniva dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa vzh\u013ead chrasty s hned\u00fdm okrajom ( <i>Xanthomonas , Pseudomonas <\/i> )<\/li>\n<li>P\u00e1lenie &#8211; napadnut\u00e9 org\u00e1ny alebo ich \u010das\u0165 zhnedn\u00fa alebo s\u010dernej\u00fa a vyschn\u00fa (<i>Erwinia<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>V\u00e4dnutie &#8211; v\u00e4dnutie jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed alebo cel\u00fdch rastl\u00edn (<i>Erwinia, Pseudomonas<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f4zne v\u00fdrastky a n\u00e1dory &#8211; vplyvom bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed doch\u00e1dza k hypertrofii a hyperpl\u00e1zii, \u010doho v\u00fdsledkom s\u00fa v\u00fdrastky, opuchy a n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 v\u00fdrastky ( <i>Agrobacterium <\/i> ).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08905fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08905fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>V\u00cdRUSY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa v\u00edrusov\u00e9 infekcie a veda, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom v\u00edrusov, sa naz\u00fdva virol\u00f3gia. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vlastnosti v\u00edrusu: <\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">oblig\u00e1tne parazity<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Submikroskopick\u00e9 ve\u013ekosti &#8211; prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa cez bakteri\u00e1lny filter<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mno\u017ei\u0165 v \u017eivej bunke pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho hostite\u013ea<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nemaj\u00fa vlastn\u00fd enz\u00fdmov\u00fd syst\u00e9m ani metabolizmus<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00fa odoln\u00e9 vo\u010di antibiotik\u00e1m<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2b7006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2b7006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00edrus sa do rastliny dostane cez zranenia, teda rany. Rastliny s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie syst\u00e9movo infikovan\u00e9, \u010do sa prejavuje ako chlor\u00f3za. V\u00edrusy sa m\u00f4\u017eu pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 a \u0161\u00edri\u0165 mechanicky \u2013 miazgou z chorej rastliny na zdrav\u00fa rastlinu, o\u010dkovanie, odrezky, v\u00fdhonky, vegetat\u00edvne org\u00e1ny, hmyz, h\u00e1\u010fatk\u00e1, huby, parazitick\u00e9 kvitn\u00face rastliny ( <i>Cuscuta <\/i> sp.), semen\u00e1 a p\u00f4du. Ochrann\u00e9 opatrenia s\u00fa ni\u010denie ohniska infekcie, ni\u010denie nosi\u010dov v\u00edrusov (vektorov, napr. <i>vo\u0161ky <\/i> , molice), pestovanie odoln\u00fdch odr\u00f4d a hybridov, terapia chor\u00fdch rastl\u00edn &#8211; termoterapia, merist\u00e9mov\u00e1 kult\u00fara a ni\u010denie burinn\u00fdch rastl\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 infikovan\u00e9 v\u00edrusmi, a ktor\u00e9 infikuj\u00fa kult\u00farne rastliny, preto je potrebn\u00e9 priestorovo izolova\u0165 kult\u00fary, ktor\u00e9 nap\u00e1daj\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 typy v\u00edrusov.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a3e5e4 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6a3e5e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"404\" height=\"481\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Picture-24.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2844\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Picture-24.png 404w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Picture-24-252x300.png 252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 24:<\/b> \u017dlt\u00e9 \u0161pinenie v d\u00f4sledku v\u00edrusovej infekcie. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Yellow spotting due to viral infection. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.120). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-044f64a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"044f64a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>P\u00d4DNE PATOG\u00c9NY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Niektor\u00e9 ekonomicky d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 choroby rastl\u00edn s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 patog\u00e9nmi pr\u00edtomn\u00fdmi v p\u00f4de. Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto organizmov si vyvinuli \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary pre\u017eitia, ako s\u00fa stvrdnut\u00e9 myc\u00e9li\u00e1 (sklerotia) alebo hrubostenn\u00e9 sp\u00f3ry (chlamydosp\u00f3ry alebo oosp\u00f3ry). Tieto \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary im pom\u00e1haj\u00fa pre\u017ei\u0165 v drsn\u00fdch p\u00f4dnych podmienkach. In\u00ed zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa ako saprofyti a zar\u00e1baj\u00fa si na \u017eivobytie rozkladom odumret\u00fdch rastlinn\u00fdch tkan\u00edv. Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto takzvan\u00fdch p\u00f4dnych patog\u00e9nov pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00fa v p\u00f4de po dlh\u00fa dobu, od jedn\u00e9ho vegeta\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia k druh\u00e9mu, aj ke\u010f podmienky prostredia nepodporuj\u00fa rozvoj chor\u00f4b. Ke\u010f sa objavia optim\u00e1lne podmienky (spr\u00e1vna vlhkos\u0165, teplota a pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 hostite\u013eskej rastliny), tieto \u0161trukt\u00fary patog\u00e9nov v p\u00f4de \u010dasto sl\u00fa\u017eia ako zdroj inokula pre rozvoj choroby. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie hubov\u00e9 patog\u00e9ny v p\u00f4de: <i>Fusarium, Macrophomina, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Verticillium. <\/i>      <\/p>\n<p>Druhy Fusarium sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa hnilobu kore\u0148ov, v\u00e4dnutie a \u017eltnutie mnoh\u00fdch mlad\u00fdch rastl\u00edn v \u0161k\u00f4lke.<\/p>\n<p><i>Macrophomina phaeseolina<\/i> je p\u00f4vodcom choroby hniloby dreven\u00e9ho uhlia. T\u00e1to huba m\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum hostite\u013eov, viac ako 500 druhov. Sp\u00f4sobuje cel\u00fd rad sympt\u00f3mov vr\u00e1tane hniloby saden\u00edc, hniloby a v\u00e4dnutia kore\u0148ov a stoniek. Hor\u00face po\u010dasie podporuje rozvoj chor\u00f4b.   <\/p>\n<p>Rod Phytophthora zah\u0155\u0148a nieko\u013eko ekonomicky d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch rastlinn\u00fdch patog\u00e9nov, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa plese\u0148, rakovinu a hnilobu na r\u00f4znych rastlinn\u00fdch druhoch. Rastliny v \u0161k\u00f4lkach ochorej\u00fa. <\/p>\n<p><i>Pythium <\/i> ako jeho pr\u00edbuzn\u00ed, <i>Phytophthora spp.<\/i> , s\u00fa organizmy miluj\u00face vodu. Zni\u010d\u00ed sadenice v \u0161k\u00f4lke. Sympt\u00f3my zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa zakrpatenie, v\u00e4dnutie (odumieranie) a l\u00e9zie koruny. \u010casto nie s\u00fa \u017eiadne jemn\u00e9 korene, zatia\u013e \u010do hlavn\u00e9 korene s\u00fa hned\u00e9 alebo \u010dierne.   <\/p>\n<p><i>Rhizoctonia solan<\/i> i je be\u017en\u00fd patog\u00e9n v p\u00f4de, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobuje premokrenie, hnitie kore\u0148ov a stoniek r\u00f4znych druhov rastl\u00edn.<\/p>\n<p><i>Sclerotinia <\/i> s\u00fa p\u00f4vodcami hniloby stoniek a m\u00e4kkej hniloby mnoh\u00fdch okrasn\u00fdch druhov.<\/p>\n<p><i>Sclerotium <\/i> sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa hnilobu kore\u0148ov, rakovinu stonky, hnilobu kore\u0148ov, hnilobu koruny na r\u00f4znych rastlin\u00e1ch vr\u00e1tane zeleniny, strukov\u00edn a obiln\u00edn. Choroby sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 t\u00fdmito hubami sa \u010dasto naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa v\u00e4dnutie. <\/p>\n<p><i>Verticillium dahliae <\/i> , p\u00f4vodca v\u00e4dnutia <i>Verticillium<\/i>, je skuto\u010dn\u00fd p\u00f4dny patog\u00e9n, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee pre\u017ei\u0165 v p\u00f4de a\u017e 15 rokov ako mikroskler\u00f3cia. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed druh <i>Verticillium <\/i> , <i>V. albo-atrum<\/i>, tie\u017e sp\u00f4sobuje v\u00e4dnutie, ale l\u00ed\u0161i sa od <i>V. dahliae <\/i> t\u00fdm, \u017ee nevytv\u00e1ra skler\u00f3ci\u00e1. Druhy Verticillium nap\u00e1daj\u00fa viac ako 200 druhov rastl\u00edn vr\u00e1tane zeleniny, kvetov, jah\u00f4d, ovocn\u00fdch stromov a lesn\u00fdch stromov.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf71343 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf71343\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-1024x568.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2851\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-1024x568.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-768x426.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25.jpg 1069w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 25:<\/b> Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Forsythia.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.91). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f20c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33f20c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.4. Exotick\u00e9 patog\u00e9ny<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f107ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f107ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>P\u00f4vodcovia chor\u00f4b a \u0161kodcovia z in\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch podmienok, karant\u00e9nne \u0161kodliv\u00e9 organizmy, ktor\u00e9 sa vyskytuj\u00fa v E\u00da: <i>Fusarium circinatum, Ceratocystis platani, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Trioza erytreae, Popillia japonica, Aromia bungii, Anoplophora chinensis . <\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i>Fusarium <\/i> je hubov\u00fd rastlinn\u00fd patog\u00e9n, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobuje rakovinu k\u00f4ry. <i>Fusarium <\/i> infikuje kon\u00e1re borovice a t\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobuje rakovinu k\u00f4ry. Naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edmi hostite\u013emi patog\u00e9nu s\u00fa <i>Pinus eliotti<\/i> , <i>Pinus tadea<\/i> , <i>Pinus radiata<\/i> a <i>Pinus patula<\/i> . <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88f7c0f elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88f7c0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2855\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 26:<\/b> Fusarium circinatum, Pinus.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fusarium_circinatum#\/media\/File:Pine_pitch_canker.jpg\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Fusarium circinatum. <\/a> <br>(Vstupn\u00e9 on 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da5423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4da5423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Ceratocystis platani<\/i> &#8211; huba sp\u00f4sobuj\u00faca ochorenie platanov rodu <i>Platanus <\/i> hlavne v Severnej Amerike a ju\u017enej Eur\u00f3pe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262022b elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"262022b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"248\" height=\"265\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2869\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 27:<\/b> Ceratocystis platani. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceratocystis_platani#\/media\/File:Ecorce_platane_chancr%C3%A9.jpg\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Ceratocystis platani. <\/a><br> (Vstupn\u00e9 on 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2e773 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da2e773\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilu s<\/i> &#8211; zn\u00e1my ako h\u00e1\u010fatko borovicov\u00e9 alebo h\u00e1\u010fatko v\u00e4dn\u00face (PWN), je druh h\u00e1\u010fatka, ktor\u00fd infikuje stromy rodu <i>Pinus <\/i> .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5decd43 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5decd43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/28.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2874\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/28.jpg 500w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/28-300x170.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 28:<\/b> Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/stetnici.sumins.hr\/SumskiStetnici\/borova_nematoda_%28bursaphelenchus_xylophilus%29\">StetniciHr (2017) Borova nematoda.<\/a><br> (Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1433ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1433ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Triosa erytreae<\/i> &#8211; africk\u00fd citrusov\u00fd strom. Polokr\u00eddla z \u010de\u013eade Triozidae, ktor\u00e1 saje \u0161\u0165avu. Je to v\u00fdznamn\u00fd citrusov\u00fd \u0161kodca, ktor\u00fd je jedn\u00fdm z iba dvoch zn\u00e1mych pren\u00e1\u0161a\u010dov v\u00e1\u017eneho ochorenia citrusov (choroba zelen\u00e1nia citrusov).  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b209f elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c3b209f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"303\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/29.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2878\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/29.jpg 303w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/29-300x263.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 29:<\/b> Trioza erytreae. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trioza_erytreae#\/media\/File:Trioza_erytreae_eggs_leaf.jpg\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Trioza erytreae. <\/a><br> (Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95bbd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e95bbd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i>Popilia japonica<\/i> &#8211; je zn\u00e1my \u0161kodca pribli\u017ene 300 druhov rastl\u00edn, vr\u00e1tane ru\u017eov\u00fdch kr\u00edkov, vini\u010da, chme\u013eu, konope, myrty, brezy, l\u00edp a in\u00fdch. Dospel\u00e9 vrt\u00e1ky japonsk\u00e9 po\u0161kodzuj\u00fa rastliny skeletovan\u00edm listov (t. j. konzumuj\u00fa len materi\u00e1l medzi \u017eilnatinou listu), ako aj k\u0155men\u00edm sa plodmi rastliny. Podzemn\u00e9 larvy sa \u017eivia kore\u0148mi tr\u00e1vy.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb4f2e4 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb4f2e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"302\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/30.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2882\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/30.jpg 302w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/30-300x266.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 30:<\/b> Popillia japonica. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_beetle#\/media\/File:Popillia_japonica.jpg\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Popillia japonica. <\/a><br> (Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37a74a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37a74a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Aromia bungii<\/i> \u2013 Larvy vyv\u0155tali diery do dreva a hrub\u0161ie kon\u00e1re, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje oslabenie stromu a stratu plodov. Hostite\u013emi s\u00fa <i>Prunus <\/i> sp. (najm\u00e4 brosky\u0148a a marhu\u013ea), <i>Prunus domestica, Prunus avium, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Bambusa textilis (Poaceae), Diospyros virginiana (Ebenaceae), Olea europea, Populus alba (Salicaceae), Pterocarya postenop\u00e9taetera (Jugland )<\/i> <i>&#8211; Lythraceae), Schima superba (Theaceae) &amp;nbsp;<\/i> &amp;nbsp;  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fce731 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8fce731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"381\" height=\"332\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/31.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2886\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/31.jpg 381w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/31-300x261.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 31:<\/b> Aromia bungii. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/stetnici.sumins.hr\/SumskiStetnici\/aromia_bungii\">StetniciHr (2017) Aromia bungii.<\/a> <br> (Vstupn\u00e9 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0ecf60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0ecf60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Anoplophora chinensis<\/i> &#8211; \u00e1zijsk\u00fd citrusov\u00fd dlhoroh\u00fd chrob\u00e1k patr\u00ed do skupiny polyf\u00e1gnych \u0161kodliv\u00fdch organizmov a pod\u013ea doteraz zn\u00e1mych \u00fadajov sa vyskytuje na druhoch z rodov: <i>Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus , Fagus, Ficus, Fraxinus, Malus, Morus, Platanus, Populus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Rosa, Salix a Ulmus.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d5dc43 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6d5dc43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/32.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2890\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/32.jpg 340w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/32-300x243.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 32:<\/b> Anoplophora chinensis. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/entomologytoday.org\/2023\/05\/23\/international-cooperation-invasive-insects-china-grey-literature-north-america-trees\/asian-longhorned-beetle-3\">Enthomology today (no date) Citrus longhorned beetle (Anopophora chinesis).<\/a><br>(Vstupn\u00e9 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8a0669 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8a0669\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Karant\u00e9nne \u0161kodliv\u00e9 organizmy, ktor\u00e9 sa v E\u00da nevyskytuj\u00fa, ale pravdepodobne sa vyskytn\u00fa: Rod <i> Acleris, Agrilus anxius, Agrilus planipennis, Aleurocanthus woglumi, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Aschistonyx eppoi, Bemisia tabaci, Dendrolimus sibiricus at\u010f. <\/i> <\/p>\n<p><strong>Zdroj:<\/strong> Priru\u010dnik za specijalizirane subjekte (bez d\u00e1tumu). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hapih.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Karantenski-stetni-organizmi-Europske-unije.pdf\"><i>Karantenski \u0161tetni organizmi Europske Unije. Centar za za\u0161titu bilja. <\/i><\/a> (Vstupn\u00e9 18.1.2024)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b353eb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b353eb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.5. Patologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b175552 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b175552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patog\u00e9ny sa m\u00f4\u017eu pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 a \u0161\u00edri\u0165 nasleduj\u00facimi sp\u00f4sobmi &#8211; infikovan\u00fdm rastlinn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, vetrom, vodou, p\u00f4dou, zvieratami, \u013eudsk\u00fdmi nosi\u010dmi.<\/p>\n<p>Patogen\u00e9za je p\u00f4vod a priebeh choroby.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Infekcia <\/strong> je prienik parazita do hostite\u013ea. Infek\u010dn\u00fd \u010das je pri jednotliv\u00fdch ochoreniach r\u00f4zne dlh\u00fd. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Inkub\u00e1cia <\/strong> \u2013 \u010das od n\u00e1kazy po objavenie sa prv\u00fdch pr\u00edznakov je r\u00f4zny a z\u00e1vis\u00ed od mno\u017estva faktorov, zvy\u010dajne trv\u00e1 od 7 do 14 dn\u00ed, pri niektor\u00fdch v\u00edrusoch 1 a\u017e 2 dni.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fruktifik\u00e1cia <\/strong> &#8211; \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek od nadviazania kontaktu medzi parazitom a hostite\u013esk\u00fdmi bunkami (infekcia) do objavenia sa reproduk\u010dn\u00fdch org\u00e1nov tohto parazita. V priemere trv\u00e1 o 1 a\u017e 2 dni dlh\u0161ie ako inkub\u00e1cia. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08cba63 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"08cba63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-SK-1024x769.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2894\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-SK-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-SK-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-SK-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-SK-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-SK-2048x1538.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 33:<\/b> \u017divotn\u00fd cyklus gramnegat\u00edvnej bakt\u00e9rie Xanthomonas campestris.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant_pathology#\/media\/File:Black_rot_lifecycle.tif\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Plant pathology Black root lifecycle.<\/a> <br>(Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52f9df0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52f9df0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>NUMERICK\u00dd PRAH INFEKCIE <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U niektor\u00fdch h\u00fab m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k infekcii, ak je pr\u00edtomn\u00e1 iba jedna sp\u00f3ra (ak je hostite\u013e vn\u00edmav\u00fd). V pr\u00edpade in\u00fdch h\u00fab a bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed nemo\u017eno infekciu dosiahnu\u0165 jednou sp\u00f3rou alebo bakt\u00e9riou, ale viacer\u00fdmi. V pr\u00edpade tolerantn\u00fdch kultivarov je na vznik infekcie potrebn\u00fd v\u00fdrazne vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det parazitov. Hustota sp\u00f3r a parazitov na hostite\u013eskej rastline je silou infekcie, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 minim\u00e1lna, optim\u00e1lna a maxim\u00e1lna. Minim\u00e1lna hustota sp\u00f3r sp\u00f4sobuj\u00facich chorobu , potrebn\u00e1 pre vznik choroby, sa naz\u00fdva NUMERICK\u00dd PRAH INFEKCIE. Aby do\u0161lo k infekcii, mus\u00ed existova\u0165 vhodn\u00e1 pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivos\u0165 alebo tropizmus medzi hostite\u013eom a parazitom. Sp\u00f3ra p\u00f4vodcu nem\u00f4\u017ee spadn\u00fa\u0165 na \u017eiadnu rastlinu a sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 v\u00fdskyt choroby. Agresivita je schopnos\u0165 parazita napadn\u00fa\u0165 rastlinu, vykona\u0165 infekciu, k\u0155mi\u0165 sa a rozmno\u017eova\u0165 sa z rastlinnej bunky. Patogenita je schopnos\u0165 parazita sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ochorenie hostite\u013ea.        <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>PRINC\u00cdPY ODOLNOSTI RASTL\u00cdN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u017div\u00e9 bytosti maj\u00fa prirodzen\u00fa odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di niektor\u00fdm chorob\u00e1m, ktor\u00e1 je podmienen\u00e1 geneticky. Z\u00edskan\u00e1 rezistencia nast\u00e1va po zotaven\u00ed a nie je dedi\u010dn\u00e1. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odpor m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pas\u00edvne <\/b> \u2013 <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">zah\u0155\u0148a morfologick\u00e9, histologick\u00e9, chemick\u00e9 a in\u00e9 vlastnosti a stavy hostite\u013ea, ktor\u00e9 zni\u017euj\u00fa pravdepodobnos\u0165 infekcie a \u0161\u00edrenia parazita.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Akt\u00edvna<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; schopnos\u0165 organizmu zastavi\u0165 alebo zlikvidova\u0165 parazita po infekcii s\u00faborom cytoplazmatick\u00fdch obrann\u00fdch reakci\u00ed. Aktivuje sa, ak faktory pas\u00edvneho odporu nesplnia svoju \u00falohu. Obrann\u00e9 reakcie akt\u00edvneho odporu m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165:  <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antiparazit\u00e1rne \u2013 smeruj\u00fa proti parazitovi, ich cie\u013eom je parazita oslabi\u0165 alebo zni\u010di\u0165.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antitoxick\u00e9 \u2013 s\u00fa zameran\u00e9 na viazanie alebo rozklad tox\u00ednu produkovan\u00e9ho parazitom.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyvolan\u00e9 obrann\u00e9 reakcie a preimunita \u2013 reakcia rastl\u00edn je namieren\u00e1 proti ich vlastnej citlivosti, nie proti parazitom.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ce5912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00e1ver<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeec8f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeec8f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na z\u00e1ver, tento komplexn\u00fd preh\u013ead rastlinnej patol\u00f3gie sa ponor\u00ed do mnohostrann\u00e9ho sveta rastlinn\u00e9ho stresu, por\u00fach a r\u00f4znych biotick\u00fdch a abiotick\u00fdch faktorov, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa zdravie a vitalitu rastl\u00edn. Stres, \u010di u\u017e poch\u00e1dza z jednotliv\u00fdch alebo kombinovan\u00fdch faktorov, m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l v\u00fdrazne ovplyvni\u0165 rast a v\u00fdvoj rastl\u00edn, preto je nevyhnutn\u00e9 tieto vplyvy pochopi\u0165 a zmierni\u0165. Oblas\u0165 patol\u00f3gie rastl\u00edn hr\u00e1 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri pochopen\u00ed a ochrane zdravia rastl\u00edn v r\u00f4znych z\u00e1hradn\u00edckych syst\u00e9moch. Nejde len o identifik\u00e1ciu chor\u00f4b, ale aj o pochopenie r\u00f4znych faktorov, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa zdravie rastl\u00edn, vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 aj vonkaj\u0161ie.   <\/p>\n<p>Abiotick\u00e9 poruchy, vr\u00e1tane extr\u00e9mnych tepl\u00f4t, \u00farovne vlhkosti, sveteln\u00fdch podmienok a p\u00f4dnych faktorov, s\u00fa zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovan\u00e9 ako hlavn\u00fd vinn\u00edk zdravotn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov rastl\u00edn. Tieto poruchy m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k sympt\u00f3mom, ako je v\u00e4dnutie, hniloba, zmena farby a mno\u017estvo \u010fal\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9mov, \u010do v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku zni\u017euje vitalitu stromov a rob\u00ed ich n\u00e1chyln\u00fdmi na biotick\u00e9 \u010dinitele. Na druhej strane biotick\u00e9 poruchy sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa preva\u017ene \u017eiv\u00e9 organizmy, ako s\u00fa huby, bakt\u00e9rie a v\u00edrusy. Tieto patog\u00e9ny sa m\u00f4\u017eu prejavova\u0165 r\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi, vr\u00e1tane vlhkej hniloby, \u0161kvrnitosti, p\u00e1lenia a v\u00e4dnutia, v z\u00e1vislosti od konkr\u00e9tneho typu zodpovedn\u00e9ho organizmu. Pochopenie charakterist\u00edk a spr\u00e1vania t\u00fdchto patog\u00e9nov je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre mana\u017ement ochorenia.     <\/p>\n<p>Pochopenie biodiverzity je v tomto kontexte k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9, preto\u017ee podporuje odolnos\u0165 popul\u00e1ci\u00ed rastl\u00edn a ekosyst\u00e9mov. Biodiverzita zabezpe\u010duje genetick\u00fa diverzitu, ktor\u00e1 zase pom\u00e1ha pri v\u00fdvoji robustn\u00fdch odr\u00f4d rastl\u00edn. Okrem toho komplexn\u00e1 sie\u0165 interakci\u00ed medzi druhmi, v r\u00e1mci druhov aj medzi nimi, pod\u010diarkuje vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa prepojenos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov. T\u00e1to zlo\u017eit\u00e1 tapis\u00e9ria \u017eivota, ovplyvnen\u00e1 pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi aj antropog\u00e9nnymi faktormi, zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje potrebu komplexn\u00e9ho pochopenia ekosyst\u00e9mov, v ktor\u00fdch sa rastlin\u00e1m dar\u00ed. Nakoniec je predstaven\u00fd koncept rezistencie rastl\u00edn, zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fac d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 pochopenia pas\u00edvnych aj akt\u00edvnych mechanizmov rezistencie v rastlin\u00e1ch. Tieto mechanizmy zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri zmier\u0148ovan\u00ed vplyvu patog\u00e9nov a chor\u00f4b a m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre strat\u00e9gie mana\u017ementu chor\u00f4b.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146df1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"146df1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b141df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b141df\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e1fd64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e1fd64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Hodnotenie stromu<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4665ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4665ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1. Kontrola stromu<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7b105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c7b105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pravideln\u00e1 kontrola stromov poskytuje pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 rozpozna\u0165 skor\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky choroby alebo napadnutia. In\u0161pekcie stromov pom\u00e1haj\u00fa zachova\u0165 estetick\u00fa pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivos\u0165 krajiny identifik\u00e1ciou a rie\u0161en\u00edm probl\u00e9mov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 vizu\u00e1lnu pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivos\u0165 stromov. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti s\u00fa pravideln\u00e9 kontroly stromov k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre zabezpe\u010denie pohody a dlhovekosti stromov, ako aj pre zachovanie kr\u00e1sy pr\u00edrodn\u00e9ho prostredia.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Met\u00f3dy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na kontrolu stromov a ur\u010denie pr\u00ed\u010diny po\u0161kodenia s\u00fa: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podrobn\u00e9 vizu\u00e1lne POS\u00daDENIE stromu a prostredia okolo stromu<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hodnotenie vitality <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">odber vzoriek a anal\u00fdza chor\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed napadnut\u00fdch \u0161kodcami alebo stresom<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414d891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"414d891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2. Anal\u00fdza<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f346a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f346a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f4kladnou kontrolou listov, k\u00f4ry, kon\u00e1rov a celkov\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00e9ho stavu stromu mo\u017eno pozorova\u0165 pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 rastov\u00e9 anom\u00e1lie, zmenu farby alebo v\u00fdskyt \u0161kodcov. Toto v\u010dasn\u00e9 odhalenie umo\u017e\u0148uje prija\u0165 r\u00fdchle opatrenia, ako je aplik\u00e1cia vhodn\u00fdch o\u0161etren\u00ed alebo odstr\u00e1nenie chor\u00e9ho stromu, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo \u0161\u00edreniu choroby alebo infekcie na in\u00e9 stromy v oblasti. Rozpoznanie pr\u00edznakov choroby alebo napadnutia pri pravidelnej kontrole stromov pom\u00e1ha udr\u017eiava\u0165 celkov\u00fd zdravotn\u00fd stav a vitalitu stromovej popul\u00e1cie a zabezpe\u010duje ich dlhovekos\u0165.   <\/p>\n<p>VTA alebo Visual Tree Assessment v arboristike je systematick\u00e1 met\u00f3da hodnotenia zdravia a \u0161truktur\u00e1lnej integrity stromov. VTA je d\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou starostlivosti o stromy a hodnotenia riz\u00edk a be\u017ene sa pou\u017e\u00edva v programoch mestsk\u00e9ho lesn\u00edctva a starostlivosti o stromy. <\/p>\n<p>Kroky na vykonanie VTA:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00edprava: <\/strong> Sk\u00f4r ako za\u010dnete, uistite sa, \u017ee m\u00e1te potrebn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a vybavenie, ako je \u010falekoh\u013ead, schr\u00e1nka, kontroln\u00fd zoznam alebo formul\u00e1r na dokument\u00e1ciu a osobn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky (ak s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Identifik\u00e1cia:<\/strong> Identifikujte druhy stromov, ktor\u00e9 hodnot\u00edte, preto\u017ee r\u00f4zne druhy m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 r\u00f4zne vlastnosti a po\u017eiadavky.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Celkov\u00e1 kontrola:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Koruna: Za\u010dnite sk\u00faman\u00edm koruny stromu. H\u013eadajte zn\u00e1mky odumret\u00fdch alebo klesaj\u00facich kon\u00e1rov, ch\u00fdbaj\u00face l\u00edstie a abnorm\u00e1lne rastov\u00e9 vzorce. <\/li>\n<li>Kme\u0148: Skontrolujte kme\u0148, \u010di neobsahuje rany, praskliny, rozklad alebo zn\u00e1mky napadnutia \u0161kodcami. Venujte pozornos\u0165 ak\u00fdmko\u013evek opuchom alebo abnormalit\u00e1m. <\/li>\n<li>Kore\u0148ov\u00e1 z\u00f3na: Ak je to mo\u017en\u00e9, pos\u00fa\u010fte kore\u0148ov\u00fa z\u00f3nu pre probl\u00e9my, ako s\u00fa op\u00e1sanie kore\u0148ov, zhutnenie p\u00f4dy alebo in\u00e9 stresov\u00e9 faktory, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 zdravie stromu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e47948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e47948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0160trukt\u00fara kon\u00e1rov:<\/strong> Pos\u00fa\u010fte kon\u00e1re na odumret\u00e9 alebo odumieraj\u00face kon\u010datiny, slab\u00e9 pripevnenie alebo kon\u010datiny s ve\u013ek\u00fdm za\u0165a\u017een\u00edm l\u00edstia alebo ovocia. H\u013eadajte kon\u00e1re, ktor\u00e9 sa kr\u00ed\u017eia alebo sa o seba tr\u00fa. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hodnotenie zdravia: <\/strong> Skontrolujte pr\u00edznaky choroby, ako s\u00fa rakovina, zmena farby listov alebo rast h\u00fab. H\u013eadajte zn\u00e1mky napadnutia hmyzom, vr\u00e1tane v\u00fdstupn\u00fdch otvorov, pil\u00edn alebo pr\u00edtomnosti \u0161kodcov. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pos\u00fadenie environment\u00e1lnych faktorov: <\/strong> Zv\u00e1\u017ete podmienky prostredia, ako je kvalita p\u00f4dy, \u00farove\u0148 vlhkosti a bl\u00edzkos\u0165 stromu k stavb\u00e1m, in\u017einierskym sie\u0165am a miestam s vysokou prem\u00e1vkou.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hodnotenie bezpe\u010dnosti a rizika : <\/strong> Vyhodno\u0165te potenci\u00e1lne nebezpe\u010denstv\u00e1 stromu, ako s\u00fa odumret\u00e9 kon\u00e1re, ktor\u00e9 by mohli spadn\u00fa\u0165, nakl\u00e1\u0148aj\u00face sa kmene alebo korene, ktor\u00e9 by mohli sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 nebezpe\u010denstvo zakopnutia. Ur\u010dite \u00farove\u0148 rizika stromu a pravdepodobnos\u0165 zlyhania, ber\u00fac do \u00favahy jeho umiestnenie a okolit\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Dokument\u00e1cia:<\/strong> Zaznamenajte svoje pozorovania do kontroln\u00e9ho zoznamu alebo formul\u00e1ra VTA, pri\u010dom si v\u0161imnite stav stromu, zdravotn\u00fd stav a v\u0161etky zisten\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Urobte fotografie alebo na\u010drtnite diagramy, aby ste poskytli vizu\u00e1lny z\u00e1znam o stave stromu. <\/p>\n<p>Na z\u00e1klade v\u00e1\u0161ho hodnotenia poskytnite odpor\u00fa\u010dania na potrebn\u00e9 kroky. Tieto m\u00f4\u017eu zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 prerez\u00e1vanie, odstra\u0148ovanie, kontrolu \u0161kodcov alebo in\u00e9 opatrenia na \u00fadr\u017ebu. Ak strom vy\u017eaduje priebe\u017en\u00e9 monitorovanie alebo mana\u017ement, napl\u00e1nujte n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 hodnotenia na sledovanie zmien v jeho stave.  <\/p>\n<p>Vizu\u00e1lne hodnotenie stromov je neinvaz\u00edvna met\u00f3da, ktor\u00e1 sa spolieha na odbornos\u0165 vy\u0161kolen\u00fdch odborn\u00edkov na vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu a hodnotenie stromov. Je to nevyhnutn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj na riadenie popul\u00e1ci\u00ed stromov v mestsk\u00fdch oblastiach, parkoch a in\u00fdch prostrediach, pom\u00e1ha zaisti\u0165 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a dlhovekos\u0165 stromov pri zachovan\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy s \u013eudskou infra\u0161trukt\u00farou a bezpe\u010dnos\u0165ou. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ceff61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ceff61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2.1. Anal\u00fdza p\u00f4dy<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a86eac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a86eac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anal\u00fdza p\u00f4dy je jedn\u00fdm z najlep\u0161\u00edch sp\u00f4sobov, ako zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby stromy zostali zdrav\u00e9. Testovanie p\u00f4dy v oblasti, kde s\u00fa vysaden\u00e9 stromy, m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 identifikova\u0165 potenci\u00e1lne hrozby pre ich zdravie. Testovan\u00edm vzoriek p\u00f4dy z okolia stromu je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 choroby a \u0161kodcov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v kore\u0148ovom syst\u00e9me. Podobne m\u00f4\u017ee testovanie p\u00f4dy indikova\u0165 kontamin\u00e1ciu v p\u00f4de, ako je odtok z chemik\u00e1li\u00ed alebo prebytok hnoj\u00edv. Oba m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 pre zdravie stromov a testovanie p\u00f4dy m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 majite\u013eom domov r\u00fdchlo kona\u0165, ke\u010f sa objavia pr\u00edznaky t\u00fdchto probl\u00e9mov. Anal\u00fdza p\u00f4dy sa m\u00f4\u017ee vykona\u0165 pred v\u00fdsadbou rastl\u00edn, aby sa skontrolovali dve veci \u2013 pH p\u00f4dy a \u017eiviny v p\u00f4de. Ak je pH p\u00f4dy pr\u00edli\u0161 n\u00edzke alebo pr\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e9, rastliny nie s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 prija\u0165 niektor\u00e9 \u017eiviny, ktor\u00e9 im p\u00f4da poskytuje. Najlep\u0161\u00ed \u010das na testovanie p\u00f4dy je p\u00e1r t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov pred pl\u00e1novan\u00edm v\u00fdsadby. Otestujte napr\u00edklad na za\u010diatku jesene, aby ste pochopili stav va\u0161ej p\u00f4dy pred koncom jesene alebo skoro na jar. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 testovan\u00e9 makro\u017eiviny s\u00fa v\u00e1pnik, hor\u010d\u00edk, dus\u00edk, fosfor, drasl\u00edk a s\u00edra.         <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e963194 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e963194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-SK-1024x686.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2898\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-SK-1024x686.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-SK-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-SK-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-SK-1536x1029.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-SK-2048x1372.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 34:<\/b> Ako odobra\u0165 vzorku p\u00f4dy.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/blue-fifty.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/infographic-soil.png\">Blue-fifty (2018) How to take a soil sample<\/a><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ec6ac8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ec6ac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2.2. Biologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667316a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"667316a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza stromov, \u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 ako biol\u00f3gia stromov alebo arboristika, je \u0161tudijn\u00fd odbor, ktor\u00fd sa zameriava na pochopenie r\u00f4znych biologick\u00fdch aspektov a procesov s\u00favisiacich so stromami. T\u00e1to discipl\u00edna zah\u0155\u0148a \u0161t\u00fadium anat\u00f3mie stromov, fyziol\u00f3gie, genetiky a ekol\u00f3gie. Tu s\u00fa niektor\u00e9 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 zlo\u017eky biologickej anal\u00fdzy stromov:  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anat\u00f3mia stromu: Tento aspekt biol\u00f3gie stromov zah\u0155\u0148a \u0161t\u00fadium vn\u00fatornej a vonkaj\u0161ej \u0161trukt\u00fary stromov. Zah\u0155\u0148a pochopenie r\u00f4znych \u010dast\u00ed stromu, ako s\u00fa korene, stonky, listy a kon\u00e1re, a ako funguj\u00fa. Arboristi a v\u00fdskumn\u00edci sk\u00famaj\u00fa letokruhy stromov, k\u00f4ru, drevo a \u010fal\u0161ie \u0161trukt\u00fary, aby sa dozvedeli o raste a hist\u00f3rii stromu.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fyziol\u00f3gia stromov: Fyziol\u00f3gia stromov sa zaober\u00e1 fungovan\u00edm stromov vr\u00e1tane procesov ako fotosynt\u00e9za, transpir\u00e1cia a pr\u00edjem \u017eiv\u00edn. Sk\u00fama, ako stromy absorbuj\u00fa a transportuj\u00fa vodu a \u017eiviny, vymie\u0148aj\u00fa si plyny s prostred\u00edm a reaguj\u00fa na faktory prostredia, ako je svetlo, teplota a vlhkos\u0165. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetika: Genetick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza stromov zah\u0155\u0148a \u0161t\u00fadium dedi\u010dn\u00fdch faktorov, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa vlastnosti stromov, rastov\u00e9 vzorce a odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di chorob\u00e1m. Toto je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 v kontexte \u0161\u013eachtite\u013esk\u00fdch programov na v\u00fdvoj odr\u00f4d stromov s po\u017eadovan\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ekol\u00f3gia: Pochopenie ekologickej \u00falohy stromov v ekosyst\u00e9moch je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou biol\u00f3gie stromov. Sk\u00fama, ako stromy interaguj\u00fa s in\u00fdmi organizmami, ich \u00falohu v kolobehu \u017eiv\u00edn, ich vplyv na mikrokl\u00edmu a ich vplyv na biodiverzitu. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lie\u010dba chor\u00f4b a \u0161kodcov: Biologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zah\u0155\u0148a aj \u0161t\u00fadium chor\u00f4b stromov a \u0161kodcov. To zah\u0155\u0148a identifik\u00e1ciu patog\u00e9nov a \u0161kodcov, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa stromy, pochopenie ich \u017eivotn\u00fdch cyklov a v\u00fdvoj strat\u00e9gi\u00ed na riadenie a zmier\u0148ovanie t\u00fdchto hrozieb. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160trukt\u00fara kore\u0148ov a interakcia p\u00f4dy: Korene stromov zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu pri ukotven\u00ed stromu, absorbovan\u00ed vody a \u017eiv\u00edn a interakcii s okolitou p\u00f4dou. Biol\u00f3gia stromov zah\u0155\u0148a \u0161t\u00fadium kore\u0148ov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov a ich interakcie s p\u00f4dnym prostred\u00edm. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vplyv na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie a zmena kl\u00edmy: Ke\u010f\u017ee stromy s\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdmi zlo\u017ekami ekosyst\u00e9mov a ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa miestne podnebie, biologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza sk\u00fama aj \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed vplyv stromov na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci sk\u00famaj\u00fa, ako m\u00f4\u017eu stromy zmierni\u0165 klimatick\u00e9 zmeny sekvestr\u00e1ciou oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho a ich citlivos\u0165ou na meniace sa klimatick\u00e9 podmienky. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza stromov je nevyhnutn\u00e1 pre spr\u00e1vnu starostlivos\u0165 o stromy, ich ochranu a mana\u017ement. Pom\u00e1ha arboristom, ekol\u00f3gom a v\u00fdskumn\u00edkom prij\u00edma\u0165 informovan\u00e9 rozhodnutia o v\u00fdsadbe, \u00fadr\u017ebe a ochrane stromov, najm\u00e4 v kontexte zachovania zelen\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch, mestsk\u00e9ho lesn\u00edctva a trvalo udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9ho obhospodarovania lesov. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vykon\u00e1vanie biologickej anal\u00fdzy stromu zah\u0155\u0148a systematick\u00e9 sk\u00famanie r\u00f4znych biologick\u00fdch aspektov a vlastnost\u00ed stromu:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyberte strom na anal\u00fdzu: Vyberte strom, ktor\u00fd chcete analyzova\u0165. Zv\u00e1\u017ete druh stromu, vek a umiestnenie, preto\u017ee tieto faktory m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 anal\u00fdzu. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zhroma\u017e\u010fujte relevantn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie: Zhroma\u017e\u010fujte inform\u00e1cie o strome, ako je jeho druh, vek, hist\u00f3ria a ak\u00e9ko\u013evek zn\u00e1me probl\u00e9my alebo obavy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola: Vykonajte d\u00f4kladn\u00fa vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu stromu, aby ste pos\u00fadili jeho celkov\u00fd zdravotn\u00fd stav a stav. H\u013eadajte pr\u00edznaky \u00fazkosti, ako s\u00fa odumret\u00e9 alebo po\u0161koden\u00e9 kon\u00e1re, sfarben\u00e9 alebo chor\u00e9 listy a nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9 rastov\u00e9 vzory. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anal\u00fdza anat\u00f3mie stromu: Presk\u00famajte anat\u00f3miu stromu vr\u00e1tane kore\u0148ov, kme\u0148a, kon\u00e1rov, listov a ak\u00fdchko\u013evek kvetov alebo ovocia. Skontrolujte ak\u00e9ko\u013evek vidite\u013en\u00e9 abnormality alebo \u0161truktur\u00e1lne probl\u00e9my. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Merania: Vykonajte merania r\u00f4znych charakterist\u00edk stromu, vr\u00e1tane v\u00fd\u0161ky stromu, priemeru kme\u0148a (priemer v prsnej v\u00fd\u0161ke alebo DBH) a \u0161\u00edrky koruny. Tieto merania m\u00f4\u017eu poskytn\u00fa\u0165 cenn\u00e9 \u00fadaje pre anal\u00fdzu. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kontrola k\u00f4ry a dreva: Skontrolujte k\u00f4ru a drevo stromu. H\u013eadajte zn\u00e1mky po\u0161kodenia, ako s\u00fa praskliny, praskliny alebo zmena farby. V\u0161imnite si ak\u00fako\u013evek pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 h\u00fab, li\u0161ajn\u00edkov alebo hmyzu na k\u00f4re.  <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anal\u00fdza listov a ihli\u010diek: Presk\u00famajte listy alebo ihly na farbu, ve\u013ekos\u0165, tvar a ak\u00e9ko\u013evek zn\u00e1mky po\u0161kodenia chorobami alebo \u0161kodcami. V pr\u00edpade potreby odoberte vzorky na \u010fal\u0161iu laborat\u00f3rnu anal\u00fdzu. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vy\u0161etrenie kore\u0148ov: Ak je to mo\u017en\u00e9, presk\u00famajte kore\u0148ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m stromu. H\u013eadajte zdravie kore\u0148ov, d\u00f4kazy o rozpade kore\u0148ov alebo probl\u00e9my, ako je op\u00e1sanie kore\u0148ov, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu strom obmedzova\u0165. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environment\u00e1lne hodnotenie: Zv\u00e1\u017ete okolie stromu vr\u00e1tane faktorov, ako je dostupn\u00e9 svetlo, kvalita vzduchu a pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 bl\u00edzkych \u0161trukt\u00far alebo potenci\u00e1lnych zdrojov stresu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hodnotenie chor\u00f4b a \u0161kodcov: Skontrolujte strom, \u010di na \u0148om nie s\u00fa pr\u00edznaky choroby, ako s\u00fa rakovina, v\u00e4dnutie alebo nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9 v\u00fdrastky. H\u013eadajte be\u017en\u00fdch \u0161kodcov stromov a \u0161kody, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kontrola inv\u00e1znych druhov: Zistite, \u010di strom nie je vystaven\u00fd riziku napadnutia inv\u00e1znymi \u0161kodcami alebo patog\u00e9nmi, ktor\u00e9 nemusia by\u0165 v danej oblasti p\u00f4vodn\u00e9.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetick\u00e9 hodnotenie: Ak vykon\u00e1vate genetick\u00fa anal\u00fdzu, odoberte vzorky na genetick\u00e9 testovanie alebo anal\u00fdzu, aby ste pochopili genetick\u00fa v\u00fdbavu a dedi\u010dstvo stromu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Klimatick\u00e9 a poveternostn\u00e9 podmienky: Zv\u00e1\u017ete vystavenie stromu klimatick\u00fdm podmienkam vr\u00e1tane teploty, zr\u00e1\u017eok a vetra, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 jeho zdravie.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zaznamen\u00e1vanie \u00fadajov: Zdokumentujte v\u0161etky zistenia a merania pomocou fotografi\u00ed, pozn\u00e1mok a n\u00e1\u010drtov. Usporiadajte inform\u00e1cie pre bud\u00face pou\u017eitie. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pl\u00e1n ochrany a starostlivosti: Na z\u00e1klade v\u00fdsledkov anal\u00fdzy vypracujte pl\u00e1n ochrany a starostlivosti o stromy. To m\u00f4\u017ee zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 prerez\u00e1vanie, hnojenie, ochranu proti chorob\u00e1m alebo \u0161kodcom alebo in\u00e9 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti na zlep\u0161enie zdravia a dlhovekosti stromu. Vykon\u00e1vanie biologickej anal\u00fdzy stromu si vy\u017eaduje starostliv\u00e9 pozorovanie a pochopenie biol\u00f3gie stromov, aby sa zabezpe\u010dila presn\u00e1 a d\u00f4kladn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza, najm\u00e4 v pr\u00edpade star\u0161\u00edch alebo v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch stromov.  <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f5baaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f5baaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2.3. Patologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b74662f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b74662f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ke\u010f sa choroba objav\u00ed, je potrebn\u00e9 odobra\u0165 rastlinn\u00fd materi\u00e1l a dodr\u017eiava\u0165 nasleduj\u00face pokyny:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vezmite vzorku reprezentuj\u00facu probl\u00e9m. Ak s\u00fa rastliny mal\u00e9, vezmite si ich nieko\u013eko, neberte m\u0155tve rastliny, ale tie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v procese odumierania. NEPRID\u00c1VAJTE do vzorky vlhkos\u0165. Vzorky musia by\u0165 \u010derstv\u00e9. Nezabudnite zahrn\u00fa\u0165 \u010do najviac rozpoznate\u013en\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1di\u00ed ochorenia, ak s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9. Vzorku NEVYSTAVUJTE teplu ani mrazu, nedrvte ju. Ak je potrebn\u00e9 analyzova\u0165 cel\u00fa rastlinu, vykopte ju zo zeme, aby sa zachoval kore\u0148. Kore\u0148ov\u00fd bal prikryte vrecom alebo igelitom, aby p\u00f4da zostala v kontakte s kore\u0148mi a nevysychali. Pred aplik\u00e1ciou pestic\u00eddu odoberte vzorku. Aplikovan\u00e9 pestic\u00eddy m\u00f4\u017eu s\u0165a\u017ei\u0165 presn\u00fa diagnostiku. Pri odbere vzoriek hmyzu sa hmyz s m\u00e4kk\u00fdm telom m\u00f4\u017ee umiestni\u0165 do izopropylalkoholu v liekovke. \u017div\u00fd hmyz by sa nemal bra\u0165 a m\u0155tvy hmyz by sa mal umiestni\u0165 do pevnej n\u00e1doby, aby sa nerozdrvil. Vezmite nieko\u013eko vzoriek. Rastlinn\u00e9 tkanivo vykazuj\u00face po\u0161kodenie hmyzom by sa malo vlo\u017ei\u0165 do plastov\u00e9ho vrecka. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 stromy, ktor\u00e9 umieraj\u00fa, vy\u017eaduj\u00fa v\u00fdber \u0161pecifick\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed na anal\u00fdzu. Fotografie cel\u00e9ho stromu alebo kr\u00edka m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 ve\u013emi u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9.                <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ODBER LISTOV: V\u00fdber listov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u010diasto\u010dne zelen\u00e9 a \u010diasto\u010dne symptomatick\u00e9, umo\u017e\u0148uje laborat\u00f3riu skontrolova\u0165 huby, bakt\u00e9rie a v\u00edrusy, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa sympt\u00f3my na listoch. Vzorky listov m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 testovan\u00e9 len na v\u00edrusy, bakt\u00e9rie, huby a po\u0161kodenie hmyzom. Sympt\u00f3my m\u00f4\u017eu nazna\u010dova\u0165, \u010do sa deje v koreni alebo ni\u017e\u0161ie v stonke. Na n\u00e1jdenie probl\u00e9mu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 potrebn\u00e1 cel\u00e1 rastlina.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VZORKY KME\u0147A A KONIEK: Skontrolujte stonku alebo kon\u00e1re, \u010di nemaj\u00fa rany (tmav\u00e9, roz\u0161tiepen\u00e9 alebo vpadnut\u00e9 oblasti). Odber vzoriek kon\u00e1rov, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa dlh\u0161ie ako 60 cm. Zo\u0161krabte pr\u00edznaky z kme\u0148a ve\u013ek\u00fdch stromov alebo si vezmite k\u00fasok k\u00f4ry, ak je to mo\u017en\u00e9. Patog\u00e9n bude najakt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed v demarka\u010dnej z\u00f3ne, kde sa m\u0155tve tkanivo stret\u00e1va so \u017eiv\u00fdm tkanivom. V\u0161etko vlo\u017ete do papierov\u00e9ho vrecka.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VZORKY KORE\u0147A A P\u00d4DY: Rastliny \u010dasto odumieraj\u00fa kv\u00f4li probl\u00e9mom s kore\u0148mi. Zbierajte jemn\u00e9 korene v bl\u00edzkosti odkvapk\u00e1vacej l\u00ednie stromu. Odoberte p\u00f4du z vrchu 20 cm, vlo\u017ete ju do plastov\u00e9ho vrecka a zahrabte korene do zozbieranej p\u00f4dy. Vzorky stonky a kon\u00e1rov: Vzorky vetiev mo\u017eno hodnoti\u0165 na po\u0161kodenie hmyzom, hubami a bakt\u00e9riami, len ak je pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 symptomatick\u00e9 tkanivo. Ak s\u00fa na vetve alebo v nej pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 sympt\u00f3my (ples\u0148ov\u00e9 telieska, rakovinov\u00e9 l\u00e9zie, cievne pruhy\/zmena farby), nie je potrebn\u00e9 odobera\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie \u010dasti, ak sa to pova\u017euje za prim\u00e1rny probl\u00e9m.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MET\u00d3DY ANAL\u00ddZY VZORKY<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mikroskopick\u00e9 vy\u0161etrenie \u2013 vy\u0161etren\u00edm symptomatick\u00e9ho tkaniva, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 akt\u00edvny rast, m\u00f4\u017ee patol\u00f3g ur\u010di\u0165, \u010di je probl\u00e9m bakteri\u00e1lny alebo ples\u0148ov\u00fd. Hubov\u00e9 patog\u00e9ny, ktor\u00e9 produkuj\u00fa sp\u00f3ry v alebo na symptomatickom tkanive, sa daj\u00fa identifikova\u0165 pomocou mikroskopu. Mikroskopick\u00e9 vy\u0161etrenie m\u00f4\u017ee uk\u00e1za\u0165 morfologick\u00e9 detaily, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa identifikova\u0165 patog\u00e9nny organizmus.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inkub\u00e1cia vo vlhkej komore \u2013 umiestnenie symptomatick\u00e9ho rastlinn\u00e9ho tkaniva do vlhkej komory na kr\u00e1tky \u010das podpor\u00ed rast v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00edtomn\u00fdch hubov\u00fdch patog\u00e9nov. Vzorka sa potom sk\u00fama pod mikroskopom. R\u00f4zne huby rast\u00fa r\u00f4znou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou, tak\u017ee v\u00fdsledky s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9 za 2-3 dni alebo m\u00f4\u017ee trva\u0165 t\u00fd\u017edne, k\u00fdm sa patog\u00e9n objav\u00ed a bude mo\u017en\u00e9 ho identifikova\u0165.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kultiv\u00e1cia umo\u017e\u0148uje izol\u00e1ciu a separ\u00e1ciu organizmov nach\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sa v rastlin\u00e1ch. P\u00f4vodca (bakt\u00e9ria alebo huba) sa izoluje z rastliny a pestuje sa na \u0161pecializovanom m\u00e9diu v Petriho misk\u00e1ch. Morfologick\u00e9 charakteristiky patog\u00e9nu v panve (farba, tvar, ve\u013ekos\u0165, sporul\u00e1cia tela at\u010f.) s\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre organizmus a pom\u00e1haj\u00fa pri jeho identifik\u00e1cii. Diagnostick\u00fd \u010das vzorky z\u00e1vis\u00ed od r\u00fdchlosti rastu pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho organizmu.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enz\u00fdmov\u00e1 imunoanal\u00fdza \u2013 dok\u00e1\u017ee odhali\u0165 prote\u00edny patriace ur\u010dit\u00fdm mikroorganizmom. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa v <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medic\u00edna, veterin\u00e1rna medic\u00edna a diagnostika chor\u00f4b rastl\u00edn u\u017e mnoho rokov. Je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na \u0161pecifick\u00fdch protil\u00e1tkach, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu rozpozna\u0165 prote\u00edny \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre patog\u00e9ny. Ide o citliv\u00fd test s vysokou \u00farov\u0148ou presnosti. M\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 diagnostikovan\u00e9 huby, bakt\u00e9rie a v\u00edrusy.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA fingerprinting \u2013 polymer\u00e1zov\u00e1 re\u0165azov\u00e1 reakcia (PCR) dok\u00e1\u017ee r\u00fdchlo odhali\u0165 jedine\u010dn\u00fa DNA organizmu. Je ve\u013emi citliv\u00fd, r\u00fdchly a dok\u00e1\u017ee odhali\u0165 n\u00edzky po\u010det genetick\u00fdch molek\u00fal \u0161pecifick\u00fdch pre organizmus. PCR dok\u00e1\u017ee zisti\u0165 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 organizmu bez oh\u013eadu na to, \u010di je v tkanive m\u0155tvy alebo \u017eiv\u00fd, \u010do in\u00e9 met\u00f3dy nedok\u00e1\u017eu.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72139c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72139c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3. Hodnotenie a riadenie riz\u00edk<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049d4b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"049d4b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Met\u00f3dy ochrany rastl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Pestovanie odoln\u00fdch odr\u00f4d<\/strong> \u2013 pri n\u00e1kupe sadbov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu treba v\u017edy h\u013eada\u0165 inform\u00e1cie o ich odolnosti vo\u010di najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm chorob\u00e1m a \u0161kodcom.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Agrotechnick\u00e9 opatrenia <\/strong> &#8211; na mieste chor\u00fdch stromov sa nesmie vys\u00e1dza\u0165 nov\u00fd sadbov\u00fd materi\u00e1l (niektor\u00ed \u0161kodcovia sa m\u00f4\u017eu pres\u0165ahova\u0165 na mlad\u00fd strom\u010dek). Nadmern\u00e9 hnojenie dus\u00edkom zvy\u0161uje citlivos\u0165 rastl\u00edn. Pr\u00ed\u010dinou m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nedostato\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eiva.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Mechanick\u00e9 opatrenia <\/strong> &#8211; zber v\u0161etk\u00fdch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch foriem \u0161kodcov, odstr\u00e1nenie chor\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed rastl\u00edn a ich sp\u00e1lenie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fyzik\u00e1lne opatrenia <\/strong> \u2013 pou\u017eitie vysokej teploty (vodn\u00e1 para) na potla\u010denie patog\u00e9nov v p\u00f4de (na sadbov\u00fd materi\u00e1l)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Biologick\u00e9 opatrenia<\/strong> \u2013 vyu\u017eitie \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov na kontrolu \u0161kodcov rastl\u00edn. \u0160kodcovia rastl\u00edn maj\u00fa svojich nepriate\u013eov, in\u00fd hmyz, bakt\u00e9rie, huby a v\u00edrusy, ktor\u00e9 \u0161kodcov nap\u00e1daj\u00fa. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Karant\u00e9na rastl\u00edn <\/strong> \u2013 patr\u00ed do skupiny administrat\u00edvnych opatren\u00ed proti p\u00f4vodcom chor\u00f4b rastl\u00edn. Obchod s rastlinami, najm\u00e4 semenami a sadivov\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, sp\u00f4sobil roz\u0161\u00edrenie mnoh\u00fdch d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch a nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch parazitov. Fytosanit\u00e1rna slu\u017eba m\u00e1 za \u00falohu vykon\u00e1va\u0165 rastlinolek\u00e1rsku kontrolu pri dovoze, v\u00fdvoze a tranzite sadbov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, \u010dast\u00ed rastl\u00edn a semien. Ku ka\u017edej z\u00e1sielke mus\u00ed by\u0165 prilo\u017een\u00fd fytosanit\u00e1rny certifik\u00e1t.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-793a2dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"793a2dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3.1. Integrovan\u00e1 ochrana rastl\u00edn<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e24676 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e24676\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pod\u013ea Organiz\u00e1cie Spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rodov pre v\u00fd\u017eivu a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo (FAO) je integrovan\u00e1 ochrana rastl\u00edn posudzovan\u00edm a uplat\u0148ovan\u00edm v\u0161etk\u00fdch dostupn\u00fdch opatren\u00ed na ochranu rastl\u00edn a in\u00fdch opatren\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 zabra\u0148uj\u00fa rozvoju popul\u00e1ci\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdch organizmov a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zni\u017euj\u00fa riziko \u013eudsk\u00e9 zdravie a \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie na najni\u017e\u0161iu mo\u017en\u00fa \u00farove\u0148.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemick\u00e1 ochrana nie je a nemala by by\u0165 jedin\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom kontroly chor\u00f4b rastl\u00edn, \u0161kodcov a buriny. Mali by sme sa sna\u017ei\u0165 o integrovan\u00fa ochranu, teda ochranu syst\u00e9mom r\u00f4znych opatren\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 zabr\u00e1nia v\u00fdskytu chor\u00f4b a \u0161kodcov v takej intenzite, \u017ee by n\u00e1m mohli sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ekonomick\u00e9 \u0161kody. Patr\u00ed sem pestovanie odolnej\u0161\u00edch odr\u00f4d a agrotechnick\u00e9 opatrenia. Ke\u010f tieto opatrenia neposta\u010duj\u00fa a o\u010dak\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie \u0161kody, treba odborne a racion\u00e1lne pou\u017ei\u0165 chemick\u00fa ochranu, ktor\u00e1 \u010do najmenej naru\u0161\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hu, teda ni\u010d\u00ed prirodzen\u00fdch nepriate\u013eov naru\u0161ite\u013ea a zne\u010dis\u0165uje \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie. Integrovan\u00e1 ochrana rastl\u00edn zah\u0155\u0148a tieto opatrenia: karant\u00e9nne opatrenia, v\u00fdber odoln\u00fdch odr\u00f4d, agrotechnick\u00e9 opatrenia, mechanick\u00e9 opatrenia, fyzik\u00e1lne opatrenia, biologick\u00e9 opatrenia.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrovan\u00e1 ochrana rastl\u00edn si vy\u017eaduje kompetencie v troch oblastiach: prevencia, monitorovanie a intervencia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PREDCH\u00c1DZANIE ROZmno\u017eovaniu \u0161kodcov \u2013 zah\u0155\u0148a mno\u017estvo praktick\u00fdch strat\u00e9gi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 zodpovedaj\u00fa miestnym podmienkam. MONITOROVANIE plant\u00e1\u017e\u00ed oh\u013eadom v\u00fdvoja \u0161kodcov a prirodzen\u00fdch kontroln\u00fdch mechanizmov \u2013 zah\u0155\u0148a vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie \u0161kodcov (\u0161kodliv\u00fd hmyz, choroby a burina) a ur\u010dovanie, \u010di, kedy a ako zasiahnu\u0165. Z\u00c1SAH, ke\u010f s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 kontroln\u00e9 opatrenia \u2013 zah\u0155\u0148a fyzik\u00e1lne, biologick\u00e9 a chemick\u00e9 opatrenia na zachovanie ekonomickej hodnoty plod\u00edn s minim\u00e1lnym dopadom na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-583bc2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"583bc2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3.2. Chemick\u00e9 opatrenia na ochranu rastl\u00edn<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82a84ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82a84ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie mno\u017estvo \u0161kodcov, chor\u00f4b rastl\u00edn a buriny sa ni\u010d\u00ed chemick\u00fdmi prostriedkami. Ide o prostriedky na chemick\u00fa ochranu rastl\u00edn \u2013 pestic\u00eddy. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pestic\u00eddy s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na jednej \u00fa\u010dinnej l\u00e1tke, no na trhu s\u00fa desiatky produktov a pr\u00edpravkov, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fa l\u00e1tku.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vplyv pestic\u00eddov na ekosyst\u00e9my je mnohon\u00e1sobn\u00fd v z\u00e1vislosti od selektivity pestic\u00eddu, ako dlho trv\u00e1 jeho rozklad a ako dlho sa hromad\u00ed v p\u00f4de, vode a vzduchu ako ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinok dlhodob\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edvania. Uveden\u00e9 sa prejavuje v vplyve na \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy a rastliny a n\u00e1sledne na \u013eud\u00ed. Pestic\u00eddy po aplik\u00e1cii zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa nahromaden\u00e9 v rastlin\u00e1ch aj na ich povrchu, \u010d\u00edm sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa do potravinov\u00e9ho re\u0165azca mnoh\u00fdch vo\u013ene \u017eij\u00facich a dom\u00e1cich zvierat a v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku aj samotn\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed. Mo\u017eno ich n\u00e1js\u0165 aj v mikroorganizmoch na spodku potravinov\u00e9ho re\u0165azca. Zmenou l\u00e1tky v potravinovom re\u0165azci sa tento cyklus opakuje a\u017e k organizmom na vrchole potravinov\u00e9ho re\u0165azca, kde mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 najvy\u0161\u0161ie koncentr\u00e1cie pestic\u00eddov.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pestic\u00eddy zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v prostred\u00ed, preto\u017ee sa biologicky nerozlo\u017eia, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne mikroorganizmy, ktor\u00e9 by ich rozlo\u017eili. Aplikovan\u00edm r\u00f4znych techn\u00edk na odstra\u0148ovanie pestic\u00eddov z prostredia sa robia pokusy vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa obmedzeniam s cie\u013eom zefekt\u00edvni\u0165 r\u00f4zne sana\u010dn\u00e9 procesy. Dnes sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa mechanizmy n\u00edzkoteplotnej tepelnej desorpcie, fytoremedi\u00e1cie, bioremedi\u00e1cie a spa\u013eovania. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 met\u00f3da m\u00e1 svoje v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody. Za ide\u00e1lnych podmienok by mal sana\u010dn\u00fd proces \u00faplne degradova\u0165 zl\u00fa\u010deninu bez tvorby medziproduktov.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bioinsektic\u00eddy \u2013 prirodzen\u00fd nepriate\u013e zalo\u017een\u00fd na <i>Bacillus thuringiensis. <\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45ef73f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45ef73f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3.3. Prevencia<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-333ad02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"333ad02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ak\u00fdko\u013evek prostriedok na ochranu rastl\u00edn m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej alebo men\u0161ej miere toxick\u00fd pre \u013eud\u00ed, dom\u00e1ce zvierat\u00e1, zver, vt\u00e1ky, ryby a v\u010dely. Okrem \u00fast sa m\u00f4\u017eu l\u00e1tky dosta\u0165 do tela vd\u00fdchnut\u00edm kvapiek, prachov\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc alebo pary cez nos a mnoh\u00e9 prenikaj\u00fa cez nepo\u0161koden\u00fa poko\u017eku, tak\u017ee ak\u00fdko\u013evek kontakt s nimi m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd. Niektor\u00e9 \u010dinidl\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017eu tie\u017e po\u0161kodi\u0165 rastliny nimi o\u0161etren\u00e9 (fytotoxicita). Preto by ste si mali pozorne pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 n\u00e1vod, aby ste si overili, pre ak\u00fd typ je v\u00fdrobok ur\u010den\u00fd. Najnebezpe\u010dnej\u0161ou f\u00e1zou manipul\u00e1cie s pestic\u00eddmi je pr\u00edprava pr\u00edpravku. Je potrebn\u00e9 \u00faplne zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 ak\u00e9muko\u013evek kontaktu s poko\u017ekou a jej vd\u00fdchnutiu. Na aplik\u00e1ciu pestic\u00eddov sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky: nepriepustn\u00e9 rukavice, gumen\u00e9 alebo plastov\u00e9 \u010di\u017emy, pracovn\u00fd oblek, pokr\u00fdvka hlavy, tv\u00e1rov\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt z prieh\u013eadn\u00e9ho plastu, respir\u00e1tor je potrebn\u00fd v pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f sa manipuluje s prostriedkami, pre ktor\u00e9 je to \u0161peci\u00e1lne indikovan\u00e9. Nestriekajte ani nepra\u0161te proti vetru, nefaj\u010dite a nejedzte, zablokovan\u00e9 postrekova\u010de nevyfukujte \u00fastami. Otr\u00e1ven\u00fd povrch by mal by\u0165 ozna\u010den\u00fd tabu\u013eou. Pr\u00e1zdne obaly sa musia zlikvidova\u0165 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm predp\u00edsan\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. Naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edmi pr\u00edznakmi otravy pr\u00edpravkami na ochranu rastl\u00edn s\u00fa: potenie, hojn\u00e9 slinenie, slzenie, \u0165a\u017ekosti s d\u00fdchan\u00edm, k\u0155\u010de, slabos\u0165, \u00fanava, bolesti hlavy, z\u00e1vraty, vracanie, tras a mdloby. Pri podozren\u00ed na otravu treba okam\u017eite preru\u0161i\u0165 pr\u00e1cu, vyzliec\u0165 kontaminovan\u00fd ochrann\u00fd odev, umy\u0165 v\u0161etky nechr\u00e1nen\u00e9 \u010dasti tela a uvo\u013eni\u0165 pracovn\u00fd priestor. Ak bol pr\u00edpravok u\u017eit\u00fd \u00fastami, treba vyvola\u0165 zvracanie, u\u017ei\u0165 3-6 dcl vody s jednou a\u017e dvoma polievkov\u00fdmi ly\u017eicami \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161neho uhlia a potom preh\u00e1\u0148adlo. Ak pr\u00edznaky pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00fa, mali by ste vyh\u013eada\u0165 lek\u00e1rsku pomoc.             <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e74a126 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e74a126\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Z\u00e1ver<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65a08e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65a08e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na z\u00e1ver, hodnotenie stromov, vr\u00e1tane kontroly stromov a biologick\u00fdch anal\u00fdz, zohr\u00e1va k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri zachovan\u00ed zdravia a dlhovekosti stromov, zabezpe\u010den\u00ed estetick\u00e9ho vzh\u013eadu krajiny a ochrane \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia. Pravideln\u00fdmi prehliadkami stromov a d\u00f4kladn\u00fdmi prehliadkami stromov dok\u00e1\u017eeme odhali\u0165 v\u010dasn\u00e9 pr\u00edznaky chor\u00f4b, napadnut\u00ed alebo in\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov. T\u00e1to v\u010dasn\u00e1 detekcia umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u010dasn\u00fd z\u00e1sah, ako je aplik\u00e1cia o\u0161etrenia alebo odstr\u00e1nenie chor\u00fdch stromov, zabr\u00e1nenie \u0161\u00edreniu chor\u00f4b na in\u00e9 stromy a udr\u017eanie celkov\u00e9ho zdravia stromovej popul\u00e1cie.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom v oblasti arboristiky, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje systematick\u00e9 hodnotenie zdravia stromov a \u0161truktur\u00e1lnej integrity. Dodr\u017ean\u00edm \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9ho s\u00faboru krokov a vykonan\u00edm d\u00f4kladnej kontroly m\u00f4\u017eu arboristi a odborn\u00edci na starostlivos\u0165 o stromy identifikova\u0165 potenci\u00e1lne probl\u00e9my, pos\u00fadi\u0165 rizik\u00e1 a poskytn\u00fa\u0165 informovan\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania pre mana\u017ement stromov. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza stromov, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a anat\u00f3miu stromov, fyziol\u00f3giu, genetiku, ekol\u00f3giu, mana\u017ement chor\u00f4b a \u0161kodcov, kore\u0148ov\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru a \u010fal\u0161ie, poskytuje cenn\u00e9 poznatky o biol\u00f3gii stromov a ekosyst\u00e9me. Pochopenie ekologickej \u00falohy stromov a ich interakci\u00ed s prostred\u00edm je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre trvalo udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9 obhospodarovanie lesov a mestsk\u00e9 lesn\u00edctvo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ke\u010f sa identifikuj\u00fa \u0161kodcovia a choroby, vykonanie patologickej anal\u00fdzy a v\u00fdber spr\u00e1vnej met\u00f3dy na anal\u00fdzu vzoriek s\u00fa \u017eivotne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 kroky. To zah\u0155\u0148a mikroskopick\u00e9 vy\u0161etrenie, inkub\u00e1ciu vo vlhkej komore, kultiv\u00e1ciu, enz\u00fdmov\u00fa imunoanal\u00fdzu a DNA fingerprinting, \u010do v\u0161etko pom\u00e1ha identifikova\u0165 a zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 p\u00f4vodcov chor\u00f4b stromov. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hodnotenie a mana\u017ement riz\u00edk v starostlivosti o stromy zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa r\u00f4zne met\u00f3dy, vr\u00e1tane pestovania odoln\u00fdch odr\u00f4d stromov, agrotechnick\u00fdch postupov, mechanick\u00fdch a fyzik\u00e1lnych opatren\u00ed, biologickej kontroly a karant\u00e9ny rastl\u00edn. Cie\u013eom t\u00fdchto met\u00f3d je minimalizova\u0165 vplyv \u0161kodliv\u00fdch organizmov a z\u00e1rove\u0148 chr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie a \u013eudsk\u00e9 zdravie. Okrem toho, chemick\u00e9 opatrenia na ochranu rastl\u00edn, ako je pou\u017e\u00edvanie fungic\u00eddov a insektic\u00eddov, by sa mali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 opatrne av s\u00falade s odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00fdmi bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdmi postupmi, aby sa zmiernil ich potenci\u00e1lny vplyv na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrovan\u00e1 ochrana rastl\u00edn, zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca r\u00f4zne opatrenia, zabezpe\u010duje komplexn\u00fd pr\u00edstup k riadeniu zdravotn\u00e9ho stavu drev\u00edn a zmier\u0148ovaniu riz\u00edk s d\u00f4razom na d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 prevencie, monitorovania a z\u00e1sahov. Prijat\u00edm t\u00fdchto postupov m\u00f4\u017eeme lep\u0161ie chr\u00e1ni\u0165 na\u0161e stromy a prostredie, v ktorom sa im dar\u00ed. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d6c36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4d6c36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kv\u00edz<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6d006b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6d006b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Otestujte si svoje vedomosti v nasleduj\u00facom kv\u00edze a zistite, \u010di ste porozumeli obsahu tejto \u010dasti:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bb2cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"14bb2cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-26\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"26\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 3 Quiz SK\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2fe5b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2fe5b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fara<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555b667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"555b667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roloff, A. (2019). Baumpflege. Ulmer Verlag. Stuttgart.   <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Butin, H. &amp; Brand, T. (2017). Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume. Ulmer Verlag. Stuttgart.   <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hartmann, G. &amp; Butin, H. (2017). Farbatlas Waldsch\u00e4den- Diagnose von Baumkrankheiten. 4., aktualisierte und erg\u00e4nzte Auflage. Ulmer Verlag. Stuttgart.    <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brandstetter, M. et al. (2015). Holz zerst\u00f6rende Pilze. 6. Auflage. Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum f\u00fcr Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft (BFW). Wien.     <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agrios, G. (2005). Plant Pathology. Fifth edition. Elsevier Academic Press. Burlington.    <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Callan, B. (2001). Introduction to Forest Diseases. Pacific Forestry Centre. Victoria.   <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cef93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90cef93\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a5a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a59a5a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05e3adb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05e3adb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aecb9ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aecb9ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dodatok<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3edb27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3edb27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie choroby mestsk\u00fdch stromov<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b0a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6b0a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Antrakn\u00f3za javora<\/strong> &#8211; Aureobasidium apocryptum (syn. Kabatiella apocrypta) , Discula i Colletotrichum) . Sympt\u00f3my s\u00fa charakterizovan\u00e9 tmav\u00fdmi, nepravidelne tvarovan\u00fdmi, hranat\u00fdmi \u0161kvrnami alebo l\u00e9ziami, ktor\u00e9 sa prim\u00e1rne vyskytuj\u00fa pozd\u013a\u017e stredn\u00e9ho rebra, prim\u00e1rnych \u017e\u00edl a okrajov listov. L\u00e9zie na javore n\u00f3rskom s\u00fa zvy\u010dajne \u00fazke, purpurovo-\u010dierne pruhy pozd\u013a\u017e \u017eiliek listov. Pokia\u013e ide o javor cukrov\u00fd, l\u00e9zie sa vyskytuj\u00fa pozd\u013a\u017e prim\u00e1rnych \u017e\u00edl a javia sa ako ve\u013ek\u00e9 hned\u00e9 \u0161kvrny. Pokia\u013e ide o japonsk\u00fd javor, l\u00e9zie sa vyskytuj\u00fa pozd\u013a\u017e prim\u00e1rnych \u017e\u00edl a okrajov listov a l\u00e9zie m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 hned\u00fa alebo \u010diernu farbu. Antrakn\u00f3zov\u00e1 huba prezimuje v starn\u00facom tkanive listov a v infikovan\u00fdch vetvi\u010dk\u00e1ch a p\u00fa\u010dikoch. Postrek hydroxidom me\u010fnat\u00fdm + mankozeb, tiabendazol, mankozeb a propikonazol.      <\/p>\n<p><strong>Anthracnose dub<\/strong> &#8211; Apiognomonia errabunda (predt\u00fdm zn\u00e1ma Discula) . Okrem rodu Quercus postihuje aj rody Fagus, Castanea a Tilia. Sympt\u00f3my sa najprv prejavia ako vodou nasiaknut\u00e9, skazen\u00e9 okraje listov alebo ako \u0161kvrny pozd\u013a\u017e prim\u00e1rnych \u017e\u00edl, ke\u010f sa vyvin\u00fa nov\u00e9 listy. V priebehu \u010dasu sa l\u00e9zie st\u00e1vaj\u00fa such\u00e9, papierov\u00e9 a siv\u00e9. Pubescentn\u00e9 listy sa m\u00f4\u017eu zdeformova\u0165 alebo scvrkn\u00fa\u0165 a m\u00f4\u017eu pred\u010dasne vypadn\u00fa\u0165 z koruny. Ostrihajte a zlikvidujte odumret\u00e9 stonky a kon\u00e1re a na jese\u0148 a na jar d\u00f4kladne odstr\u00e1\u0148te v\u0161etky opadan\u00e9 listy, preto\u017ee obsahuj\u00fa hubu a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa o\u010dkovaciu l\u00e1tku zosta\u0165 na mieste.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b139c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b4b139c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-1024x594.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2905\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-1024x594.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-768x446.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 35:<\/b> Apiognomonia errabunda, Fagus. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Apiognomonia errabunda, Fagus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.85). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fee5f7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fee5f7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Platan Antrakn\u00f3za<\/strong> \u2013 Apiognomonia veneta, infikuje P latanus occidentalis. Akt\u00edvny rast h\u00fab v r\u00e1mci jednoro\u010dn\u00fdch kon\u00e1rov zab\u00edja kon\u010deky, \u010do vedie k hnilobe. Vidite\u013en\u00e9 sympt\u00f3my zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa hranat\u00e9 \u0161kvrny na listoch a \u0161kvrny na listoch (najm\u00e4 pozd\u013a\u017e stredov\u00e9ho rebra), plese\u0148 v\u00fdhonkov a p\u00fa\u010dikov a \u0161tiepenie stoniek na vetvi\u010dk\u00e1ch a mal\u00fdch kon\u00e1roch. Huba \u010dasto rastie v star\u0161\u00edch kon\u00e1roch pod odumret\u00fdmi vetvi\u010dkami a vytv\u00e1ra trval\u00e9 rakovinov\u00e9 ochorenia. Nasleduj\u00face chemik\u00e1lie s\u00fa schv\u00e1len\u00e9 na pou\u017eitie v krajinnom prostred\u00ed: hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd, hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd + mankozeb, soli medi mastn\u00fdch a\/alebo kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, s\u00edran me\u010fnat\u00fd, debakarb + karbendazim, mankozeb, propikonazol a tiabendazol fosfornan.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104e331 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"104e331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-1024x573.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2909\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-1024x573.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-768x430.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 36:<\/b> Apiognomonia veneta infects Platanus occidentalis.<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Apiognomonia veneta. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.150). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0edc581 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0edc581\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fytoplazmy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jase\u0148 \u017elt\u00fd <\/strong> &#8211; Phytoplasma , v rodoch Fraxinus a Syringa, vedie k rozvoju \u010darodejn\u00edckej metly a postihnut\u00e9 stromy do troch rokov odumieraj\u00fa. \u010carodejn\u00edcke metly sa pr\u00edle\u017eitostne tvoria na kore\u0148ovom kr\u010dku alebo spodnom kmeni, ale niektor\u00e9 infikovan\u00e9 stromy m\u00f4\u017eu zomrie\u0165 bez toho, aby sa u nich prejavili pr\u00edznaky. Napriek tomu s\u00fa form\u00e1cie \u010darodejn\u00edckych metiel k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm diagnostick\u00fdm pr\u00edznakom.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Brest \u017elt\u00fd<\/strong> &#8211; Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Sympt\u00f3my \u017eltnutia brestu sa za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa v polovici a\u017e koncom leta chlor\u00f3zou a ovisnut\u00fdmi stopkami naf\u00faknut\u00fdch listov a pred\u010dasnou stratou listov. Sympt\u00f3my sa n\u00e1hle objavia v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov a s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9 v celej korune. \u017dltnutie ob\u010das za\u010dne na roztr\u00fasen\u00fdch kon\u00e1roch a v priebehu nieko\u013ek\u00fdch rokov sa roz\u0161\u00edri po celej korune. V niektor\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch stromy r\u00fdchlo v\u00e4dn\u00fa a odumieraj\u00fa bez predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich pr\u00edznakov. V doln\u00fdch kon\u00e1roch vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 k\u00f4ra (flo\u00e9m) \u017eltne (namiesto norm\u00e1lnej bielej farby), potom sa tvoria hned\u00e9 \u0161kvrny a nakoniec odumiera. Vonia ako evergreen.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03c271b elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"03c271b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-1024x756.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2913\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-1024x756.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-768x567.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37.jpg 1054w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 37:<\/b> Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.150). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c792467 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c792467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Choroby hrdze<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hrdza jase\u0148ov\u00e1<\/strong> &#8211; Puccinia . Koncom jari sa na hornom povrchu listov popola, ako aj na stopk\u00e1ch a zelen\u00fdch vetvi\u010dk\u00e1ch objavuj\u00fa \u017elt\u00e9 \u0161kvrny. V priebehu 10-14 dn\u00ed sa na stopk\u00e1ch, zelen\u00fdch vetvi\u010dk\u00e1ch a spodnej strane listov vytvoria oran\u017eov\u00e9 plodov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. List hnedne a opad\u00e1va. Aplikujte fungic\u00edd, ke\u010f sa puky otv\u00e1raj\u00fa, a opakujte ich, k\u00fdm sa listy vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9d1d8b elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c9d1d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"408\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2917\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38.jpg 970w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38-768x392.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 38:<\/b> Puccinia, Mahonia Rust. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Puccinia, Mahonia Rust. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.128). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32be606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32be606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hrdza c\u00e9drovo-jabl\u010dn\u00e1<\/strong> &#8211; Gymnosporangium spp., infikuje Malus, Juniperus a Crategus, Picea. Nieko\u013eko t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov po infekcii sa na povrchu listov za\u010dn\u00fa vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 \u017elt\u00e9 \u0161kvrny. V polovici leta sa \u0161kvrny sfarbia do oran\u017eova a\u017e \u010dervena a vytvor\u00ed sa z nich opuchnut\u00e1 hmota s kr\u00e9movo sfarben\u00fdmi \u00faponkami na spodnej strane (zn\u00e1me ako aecia). Aecia uvo\u013e\u0148uje sp\u00f3ry (aeciosp\u00f3ry), ktor\u00e9 vietor rozpt\u00fdli do bl\u00edzkych borievok a kr\u00edkov od konca leta do za\u010diatku jesene. Infikovan\u00e9 smrekov\u00e9 ihli\u010die a vetvi\u010dky spo\u010diatku nevykazuj\u00fa pr\u00edznaky infekcie. Po\u010das nasleduj\u00facej jari a leta sa vyvin\u00fa mal\u00e9 zelen\u00e9 opuchy, ktor\u00e9 dozrievaj\u00fa len do nasleduj\u00facej jari.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hrdza c\u00e9drov\u00e1<\/strong> \u2013 Gymnosporangium spp. . Na Juniperus vytv\u00e1ra patog\u00e9n oran\u017eovo a\u017e \u010derveno sfarben\u00e9 vank\u00fa\u0161iky hubov\u00e9ho tkaniva, ktor\u00e9 na jar (koniec apr\u00edla a\u017e koniec m\u00e1ja) napu\u010diavaj\u00fa z infikovan\u00fdch stoniek a kon\u00e1rov. Po obdobiach da\u017e\u010fa vank\u00fa\u0161iky napu\u010dia a stan\u00fa sa oran\u017eov\u00fdmi, \u017eelat\u00ednov\u00fdmi masami sp\u00f3r, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 vetrom a striekaj\u00facou da\u017e\u010fovou vodou. Zatia\u013e \u010do tieto rakovinov\u00e9 bunky m\u00f4\u017eu op\u00e1sa\u0165 mal\u00e9 kon\u00e1re, \u010do vedie k odumieraniu koruny, infikovan\u00e9 vetvy \u010dasto pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00fa a rakovina sa st\u00e1va trval\u00fdm zdrojom inokula v korune stromu. Fungic\u00eddy sa zriedka odpor\u00fa\u010daj\u00fa na kontrolu hrdze c\u00e9drovej a dule, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou preto, \u017ee sa nezistilo, \u017ee by bol \u017eiadny ve\u013emi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hrdza ihli\u010dia smrekov\u00e1 <\/strong> \u2013 Chrysomyxa spp. Koncom zimy a\u017e za\u010diatkom jari sa na jednoro\u010dn\u00fdch ihli\u010dk\u00e1ch objavuj\u00fa oran\u017eov\u00e9 a\u017e \u017elt\u00e9 \u0161kvrny alebo p\u00e1siky. Koncom zimy m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 odhali\u0165 pr\u00edznaky, ale ke\u010f sa bl\u00ed\u017ei jar a za\u010diatkom polovice m\u00e1ja sa bl\u00ed\u017ei l\u00e1manie p\u00fa\u010dikov, p\u00e1sy napu\u010diavaj\u00fa a vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa voskov\u00e9, \u017elto-oran\u017eov\u00e9 pustuly obsahuj\u00face masy hrdzavo sfarben\u00fdch sp\u00f3r. Hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd alebo mancozeb m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 a s\u00fa ozna\u010den\u00e9 na pou\u017eitie na smreku v krajine.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Druhy p\u013euzgierov a rebier z bielej borovice<\/strong> &#8211; Cronartium ribicola . Nap\u00e1da borovice p\u00e4\u0165ihli\u010dkov\u00e9, hostite\u013eom s\u00fa \u010dierne r\u00edbezle, R. nigrum . Ochorenie sa prejavuje bielymi hrbol\u010dekmi na kon\u00e1roch a kmeni.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99e6bcf elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"99e6bcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"437\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-1024x559.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2921\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-1024x559.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-768x419.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39.jpg 1059w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 39:<\/b> Cronartium ribicola, Ribes. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Cronartium ribicola, Ribes. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.128). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-badb921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"badb921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Cievne v\u00e4dnutie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Holandsk\u00e1 choroba brestov<\/strong> \u2013 je smrte\u013en\u00e9 ochorenie cievneho v\u00e4dnutia brestov americk\u00e9ho ( Ulmus americana ), ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa Ophiostoma novo-ulmi a O. ulmi . Choroba sa m\u00f4\u017ee \u0161\u00edri\u0165 aj z infikovan\u00fdch na zdrav\u00e9 stromy prostredn\u00edctvom kore\u0148ov\u00fdch \u0161tepov, ke\u010f s\u00fa breste vo vz\u00e1jomnej tesnej bl\u00edzkosti. Ke\u010f sa k\u00f4ra ol\u00fape alebo nare\u017ee na postihnut\u00fdch vetv\u00e1ch, stan\u00fa sa vidite\u013en\u00fdmi pozd\u013a\u017ene hned\u00e9 pruhy alebo pruhy na vonkaj\u0161\u00edch prstencoch rastliny. Chr\u00e1\u0148te brest americk\u00fd pred infekciou prevent\u00edvnymi fungic\u00eddnymi injekciami v intervaloch 1-2 rokov. Fungic\u00eddy schv\u00e1len\u00e9 na pou\u017eitie proti holandskej chorobe brestov (DED) zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa Arbortect 20S (tiabendazol hypofosforitan), Alamo (propiconazol) a Tebuject (tebuconazol). Terapeutick\u00e9 injekcie sa m\u00f4\u017eu vykon\u00e1va\u0165 aj v kombin\u00e1cii s prerez\u00e1van\u00edm postihnut\u00fdch kon\u00e1rov.     <\/p>\n<p>Verticillium Wilt je sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 Verticillium dahliae . Medzi najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00edch hostite\u013eov v krajinnom prostred\u00ed patria javor Acer , Ulmus , Cotinus , Fraxinus , Liriodendron , Viburnum , Cercis , Catalpa , Magnolia , Gymnocladus dioicus , Elaeagnus angustifolia . Infekcie z Verticillium poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z p\u00f4dy, ke\u010f huba napadne kore\u0148ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m n\u00e1chyln\u00fdch stromov a kr\u00edkov a je transportovan\u00e1 do a cez korunu. Sympt\u00f3my zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa sp\u00e1lenie okrajov\u00fdch listov, v\u00e4dnutie listov, sfarbenie ciev a odumieranie kon\u00e1rov. Ke\u010f\u017ee doch\u00e1dza k naru\u0161eniu transportu vody a miner\u00e1lov do postihnut\u00fdch kon\u00e1rov a listov, pr\u00edznaky s\u00fa podobn\u00e9 t\u00fdm, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa kore\u0148ov\u00e9 choroby. Verticillium je roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 v lesnom a krajinnom prostred\u00ed, ale prevalencia choroby zost\u00e1va vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov relat\u00edvne n\u00edzka, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 rastliny m\u00f4\u017eu pri napadnut\u00ed patog\u00e9nu odol\u00e1va\u0165. Vplyv v\u00e4dnutia Verticillium z\u00e1vis\u00ed od prirodzenej n\u00e1chylnosti konkr\u00e9tneho stromu alebo kr\u00edka, od environment\u00e1lneho stresu, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pr\u00edtomn\u00fd (najm\u00e4 sucho a po\u0161kodenie kore\u0148ov) a od virulencie patog\u00e9nu.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fa9a92 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7fa9a92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"519\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-1024x664.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2925\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-1024x664.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40.jpg 1059w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 40:<\/b> Verticillium dahliae, Cercis. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Verticillium dahliae, Cercis. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.62). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f822cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f822cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Odliatky ihlou a plesne<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sne\u0165 ihli\u010dnat\u00fdch stromov Arborvitae <\/strong> \u2013 Phyllosticta, I infikovan\u00e9 P hyllosticta maj\u00fa sp\u00e1len\u00e9 hroty ihiel a\/alebo vyzeraj\u00fa sfarben\u00e9 (bledozelen\u00e9 a\u017e \u017elt\u00e9), tak\u017ee vyzeraj\u00fa such\u00e9. Infekcia za\u010d\u00edna na \u0161pi\u010dk\u00e1ch ihiel a postupuje smerom k z\u00e1kladni. Po\u010das vlhk\u00e9ho a mierneho po\u010dasia prenikaj\u00fa cez epidermis na symptomatick\u00fdch ihli\u010dk\u00e1ch \u010dierne vank\u00fa\u0161ovit\u00e9 hubov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary (pykn\u00eddie), pri\u010dom sa uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00e1 sp\u00f3r (kon\u00eddie), ktor\u00e9 sa \u0161\u00edria do bl\u00edzkych v\u00fdhonkov a iniciuj\u00fa nov\u00e9 infekcie. Pestalotiopsis je be\u017en\u00fd patog\u00e9n na ihli\u010dnat\u00fdch stromoch a kr\u00edkoch, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobuje odumieranie v\u00fdhonkov a kon\u00e1rov u r\u00f4znych druhov a odr\u00f4d Thuja , Chamaecyparis , Cryptomeria a Juniperus . Fungic\u00eddy: hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd, me\u010fnat\u00e9 soli mastn\u00fdch a kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, metkonazol, propikonazol, tiofan\u00e1t-metyl a mankozeb.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c460e11 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c460e11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"509\" height=\"588\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/41.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2929\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/41.jpg 509w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/41-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 41:<\/b> Phyllosticta, Robinia. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Phyllosticta, Robinia. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.201). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d2fff2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d2fff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Hned\u00e1 \u0161kvrnit\u00e1 ihli\u010dia<\/strong> &#8211; Lecanosticta acicola (sk\u00f4r Mycosphaerella dearnessii) . Sympt\u00f3my sa \u010dasto najsk\u00f4r prejavia ako \u017eltnutie a\u017e hnednutie star\u0161ieho ihli\u010dia koncom jari a za\u010diatkom leta. Akon\u00e1hle sa tieto pr\u00edznaky vyvin\u00fa, chor\u00e9 ihly sa r\u00fdchlo vysyp\u00fa z baldach\u00fdnu. Sympt\u00f3my sa m\u00f4\u017eu objavi\u0165 aj ako hned\u00e9, za\u0161pinen\u00e9 hroty ihiel. V t\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 ihly zadr\u017ean\u00e9 v korune po dlh\u0161iu dobu, preto\u017ee z\u00e1klad\u0148a zost\u00e1va zelen\u00e1. Fungic\u00eddy s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na: azoxystrob\u00edne, benzovindiflupyre, me\u010fnat\u00fdch soliach mastn\u00fdch a\/alebo kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, hydroxide me\u010fnat\u00e9m, mankozebu, metkonazole, fosf\u00e1toch, propikonazole a tiofan\u00e1t-metyle. Aplik\u00e1cia fungic\u00eddu po\u010das jari a za\u010diatkom leta m\u00f4\u017ee umo\u017eni\u0165, aby sa nov\u00e9 ihli\u010die objavilo a zostalo neinfikovan\u00e9, \u010d\u00edm sa obnov\u00ed vitalita stromu.      <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kabatina plese\u0148<\/strong> &#8211; Huba Kabatina juniperi sp\u00f4sobuje plese\u0148 a rakovinu u \u010dlenov \u010de\u013eade cyprusovit\u00fdch. Infikovan\u00e9 rastliny nevykazuj\u00fa pr\u00edznaky po\u010das sez\u00f3ny, ke\u010f sa nakazia. Za\u010diatkom jari sa infikovan\u00e9 l\u00edstie sfarb\u00ed do bledozelenej a\u017e \u017eltej farby, infikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdhonky zhnedn\u00fa a odumieraj\u00fa. Na b\u00e1ze m\u0155tvych kon\u00e1rov sa objavuj\u00fa \u010dierne plodov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary. R\u00fdchla aplik\u00e1cia fungic\u00eddov po poranen\u00ed, najm\u00e4 ak s\u00fa podmienky vlhk\u00e9, m\u00f4\u017ee chr\u00e1ni\u0165 poranen\u00e9 tkanivo pred infekciou a zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 sekund\u00e1rne po\u0161kodenie postihnut\u00fdch rastl\u00edn.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc20151 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bc20151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"730\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/42.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2933\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/42.jpg 517w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/42-212x300.jpg 212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 42:<\/b> Kabatina juniperii, Juniperus. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Kabatina juniperii, Juniperus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.115). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd5f16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bd5f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lophodermium ihli\u010dnat\u00e9<\/strong> \u2013 Existuje mnoho druhov Lophodermium , ktor\u00e9 nap\u00e1da borovicu ( Pinus ), smrek ( Picea ), prav\u00fa jed\u013eu ( Abies ), borievku ( Juniperus ), neprav\u00fd cypru\u0161tek ( Chamaecyparis ), stromovit\u00e9 ( Thuja ) a kadidlo-c\u00e9der ( Calocedrus ) naprie\u010d zeme. Na infikovan\u00fdch ihli\u010diach sa m\u00f4\u017eu od konca leta do za\u010diatku jesene vyvin\u00fa\u0165 \u017elt\u00e9 \u0161kvrny, k\u00fdm nakoniec zo\u017eltn\u00fa a\u017e zhnedn\u00fa. Sympt\u00f3my sa najsk\u00f4r objavia na hrotoch ihly a pomaly sa roz\u0161\u00edria do z\u00e1kladne ihly. Odumret\u00e9 ihli\u010die sa nemus\u00ed norm\u00e1lne oh\u00fdba\u0165 a m\u00f4\u017ee zotrva\u0165 v korune do \u010fal\u0161ieho vegeta\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia. Po\u010das tejto doby aplikujte tri a\u017e \u0161tyri o\u0161etrenia v intervaloch 14\u201321 dn\u00ed. Medzi zna\u010den\u00e9 fungic\u00eddy patria: azoxystrobin, tiofan\u00e1t-metyl, hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd + mancozeb, mancozeb a triadimefon.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da3b28 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4da3b28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/43.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2941\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/43.jpg 517w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/43-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 43:<\/b> Lophodermium seditiosum, Pinus mugo. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Lophodermium seditiosum, Pinus mugo. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.145). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ecfdce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ecfdce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Phomopsis sp\u00e1la<\/strong> &#8211; Phomopsis spp. rakovina v borievkach a nieko\u013eko \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u010dlenov \u010de\u013eade cyprusovit\u00e9. Mlad\u00e9 listy a v\u00fdhonky infikovan\u00e9 Phomopsis sa koncom jari zmenia na \u017eltozelen\u00e9 a v lete hnedn\u00fa. Zrel\u00e9 listy s\u00fa odoln\u00e9 a zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa nezmenen\u00e9. Niekedy s\u00fa na spodku hned\u00e9ho pletiva vidite\u013en\u00e9 \u010dierne \u0161trukt\u00fary plodov. V\u010dasn\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia fungic\u00eddov chr\u00e1ni mlad\u00e9 tkanivo pred infekciou.,     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Odliatok ihlou z Ploiodermy<\/strong> &#8211; Odliatok z ihli\u010dia Phloeospora , sp\u00f4soben\u00fd Phloeospora , postihuje borovice s dvoma a tromi ihlami. Infikuje druhy ako Pinus nigra, P. thunbergiana, P. rigida, P. resinosa a P. mugo, Robinia, Ulmus, Castanea. Sympt\u00f3my zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa hnednutie a \u010dierne \u0161kvrny na ihli\u010dk\u00e1ch. Fungic\u00eddy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na jeho kontrolu zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd, hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd + mancozeb a mancozeb.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Odliatok ihlou Stigmina<\/strong> \u2013 sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 hubov\u00fdm patog\u00e9nom Stigmina spp. , sa uk\u00e1zal ako v\u00fdznamn\u00fd listov\u00fd patog\u00e9n smreka modr\u00e9ho v regi\u00f3ne. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie s\u00fa infikovan\u00e9 smrek modr\u00fd ( Picea pungens ) a smrek biely ( P. glauca ). Sympt\u00f3my sa prejavuj\u00fa ako pred\u010dasn\u00e9 padanie ihiel, najm\u00e4 medzi star\u0161\u00edmi ihli\u010dkami na vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch kon\u00e1roch v spodnej \u010dasti koruny, kde je tie\u0148 a vlhkos\u0165. Na ni\u010denie h\u00fab mo\u017eno pou\u017ei\u0165 \u0161irokospektr\u00e1lne fungic\u00eddy, ako je chl\u00f3rtalonil, mancozeb a me\u010fnat\u00e9 soli mastn\u00fdch a\/alebo kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c9aab8 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9c9aab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-1024x713.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2945\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-1024x713.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-768x535.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44.jpg 1051w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 44:<\/b> Stigmina pulvinata, Tilia. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Stigmina pulvinata. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.256). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdefc44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdefc44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Choroby stoniek, kon\u00e1rov a rakovinov\u00fdch n\u00e1dorov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Choroba bukovej k\u00f4ry <\/strong> \u2013 je komplex chor\u00f4b a hmyzu, ktor\u00fd zah\u0155\u0148a p\u00f4vodn\u00fd aj nep\u00f4vodn\u00fd hmyz a dva druhy hubov\u00e9ho patog\u00e9nu Neonectria . Hmyz, ktor\u00fd sa \u017eiv\u00ed \u0161\u0165avou a \u017euje drevo, m\u00f4\u017ee po\u0161kodi\u0165 bukov\u00fa k\u00f4ru a ples\u0148ov\u00e9 infekcie m\u00f4\u017eu strom e\u0161te viac po\u0161kodi\u0165. Na t\u00fdchto zraneniach sa \u010dasto vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa rakovinov\u00e9 \u00fatvary, ktor\u00e9 nar\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa vzh\u013ead trupu. Ako ochrann\u00e9 opatrenie sa odpor\u00fa\u010da na jar o\u0161etri\u0165 spodn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 kme\u0148a fosfitmi. Treba v\u0161ak d\u00e1va\u0165 pozor, aby sa o\u0161etrenie nedostalo na listy, preto\u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 fytotoxick\u00e9.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010cierny uzol slivky<\/strong> &#8211; sp\u00f4soben\u00fd hubov\u00fdm patog\u00e9nom Taphrina . V mesiacoch po infekcii zelen\u00e9 stonky opuchn\u00fa, ale najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie pr\u00edznaky e\u0161te nie s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9. Choroba je \u010dasto prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t zaznamenan\u00e1 na za\u010diatku nasleduj\u00faceho vegeta\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia po infekcii (druh\u00fd rok), ke\u010f kon\u00e1re napu\u010diavaj\u00fa, nadobudli abnorm\u00e1lny tvar a s\u010derneli. Na zvl\u00e1dnutie ochorenia sa v skor\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1ch ochorenia odpor\u00fa\u010da postrieka\u0165 hydroxidom me\u010fnat\u00fdm, s\u00edranom me\u010fnat\u00fdm, kapt\u00e1nom a tiofan\u00e1t-metylom.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926e301 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"926e301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"518\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/45.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2950\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/45.jpg 518w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/45-300x294.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 45:<\/b> Taphrina populi, Populus. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Taphrina populi, Populus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.256). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c07001 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c07001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Botryosphaeria canker<\/strong> &#8211; Botryosphaeria canker je d\u00f4le\u017eitou chorobou mnoh\u00fdch stromov a kr\u00edkov v lesoch a obhospodarovan\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch. K dne\u0161n\u00e9mu d\u0148u existuje viac ako dvadsa\u0165 rodov v porad\u00ed Botryosphaeriales. Huba vytv\u00e1ra mal\u00e9, \u010dierne plodov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary (pykn\u00eddie a\/alebo pseudot\u00e9cie), ktor\u00e9 vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa cez k\u00f4ru. \u010casto s\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9 pri pou\u017eit\u00ed ru\u010dnej lupy.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Rakovina nektrie koralovej<\/strong> \u2013 Nectria cinnabarina nap\u00e1da viac ako 90 r\u00f4znych rodov drev\u00edn v krajinnom a lesnom prostred\u00ed. Be\u017en\u00fdmi hostite\u013emi v krajine s\u00fa: buk ( Fagus ), javor ( Acer ), brest ( Ulmus ) a medovka ( Gleditsia ). Rakovina koralov\u00fdch \u0161kv\u0155n dostala svoj n\u00e1zov pod\u013ea oran\u017eovo a\u017e ru\u017eovo sfarben\u00fdch, vybuchnut\u00fdch vank\u00fa\u0161ikov ples\u0148ov\u00e9ho tkaniva, ktor\u00e9 sa \u010dasto vyskytuj\u00fa na stonk\u00e1ch a vetv\u00e1ch infikovan\u00fdch stromov. Tieto vank\u00fa\u0161iky predstavuj\u00fa plodnice produkovan\u00e9 Nectria, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u010dasto ve\u013emi n\u00e1padn\u00e9 v kontraste s k\u00f4rou. Vank\u00fa\u0161iky uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 objemy sp\u00f3r, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa postriekan\u00e9, um\u00fdvan\u00e9 alebo f\u00fakan\u00e9 na bl\u00edzke kon\u00e1re, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje patog\u00e9nu zalo\u017ei\u0165 nov\u00e9 centr\u00e1 chor\u00f4b.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Rakovina cytosp\u00f3ry <\/strong> &#8211; Cytospora , sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 hubov\u00fdm patog\u00e9nom Cytospora kunzei (tie\u017e zn\u00e1my ako Leucostoma kunzei), sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vyskytuje na coloradskom modrom smreku (Picea pungens), ale mnoh\u00e9 in\u00e9 ihli\u010dnany s\u00fa n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na infekciu, vr\u00e1tane jedle ( Abies ), borovice ( Pinus ), jed\u013eovec ( Tsuga ), duglaska ( Pseudotsuga ) a smrekovec ( Larix ). Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00fdm osved\u010den\u00fdm postupom je prerez\u00e1vanie a odstra\u0148ovanie infikovan\u00fdch stoniek a kon\u00e1rov. Fungic\u00eddy, ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad na b\u00e1ze medi (hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd a me\u010fnat\u00e9 soli mastn\u00fdch a kolof\u00f3nnych kysel\u00edn), mancozeb, tiofan\u00e1t-metyl, azoxystrob\u00edn a kyselina fosfore\u010dn\u00e1 sa m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017ei\u0165 na zvl\u00e1dnutie ochorenia.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Diplodia plese\u0148 <\/strong> &#8211; Diplodia (predt\u00fdm zn\u00e1ma ako Sphaeropsis sapinea ) vedie k ihli\u010dkovitej plesni a huba sa zvy\u010dajne usad\u00ed prostredn\u00edctvom nejakej formy rany. Typick\u00fdmi miestami infekcie s\u00fa rany sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 vetrom, k\u0155men\u00edm hmyzom, prerez\u00e1van\u00edm alebo krupobit\u00edm\/sne\u017een\u00edm\/\u013eadom. Nap\u00e1da mlad\u00e9 v\u00fdhonky aktu\u00e1lneho ro\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia, \u010do m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok hnilobu \u0161pi\u010diek v\u00fdhonkov, zakrpaten\u00e9 a\/alebo uschnut\u00e9 ihli\u010die, stekanie \u017eivice na odumret\u00fdch alebo odumret\u00fdch v\u00fdhonkoch a celkov\u00e9 odumieranie v korun\u00e1ch pri koncoch kon\u00e1rov. \u00da\u010dinn\u00e9 je o\u0161etrenie fungic\u00eddmi na b\u00e1ze azoxystrob\u00ednu, benzovindiflupyru, boscalidu + pyraclostrob\u00ednu, me\u010fnat\u00fdch sol\u00ed mastn\u00fdch a kolof\u00f3nnych kysel\u00edn, hydroxidu me\u010fnat\u00e9ho, mankozebu, tiofan\u00e1tu-metylu a trifloxystrob\u00ednu. Fungic\u00eddy s\u00fa naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie, ke\u010f sa aplikuj\u00fa tesne pred vypuknut\u00edm pukov a v intervaloch 7-10 dn\u00ed po \u0148om.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e572dd9 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e572dd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-1024x564.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2954\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-1024x564.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-768x423.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46.jpg 1065w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 46:<\/b> Diplodia pinea, Pinus. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Diplodia pinea, Pinus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.146). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8246c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8246c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rakovina Phomopsis <\/strong> &#8211; Nieko\u013eko druhov Phomopsis sp\u00f4sobuje rakovinu stoniek, kon\u00e1rov a pr\u00edle\u017eitostne hlavn\u00e9ho kme\u0148a, m\u00f4\u017ee sa dosta\u0165 cez p\u00fa\u010diky alebo rany z prerez\u00e1vania, po\u0161kodi\u0165 a postupova\u0165 smerom nadol po stonke. Prim\u00e1rne pr\u00edznaky infekcie zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa v\u00e4dnutie listov, sp\u00e1lenie mlad\u00fdch v\u00fdhonkov, vpadnut\u00e9 a tmav\u00e9 oblasti stoniek s mo\u017en\u00fdm vytekan\u00edm miazgy alebo \u017eivice, vredy na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch stonk\u00e1ch a kon\u00e1roch, hnednutie cievneho tkaniva pri o\u0161krab\u00e1van\u00ed k\u00f4ry a odumieranie koruny. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b4a302 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6b4a302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"759\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/47.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2958\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/47.jpg 517w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/47-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 47:<\/b> Phomopsis juniperivora, Juniperus. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Phomopsis juniperivora, Juniperus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.115). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a8c37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a8c37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rakovina krvi Phytophthora <\/strong> &#8211; Nieko\u013eko druhov Phytophthora sp\u00f4sobuje t\u00fato chorobu, zab\u00edja k\u00f4ru a vonkaj\u0161ie tkaniv\u00e1 stromov a kr\u00edkov. Najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edznakom ochorenia je tmav\u00e1 \u0161\u0165ava, ktor\u00e1 vytek\u00e1 z r\u00e1n k\u00f4ry. Tekutina je zvy\u010dajne \u010derveno-hned\u00e1 a zafarbuje okolit\u00fa k\u00f4ru, ke\u010f stek\u00e1 nadol. Infikovan\u00e1 k\u00f4ra je \u010dasto podm\u00e1\u010dan\u00e1 a zafarben\u00e1, zatia\u013e \u010do vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 k\u00f4ra m\u00f4\u017ee vykazova\u0165 cel\u00fd rad abnorm\u00e1lnych farieb (hned\u00e1, modrozelen\u00e1, oran\u017eov\u00e1 a ru\u017eov\u00e1) v z\u00e1vislosti od konkr\u00e9tneho pr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho druhu Phytophthora . Fungic\u00eddy na o\u0161etrenie: azoxystrobin, karbendazim+debakarb (mikroinjekcie), s\u00edran me\u010fnat\u00fd, hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd, me\u010fnat\u00e9 soli mastn\u00fdch a kolof\u00f3nnych kysel\u00edn, mankozeb, metkonazol, tiofan\u00e1t-metyl a trifloxstrobin.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Phytophthora<\/strong> &#8211; rakovina k\u00f4ry dubu ( Quercus ), Rastliny infikovan\u00e9 Phytophthora spp. by sa mali zni\u010di\u0165, preto\u017ee v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti nie s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 \u017eiadne chemick\u00e9 kontroln\u00e9 opatrenia. <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010cerven\u00e1 prstencov\u00e1 hniloba borovice bielej ( Pinus strobus )<\/strong>&#8211; rakovinov\u00fd v\u00fdrastok na k\u00f4re borovice bielej m\u00f4\u017ee napadn\u00fa\u0165 in\u00e9 druhy borovice. Porodaedalea nap\u00e1da citliv\u00e9 biele borovice predov\u0161etk\u00fdm prostredn\u00edctvom vetvi\u010diek a vrcholkov, ktor\u00e9 boli napadnut\u00e9 borovicou bielou ( Pissodes) . V d\u00f4sledku napadnutia hubou s\u00fa eliptick\u00e9 vreck\u00e1 hniloby vystlan\u00e9 bielymi celul\u00f3zov\u00fdmi vl\u00e1knami a vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa sa zhrubnut\u00e9 rakovinov\u00e9 \u00fatvary.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Cie\u013eov\u00e1 rakovina k\u00f4ry stromov<\/strong> &#8211; Hubov\u00fd patog\u00e9n Neonectria , ktor\u00fd postihuje viac ako 60 druhov listnat\u00fdch stromov a kr\u00edkov, kolonizuje citliv\u00e9 stromy cez star\u00e9 kon\u00e1re. Na hlavnom kmeni sa vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa trval\u00e9 rakovinov\u00e9 n\u00e1dory a vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa sa pomaly so zdanlivo mal\u00fdm vplyvom na celkov\u00fd zdravotn\u00fd stav stromu. Gleditsia triacanthos, Albizia julibrissin. Rakovinov\u00e9 \u00fatvary s\u00fa \u010dasto pretiahnut\u00e9 a vpadnut\u00e9 s farebnou k\u00f4rkou a erup\u010dn\u00fdmi plodnicami. Infikovan\u00e9 stromy m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 v\u00fdhonky so \u017elt\u00fdmi a zv\u00e4dnut\u00fdmi listami, rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 odumieranie koruny. Syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 fungic\u00eddy ako azoxystrob\u00edn, tiofan\u00e1t-metyl a fosf\u00e1t by sa mali aplikova\u0165 priamo na miesto rakoviny. Kontaktn\u00e9 fungic\u00eddy, ako je hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd a mancozeb, by sa mohli pou\u017ei\u0165 na ochranu novo vyvinut\u00fdch v\u00fdhonkov na jar a za\u010diatkom leta.     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Choroby listov rastl\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Choroba bukov\u00fdch listov <\/strong> &#8211; tmav\u00e9, zasahuj\u00face p\u00e1sy na listoch; skreslenie listov; zhrubnutie listov a v\u0161eobecn\u00e1 &#8222;ko\u017een\u00e1&#8220; \u0161trukt\u00fara; pred\u010dasn\u00e9 padanie listov; odumieranie p\u00fa\u010dikov a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 odumieranie kon\u00e1rov s n\u00e1sledkom odumierania stromu. Ochrana sa vykon\u00e1va o\u0161etren\u00edm p\u00f4dy nematoc\u00eddmi, syst\u00e9mov\u00fdm nematoc\u00eddom fluopyram, kombinovan\u00fdm pr\u00edpravkom zlo\u017een\u00fdm z fluopyramu + trifloxystrob\u00ednu a fluopyramu + tebukonazolu. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Botryosphaeria \u0161kvrnitos\u0165 listov <\/strong> &#8211; Botryosphaeria (\u010dierna hniloba listov). Na listoch huba sp\u00f4sobuje v\u00fdskyt fialov\u00fdch \u0161kv\u0155n, zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161uj\u00fa sa a z\u00edskavaj\u00fa hned\u00fa farbu, \u0161kvrny maj\u00fa hned\u00e9 kr\u00fa\u017eky s fialov\u00fdm okrajom, \u010do d\u00e1va vzh\u013ead \u017eabieho oka. Rakovina sa vyskytuje vo vetvi\u010dk\u00e1ch, kon\u00e1roch a kme\u0148och. Botryosphaeria m\u00f4\u017ee infikova\u0165 zimn\u00e9 zranenia. Na infikovan\u00fdch miestach k\u00f4ry sa objavuj\u00fa mierne vpadnut\u00e9 \u010dervenkast\u00e9\/hned\u00e9 \u0161kvrny. Zvy\u0161uj\u00fa sa a tvoria vredy, ktor\u00e9 sa ka\u017ed\u00fdm rokom zvy\u0161uj\u00fa. K\u00f4ra zvy\u010dajne odumiera a m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 po chv\u00edli oddelen\u00e1 od stromu. Pri star\u0161\u00edch rakovinov\u00fdch v\u00fdrastkoch sa na k\u00f4re objavuj\u00fa pykn\u00eddie. Pri infekcii hubami na listoch pou\u017eite fungic\u00eddy.        <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d73bfae elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d73bfae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-1024x646.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2962\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-1024x646.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-768x485.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48.jpg 1062w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 48:<\/b> Botryosphaeria dothidea, Sequiadendron. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Botryosphaeria dothidea. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.232). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414159e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"414159e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Guignardia listov\u00e9 \u0161kvrny v ga\u0161tanoch<\/strong> &#8211; Guignardia aesculi sa po odkvitnut\u00ed za\u010dn\u00fa nad povrchom listu vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 bledozelen\u00e9 vodou nasiaknut\u00e9 l\u00e9zie. Ako sa l\u00e9zie \u0161\u00edria, st\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa such\u00fdmi a oran\u017eovohned\u00fdmi, listy sa m\u00f4\u017eu oh\u00fdba\u0165 a zvr\u00e1skava\u0165 a do konca vegeta\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia sa zdeformuj\u00fa. Na rozdiel od in\u00fdch listov\u00fdch chor\u00f4b dosahuj\u00fa \u0161kvrny ur\u010dit\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 a prest\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa vyv\u00edja\u0165. vo vn\u00fatri \u0161kv\u0155n mo\u017eno pozorova\u0165 \u010dierne bodky, \u0161trukt\u00fary h\u00fab, ktor\u00e9 nes\u00fa sp\u00f3ry. Fungic\u00eddy sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na udr\u017eanie vzh\u013eadu stromov, no vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov nemaj\u00fa opodstatnenie.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d219d15 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d219d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2966\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49.jpg 985w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49-768x495.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 49:<\/b> Guignardia aesculi. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Guignardia aesculi. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.31). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cfd870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cfd870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0160kvrna na listoch hlohu<\/strong> &#8211; Entomosporium mespili, na napadnut\u00fdch listoch, zelen\u00fdch vetvi\u010dk\u00e1ch a plodoch vznikaj\u00fa po\u010detn\u00e9 mal\u00e9 \u010dervenofialov\u00e9 \u0161kvrny. Nieko\u013eko t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov po infekcii sa \u010dasto sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa do fialovo-\u0161edo-hned\u00fdch \u0161kv\u0155n. V polovici leta listy pred\u010dasne \u017eltn\u00fa a opad\u00e1vaj\u00fa z v\u00e1\u017ene infikovan\u00fdch stromov. Fungic\u00eddy chr\u00e1nia listy a vyv\u00edjaj\u00face sa vetvi\u010dky na jar, ke\u010f sa p\u00fa\u010diky otvoria, postrekujte v intervaloch, pokia\u013e je chladn\u00e9 a vlhk\u00e9 po\u010dasie.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160kvrnitos\u0165 listov cezm\u00edny<\/strong> &#8211; Coniothyrium spp. Na star\u00fdch listoch cezm\u00edny sa po\u010das zimy a jari objavuj\u00fa mal\u00e9 a\u017e ve\u013ek\u00e9 \u017eltohned\u00e9 \u0161kvrny nepravideln\u00e9ho tvaru. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Chrastavitos\u0165 dubov\u00fdch listov<\/strong> &#8211; Taphrina, huba rastie vo vn\u00fatri epidermis, pod kutikulou, na hornej strane listu sa objavuj\u00fa konvexn\u00e9 (vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9) l\u00e9zie, zatia\u013e \u010do na spodnej strane sa objavuj\u00fa konvexn\u00e9 (preh\u013aben\u00e9). Ke\u010f sa na liste vyvinie ve\u013ea l\u00e9zi\u00ed, m\u00f4\u017eu sa spoji\u0165 a sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 \u00fapln\u00e9 zr\u00fatenie listu. Nesp\u00f4sobuje v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie \u0161kody, pre lep\u0161\u00ed vzh\u013ead stromov postrek fungic\u00eddmi na b\u00e1ze medi a mancozebu.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Phyllosticta \u0161kvrnitos\u0165 listov<\/strong> &#8211; sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 Phyllosticta spp. , nap\u00e1da Ilex , Kalmia , Hamamelis a \u010fal\u0161ie listnat\u00e9 kr\u00edky a stromy. Sp\u00f4sobuje \u0161kvrny na listoch, ochorenie okrajov listov a \u00fapln\u00fd kolaps infikovan\u00fdch listov. Vysok\u00e1 vlhkos\u0165 a tie\u0148 podporuj\u00fa prepuknutie chor\u00f4b. Fungic\u00eddy m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie proti Phyllosticta , ke\u010f sa aplikuj\u00fa na za\u010diatku sez\u00f3ny: soli medi mastn\u00fdch a\/alebo kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, hydroxid me\u010fnat\u00fd, mankozeb, metkonazol a propikonazol.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Phytophthora <\/strong>&#8211; Infekcie zvy\u010dajne za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa po\u010das tepl\u00e9ho a vlhk\u00e9ho po\u010dasia, ke\u010f sp\u00f3ry praskn\u00fa. Sympt\u00f3my sa najprv prejavuj\u00fa ako vodnat\u00e9, tmavozelen\u00e9 \u0161kvrny a \u0161kvrny na listoch. Do troch dn\u00ed po infekcii postihnut\u00e9 tkanivo zhnedne a nekrotizuje. Infekcie sa niekedy \u0161\u00edria na \u0161\u0165avnat\u00e9 v\u00fdhonky. Preto nie je vhodn\u00e9 zalieva\u0165 rastliny listami. Choroba sp\u00f4sobuje skor\u00e9 opad\u00e1vanie listov a patog\u00e9n potom pre\u017e\u00edva v odumret\u00fdch \u010dastiach rastliny, ktor\u00e9 zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa vlhk\u00e9 cez zimu. Zimn\u00e9 podmienky s\u00fa \u010dasto pr\u00edli\u0161 chladn\u00e9 na to, aby patog\u00e9ny pre\u017eili v p\u00f4de alebo vo vysu\u0161en\u00fdch rastlinn\u00fdch tkaniv\u00e1ch. \u0160k\u00f4lky a sklen\u00edky s\u00fa rajom pre patog\u00e9ny kv\u00f4li miernym zimn\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m. Nap\u00e1da mnoh\u00e9 bylinn\u00e9 rastliny, ako aj ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 a ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 stromy. O\u0161etrenie fungic\u00eddmi na b\u00e1ze: soli medi mastn\u00fdch a\/alebo kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, mefenoxam\/metalaxyl, kyselina fosfore\u010dn\u00e1.         <\/p>\n<p><strong>Javorov\u00e1 dechtov\u00e1 \u0161kvrnitos\u0165<\/strong> &#8211; sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 tromi druhmi h\u00fab Rhytisma , \u0161kvrny sa prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t objavuj\u00fa po dosiahnut\u00ed plnej ve\u013ekosti listov, od konca m\u00e1ja do za\u010diatku j\u00fana, ako zaoblen\u00e9, svetlozelen\u00e9, chlorotick\u00e9 \u0161kvrny s drobn\u00fdmi plodov\u00fdmi \u0161trukt\u00farami vyv\u00edjaj\u00facimi sa v strede. Skor\u00e9 opadanie listov v d\u00f4sledku choroby je naj\u010dastej\u0161ie v silne zatienen\u00fdch prostrediach s minim\u00e1lnym pr\u00faden\u00edm vzduchu a hustou v\u00fdsadbou. Pri tejto chorobe sa neodpor\u00fa\u010da pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 fungic\u00eddy.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b7a011 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2b7a011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-1024x646.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2970\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-1024x646.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-768x484.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50.jpg 1037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 50:<\/b> Erysiphe berberidis, Berberis thunbergii. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Erysiphe berberidis, Berberis thunbergii. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.43). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80c0a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80c0a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Javorov\u00e1 dechtov\u00e1 \u0161kvrnitos\u0165 <\/strong> &#8211; sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 tromi druhmi h\u00fab <i>Rhytisma <\/i> , \u0161kvrny sa prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t objavuj\u00fa po dosiahnut\u00ed plnej ve\u013ekosti listov, od konca m\u00e1ja do za\u010diatku j\u00fana, ako zaoblen\u00e9, svetlozelen\u00e9, chlorotick\u00e9 \u0161kvrny s drobn\u00fdmi plodov\u00fdmi \u0161trukt\u00farami vyv\u00edjaj\u00facimi sa v strede. Skor\u00e9 opadanie listov v d\u00f4sledku choroby je naj\u010dastej\u0161ie v silne zatienen\u00fdch prostrediach s minim\u00e1lnym pr\u00faden\u00edm vzduchu a hustou v\u00fdsadbou. Pri tejto chorobe sa neodpor\u00fa\u010da pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 fungic\u00eddy.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Choroby kore\u0148ov a koruniek<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Agrobacterium<\/i><\/strong> \u2013 n\u00e1dorovit\u00e9 uzliny na kore\u0148och rastl\u00edn, zriedkavo nap\u00e1da ihli\u010dnany, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 stromy. Infikovan\u00e9 rastlinn\u00e9 bunky obsahuj\u00fa bakteri\u00e1lne g\u00e9ny (v skuto\u010dnosti plazmid), ktor\u00e9 nahr\u00e1dzaj\u00fa niektor\u00e9 z g\u00e9nov norm\u00e1lnych rastlinn\u00fdch buniek. Spo\u010diatku s\u00fa opuchy na kore\u0148och a stonk\u00e1ch mal\u00e9, svetl\u00e9 a okr\u00fahle. Po\u010das v\u00fdvoja rastl\u00edn sa \u010dasto zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161uj\u00fa a st\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa po\u010detnej\u0161\u00edmi, listy \u017eltn\u00fa a s\u00fa mal\u00e9. Vplyv stresu v prostred\u00ed, ako je vysok\u00e1 teplota, sucho a chlad, m\u00f4\u017ee oslabi\u0165 rastlinu a ovplyvni\u0165 rozvoj kore\u0148ov\u00fdch chor\u00f4b.    <\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Phytophthora <\/i> kore\u0148a a hniloby<\/strong> &#8211; Druhy <i>Phytophthora <\/i> s\u00fa prim\u00e1rnymi parazitmi jemn\u00fdch kore\u0148ov a k\u00f4ry rastl\u00edn a sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa hnilobu cel\u00e9ho kore\u0148ov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V d\u00f4sledku \u00fatoku sa objavuj\u00fa rakovinov\u00e9 form\u00e1cie. Sympt\u00f3my sa prejavuj\u00fa ako odumieranie koruny, zakrpaten\u00fd rast, \u017eltnutie a scvrknutie listov, skor\u00fd opad listov a tok \u017eivice\/\u0161\u0165avy v bl\u00edzkosti z\u00e1kladne kme\u0148a. Infikovan\u00e9 korene sa \u010dasto javia ako hnedo\u010dierne, podm\u00e1\u010dan\u00e9 a m\u00e4kk\u00e9. Rastliny, ktor\u00e9 rast\u00fa na miestach so stojatou vodou alebo tam, kde s\u00fa sez\u00f3nne z\u00e1plavy. <i>Phytophthora <\/i> produkuje pl\u00e1vaj\u00face asexu\u00e1lne sp\u00f3ry. <i>Phytophthora <\/i> m\u00f4\u017ee pre\u017ei\u0165 mnoho rokov v p\u00f4de. Fungic\u00eddy na b\u00e1ze: me\u010fnat\u00fdch sol\u00ed mastn\u00fdch a\/alebo kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, etridiazol, etridiazol + tiofan\u00e1t-metyl, fosetyl-hlin\u00edk, mefenoxam\/metalaxyl, kyselina fosfore\u010dn\u00e1.     <\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Pythium<\/i><\/strong> \u2013 pr\u00edznaky zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa zakrpatenie, v\u00e4dnutie (odumieranie) a l\u00e9zie koruny. \u010casto nie s\u00fa jemn\u00e9 korienky, pri\u010dom hlavn\u00e9 korienky s\u00fa hned\u00e9 a\u017e \u010dierne. Fungic\u00eddy na b\u00e1ze: azoxystrob\u00ednu, me\u010fnat\u00fdch sol\u00ed mastn\u00fdch a\/alebo kolof\u00f3niov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, etridiazol, etridiazol + tiofan\u00e1t-metyl, mankozeb, mefenox\u00e1m, kyselina fosfore\u010dn\u00e1, tiofan\u00e1t-metyl.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Biela kore\u0148ov\u00e1 hniloba<\/strong> &#8211; <i>Armillaria <\/i> &#8211; infekcia sa \u0161\u00edri z kme\u0148ov ve\u013ek\u00fdch stromov, nap\u00e1da listnat\u00e9 druhy a ihli\u010dnany, postupn\u00e9 odumieranie kor\u00fan, zakrpaten\u00e9 v\u00fdhony, nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 listy \/ ihli\u010die, bledo sfarben\u00e9 a\u017e chlorotick\u00e9 listy, pred\u010dasn\u00e1 jesenn\u00e1 zmena farby, nadmern\u00e9 zu\u017eovanie a pr\u00fadenie miazgy\/ \u017eivice na koreni stromu a n\u00e1hle zhnednutie listov\/ihli\u010dia v polovici a\u017e koncom leta. Mlad\u00e9 stromy zomieraj\u00fa skoro. Huba nap\u00e1da stromy v strese zo sucha, napadnutia hmyzom, nedostatku v\u00e1pnika v p\u00f4de a pod. V poslednej dobe sa biologick\u00e1 ochrana vykon\u00e1va pomocou antagonistick\u00fdch h\u00fab z rodu <i>Trichoderma <\/i> .   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-011df48 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"011df48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"758\" height=\"793\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/51.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2974\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/51.jpg 758w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/51-287x300.jpg 287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 51:<\/b> Odumieranie stromov sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 hubou tmavej medonosnej (Armillaria ostoyae). <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Tree death caused by dark honey fungus (Armillaria ostoyae). In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.140). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcfd893 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcfd893\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kore\u0148ov\u00e1 hniloba<\/strong> Quercus spp. Pr\u00edznaky hniloby kore\u0148ov a kr\u010dku m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 ve\u013emi v\u0161eobecn\u00e9, napr. postupn\u00e9 odumieranie koruny, zakrpaten\u00e9 v\u00fdhonky, nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 olistenie, bledo sfarben\u00e9 a\u017e chlorotick\u00e9 listy a pred\u010dasn\u00e9 sfarbenie na jese\u0148 a\u017e po otvorenej\u0161ie dutiny na b\u00e1ze stromu, \u0161vy alebo praskliny s prietokom miazgy\/\u017eivice. Cez ranu na koreni alebo spodnom kmeni nap\u00e1daj\u00fa citliv\u00e9 drevo. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie s\u00fa to huby: Armillaria spp., Inonotus , Grifola frondosa a Meripilus giganteus.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a79efe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a79efe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00ed \u0161kodcovia na mestsk\u00fdch stromoch<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a95901 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a95901\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defoli\u00e1tory<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Pytliak <\/strong> ( Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis ) \u2013 nap\u00e1da druhy ako c\u00e9der, borovica, platan, javor, \u010dervenop\u00fa\u010dik a lipa, pri\u010dom sp\u00f4sobuje defoli\u00e1ciu hostite\u013eskej rastliny.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e47f32 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e47f32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2978\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.jpg 220w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52-198x300.jpg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 52:<\/b> Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis. <br> <b>Zdroj: <\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evergreen_bagworm\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Evergreen bagworm. <\/a><br>(Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e46ef6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e46ef6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Box Tree Moth<\/strong> (Cydalima perspectalis ) \u2013 prim\u00e1rnym hostite\u013eom je buxus (Buxus spp.). Tento \u0161kodca vedie k defoli\u00e1cii a m\u00f4\u017ee tie\u017e sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 smr\u0165 hostite\u013eskej rastliny. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c07638 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c07638\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0739219 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0739219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-1024x756.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2982\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-1024x756.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-768x567.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-1536x1133.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ccd988 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ccd988\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-1024x643.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2986\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-1024x643.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-768x482.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-1536x964.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920a395 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"920a395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Obr\u00e1zok 53:<\/b> Cydalima perspectalis caterpillar.<br \/><b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cydalima_perspectalis\"> Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Cydalima perspectalis.<\/a><br \/>(Vstupn\u00e9 9.1.2024)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60f101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b60f101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Piliatka brestov\u00e1<\/strong> ( Aproceros leucopoda ) \u2013 medzi hostite\u013eov patr\u00ed brest a jeho odrody. Sami\u010dky sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa men\u0161ie po\u0161kodenie listov pri kladen\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dok, zatia\u013e \u010do mlad\u00e9 h\u00fasenice sa \u017eivia listami, \u010do vedie k \u010diasto\u010dnej alebo \u00faplnej defoli\u00e1cii hostite\u013eskej rastliny. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e3fc35 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4e3fc35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54.jpg 984w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54-768x578.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 54:<\/b> Aproceros leucopoda. <br> <b>Zdroj: <\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aproceros#\/media\/File:Aproceros_leucopoda_up.JPG\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Apreceros leucopoda. <\/a> <br>(Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4701230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4701230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>P\u00e1dov\u00fd \u010derv<\/strong> ( Hyphantria cunea) \u2013 hostite\u013esk\u00e9 rastliny zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa brezu a div\u00fa \u010dere\u0161\u0148u. Po\u0161kodenie hostite\u013esk\u00fdch rastl\u00edn je predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vonkaj\u0161ie, preto\u017ee t\u00edto \u0161kodcovia vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa okolo listov strieborn\u00fa sie\u0165 a skeletuj\u00fa ich. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1bd28 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e1bd28\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e2bd3c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5e2bd3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-620x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2998\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-620x1024.jpg 620w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-768x1268.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-505bd0e elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"505bd0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55-768x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2994\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77039d elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e77039d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Obr\u00e1zok 55:<\/strong> Hyphantria cunea.<br \/><strong>Zdroj:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fall_webworm\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Hyphantria cunea. <\/a><br \/>(Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f43f2c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f43f2c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Smrekovec smrekovec<\/strong> ( Cleophora laricella ) \u2013 hostite\u013esk\u00e9 rastliny zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa v\u0161etky druhy smrekovcov. \u017div\u00ed sa listami, \u010do vedie k \u010diasto\u010dnej alebo \u00faplnej defoli\u00e1cii. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Morica hubovit\u00e1<\/strong> ( Lymantria dispar ) \u2013 hostite\u013esk\u00e9 rastliny s\u00fa dub, javor, breza, topo\u013e, v\u0155ba a ihli\u010dnany ako borovica a smrek. Sp\u00f4sobuje defoli\u00e1ciu a v\u00fdrazne za\u0165a\u017euje hostite\u013esk\u00e9 rastliny. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df815fb elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"df815fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3002\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 56:<\/b> Lymantria dispar. <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gubar_glavonja\">Wikipedia. (bez d\u00e1tumu). Gubar glavonja. <\/a> <br>(Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d963476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d963476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Mo\u013ea zimn\u00e1<\/strong> ( Operopthera brumata ) \u2013 Preferovan\u00fdmi hostite\u013emi s\u00fa dub a javor, ale nap\u00e1da aj in\u00e9 listnat\u00e9 rastliny ako lipu, jase\u0148 a brezu, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje \u010diasto\u010dn\u00fa defoli\u00e1ciu hostite\u013eskej rastliny.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Piercing a sanie hmyzu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Adelgids <\/strong> &#8211; mal\u00fd hmyz podobn\u00fd vo\u0161k\u00e1m, ktor\u00fd vytv\u00e1ra vlnit\u00e9 masy na hostite\u013esk\u00fdch rastlin\u00e1ch, zvy\u010dajne nap\u00e1da ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 stromy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vo\u0161ky <\/strong> ( Alphididae ) \u2013 druh vo\u0161iek, ktor\u00e9 prepichuj\u00fa listy hostite\u013esk\u00fdch rastl\u00edn a \u017eivia sa ich rastlinn\u00fdmi \u0161\u0165avami. K\u0155menie vo\u0161iek sp\u00f4sobuje \u017elt\u00e9 \u0161kvrny na hostite\u013eskej rastline a m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k deform\u00e1cii listov. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5a5564 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5a5564\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/57.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3006\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/57.jpg 560w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/57-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 57: Aphididae.<\/b> <br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1824755\/bgimage\">Bugguide.net.<\/a> (bez d\u00e1tumu). \u010cl\u00e1nkono\u017ece. <br> (Vstupn\u00e9 19.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b84bcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b84bcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Balsam Twig Aphid <\/strong> ( Mindarus) &#8211; \u0161kodca, ktor\u00fd nap\u00e1da v\u0161etky druhy jedl\u00ed. Sp\u00f4sobuje kr\u00fatenie novovzniknut\u00fdch ihli\u010diek a hojn\u00e1 medovice, ktor\u00fa vylu\u010duje, m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k zlepovaniu nov\u00fdch v\u00fdhonkov. \u0160kody sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 t\u00fdmto \u0161kodcom s\u00fa na stromoch vidite\u013en\u00e9 2-3 roky.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hemlock Woolly Adelgid<\/strong> ( Adelges ) &#8211; Hostite\u013esk\u00e9 rastliny s\u00fa ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 stromy. Tento \u0161kodca oslabuje hostite\u013esk\u00e9 rastliny, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k dlhotrvaj\u00facemu zamoreniu, ktor\u00e9 nakoniec hostite\u013esk\u00fd strom zabije. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Galls<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid<\/strong> (Adelges cooleyi ) \u2013 Nap\u00e1da nieko\u013eko druhov smrekov. \u017div\u00ed sa nov\u00fdmi v\u00fdhonkami a jej k\u0155menie m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok \u017elt\u00e9 \u0161kvrny a kr\u00fatenie ihli\u010dia. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Adelgid smrekov\u00fd <\/strong> (Adelges abietis ) &#8211; Infikuje predov\u0161etk\u00fdm smreky. Sp\u00f4sobuje tvorbu h\u00e1l na b\u00e1ze nov\u00fdch v\u00fdhonkov, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 celkov\u00fa vitalitu stromu. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa4ac62 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aa4ac62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3014\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 58:<\/b> Adelges abietis<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/stetnici.sumins.hr\/SumskiStetnici\/smrekova_us_siskarica_(adelges_abietis_adelges_viridis_)\">StetniciHr (2017) Smrekova u\u0161 \u0161i\u0161karica.<\/a> <br> (Vstupn\u00e9 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cebe401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cebe401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>K\u00f4rovci<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u00f4rovec ihli\u010dnat\u00fd<\/strong> ( Dendroctonus, Ips, Scolytus ) \u2013 infikuje predov\u0161etk\u00fdm borovice, ale m\u00f4\u017ee napadn\u00fa\u0165 aj smrek, jed\u013eu a in\u00e9 ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 stromy. Je to v\u00fdznamn\u00fd stresov\u00fd faktor pre ihli\u010dnat\u00e9 stromy, v\u010faka \u010domu s\u00fa n\u00e1chylnej\u0161ie na vysychanie. Tieto chrob\u00e1ky sa \u010dasto zameriavaj\u00fa na star\u0161ie stromy, preto\u017ee neprodukuj\u00fa dostatok \u017eivice, ktor\u00e1 sl\u00fa\u017ei ako prirodzen\u00fd repelent pre tohto \u0161kodcu.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u00f4rovec brestov\u00fd<\/strong> ( Scolytus multistratius) \u2013 hostite\u013esk\u00fdmi rastlinami s\u00fa brestovce. Nap\u00e1daj\u00fa k\u00f4ru hostite\u013eskej rastliny. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Leafminers<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Arborvitae Leafminer<\/strong> (Argyresthia thuiella) &#8211; hostite\u013eskou rastlinou je tuja. Nap\u00e1da listy, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje ich \u017eltnutie a vysychanie. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Birch Leafminer<\/strong> (Fenusa pusilla) &#8211; prim\u00e1rne infikuje dva druhy brezy, Betula populifolia a Betula papyrifera , v men\u0161ej miere brezu \u010diernu, \u017elt\u00fa a rie\u010dnu. Larvy \u0165a\u017eia listy hostite\u013eskej rastliny, objavuj\u00fa sa najm\u00e4 vtedy, ke\u010f sa objavuj\u00fa nov\u00e9 listy, \u010do vedie k \u017elt\u00fdm \u0161kvrn\u00e1m na listoch. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Boxwood Leafminer<\/strong> (Monarthropalpus buxi) &#8211; \u00dato\u010d\u00ed na v\u0161etky druhy buxusu. Sp\u00f4sobuje pred\u010dasn\u00e9 padanie listov a \u017eiv\u00ed sa pletivom listov medzi spodn\u00fdm a horn\u00fdm povrchom listov hostite\u013eskej rastliny. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b610ef4 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b610ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-1024x420.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3010\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-1024x420.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-768x315.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Obr\u00e1zok 59:<\/b> Monarthropalpus buxi<br> <b>Zdroj:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pupae_of_the_boxwood_leafminer_Monarthropalpus_buxi_inside_the_leaf_of_boxwood.jpg\">Wikimedia free media repository (bez d\u00e1tumu) Pupa of the boxwood leafminer.<\/a> <br> (Vstupn\u00e9 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed7bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ed7bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ob\u0165a\u017euj\u00faci \u0161kodcovia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sr\u0161e\u0148 obrovsk\u00fd <\/strong> ( Vespa crabro germana) &#8211; nap\u00e1da brezy, v\u0155by a topo\u013e. Odstra\u0148uj\u00fa k\u00f4ru z mlad\u00fdch rastl\u00edn, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k smrti hostite\u013eskej rastliny. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kore\u0148ov\u00e9 a v\u00fdhonkov\u00e9 k\u0155midl\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Vini\u010d \u010dierny<\/strong> ( Otiorhynchus sulcatus) &#8211; Nap\u00e1da vavr\u00ednovec, tis a niektor\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie v\u017edyzelen\u00e9 rastliny. \u017divia sa listami a zanech\u00e1vaj\u00fa polkruhov\u00e9 z\u00e1rezy. Okrem toho sa \u017eivia kore\u0148mi hostite\u013eskej rastliny. Okrem toho, \u017ee sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa \u017eltnutie listov, m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 aj k smrti hostite\u013eskej rastliny.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160upina hmyzu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0160upinat\u00fd hmyz (Coccoidea) je mal\u00fd, jemn\u00fd hmyz s telami pokryt\u00fdmi tvrd\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00edtmi. Z pribli\u017ene 3000 zn\u00e1mych druhov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 po celom svete, \u017eije v strednej Eur\u00f3pe asi 90 druhov. <\/p>\n<p>\u0160upinat\u00fd hmyz je mimoriadne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 nad\u010de\u013ea\u010f v r\u00e1mci triedy hmyzu, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a nieko\u013eko fyziologick\u00fdch \u0161kodcov s ve\u013ek\u00fdm v\u00fdznamom pre ovocie, vini\u010d, okrasn\u00e9 stromy a kr\u00edky. S\u00fa slabo mobiln\u00e9 a nedok\u00e1\u017eu pre\u017ei\u0165 na jednoro\u010dn\u00fdch pestovan\u00fdch rastlin\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 z tohto d\u00f4vodu len zriedka \u00fato\u010dia. \u017divia sa preva\u017ene bielkovinami obsiahnut\u00fdmi v rastlinn\u00fdch \u0161\u0165av\u00e1ch. Ke\u010f\u017ee rastlinn\u00e9 \u0161\u0165avy pozost\u00e1vaj\u00fa preva\u017ene z \u010dist\u00e9ho cukru, niektor\u00e9 druhy ho vylu\u010duj\u00fa vo forme \u010d\u00edrej a lepkavej medovice. Pohlavn\u00fd dimorfizmus je silne vyjadren\u00fd u v\u0161etk\u00fdch u\u0161iakov: Samice maj\u00fa zmen\u0161en\u00e9 kr\u00eddla, nohy a tykadl\u00e1, ale pr\u00e1ve preto maj\u00fa dobre vyvinut\u00fd \u00fastny apar\u00e1t prisp\u00f4soben\u00fd na satie. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina sam\u00edc m\u00e1 na hornej a \u010diasto\u010dne spodnej strane tela voskov\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt (pod\u013ea ktor\u00e9ho maj\u00fa meno), ktor\u00fd je produktom voskov\u00fdch \u017eliaz. Pomocou tohto \u0161t\u00edtu sa prichyt\u00e1vaj\u00fa na listy alebo k\u00f4ru rastl\u00edn.      <\/p>\n<p>Men\u0161ie samce maj\u00fa iba predn\u00fd p\u00e1r kr\u00eddel, zatia\u013e \u010do zadn\u00fd p\u00e1r sa vyvinul do \u201estabiliz\u00e1torov\u201c, p\u00e1ru gu\u013eovit\u00fdch pr\u00edveskov, zvy\u010dajne dlh\u00fdch ako ch\u00e1padl\u00e1. Ich o\u010di s\u00fa dobre vyvinut\u00e9 a ich ch\u00e1padl\u00e1 a nohy s\u00fa k\u013abov\u00e9. Nemaj\u00fa v\u00f4bec \u017eiadne \u010dasti \u00fast, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa v\u00f4bec nek\u0155mia. Rozmno\u017euj\u00fa sa pohlavne alebo partenogen\u00e9zou. Larva je pohybliv\u00e1, ale ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo sa pomocou \u00fastnych \u010dast\u00ed prichyt\u00ed k rastline. Samica kladie pod \u0161t\u00edt ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo vaj\u00ed\u010dok. Ich farba sa l\u00ed\u0161i pod\u013ea druhu od svetlookrovej, \u017eltohnedej a\u017e po tmavohned\u00fa. Ich ve\u013ekos\u0165 sa pohybuje medzi 0,8 a 6 mm a najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed druh, Aspidoproxux maximus, m\u00f4\u017ee dor\u00e1s\u0165 a\u017e do 38 mm. S\u00fa pripevnen\u00e9 na zadnej alebo l\u00edcnej strane listu a na povrchu drevnat\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed rastliny. \u0160upinat\u00fd hmyz je v strednej Eur\u00f3pe zast\u00fapen\u00fd radom tax\u00f3nov z \u010de\u013eade: Diaspididae, Asterolecaniidae, Ortheziidae, Margarodidae, Coccidae, Kermesidae, Pseudococcidae.         <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00dato\u010dn\u00edci na drevo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tesa\u0159\u00edk \u00e1zijsk\u00fd <\/strong> ( Anoplophora glabripennis ) \u2013 nap\u00e1da stromy ako javor, paga\u0161tan, breza, v\u0155ba, topo\u013e a brest, ale nenap\u00e1da ihli\u010dnany. Po\u0161kodzuje k\u00f4ru hostite\u013eskej rastliny. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Vija\u010dka bronzov\u00e1<\/strong> ( Agrilus anxius ) \u2013 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie postihuje druhy brezy ako Betula papyrifera , B. pendula, B. populifolia, pri\u010dom vykazuje rezistenciu u B. maximowicziana, B. platyphylla a B. nigra. Tento \u0161kodca vytv\u00e1ra tunely v cievnej \u010dasti stromu, \u010do vedie k op\u00e1saniu alebo \u00fahynu hostite\u013eskej rastliny <\/p>\n<p><strong>Vrt\u00e1k jase\u0148ov\u00fd <\/strong> ( Agrilus planipennis ) \u2013 tento \u0161kodca nap\u00e1da nieko\u013eko druhov jase\u0148ov, vr\u00e1tane Fraxinus spp., F. americana, F. pennsylvanica a F. nigra. \u017div\u00ed sa vytv\u00e1ran\u00edm tunelov v k\u00f4re a listoch hostite\u013eskej rastliny, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje odumieranie koruny.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37770bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37770bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odolnos\u0165 \u0161kodci<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2de3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da2de3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odolnos\u0165 alebo odolnos\u0165 je vtedy, ke\u010f p\u00f4sobenie pr\u00edpravku na ochranu rastl\u00edn postupne str\u00e1ca \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 proti \u0161kodcom. K vzniku rezistencie doch\u00e1dza prostredn\u00edctvom selekcie, tj v d\u00f4sledku \u010dastej aplik\u00e1cie rovnak\u00fdch alebo pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch pr\u00edpravkov na ochranu rastl\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 zab\u00edjaj\u00fa citliv\u00e9 exempl\u00e1re, ale ponech\u00e1vaj\u00fa na\u017eive m\u00e1lo a nepostrehnute\u013en\u00e9 odoln\u00e9 exempl\u00e1re. Vz\u00e1jomn\u00fdm kr\u00ed\u017een\u00edm sa po\u010det pre\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich rezistentn\u00fdch exempl\u00e1rov zvy\u0161uje, a\u017e sa napokon tieto rezistentn\u00e9 exempl\u00e1re rozmno\u017eia nato\u013eko, \u017ee agent prestane p\u00f4sobi\u0165. To je d\u00f4vod, pre\u010do disponova\u0165 \u010do najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtom prostriedkov, aby sa prejav odporu spomalil ich neust\u00e1lou v\u00fdmenou. Neopatrn\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia niektor\u00fdch prostriedkov m\u00f4\u017ee po\u0161kodi\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd hmyz a rastliny, ktor\u00e9 sme chceli pred \u0161kodcami chr\u00e1ni\u0165.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f19f9db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f19f9db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Identifik\u00e1cia naliehavosti a term\u00edn potla\u010denia<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d252ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d252ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aby sa pr\u00edpravky na ochranu rastl\u00edn pou\u017e\u00edvali iba v nevyhnutn\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch, plant\u00e1\u017ee by sa mali kontrolova\u0165 na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \u0161kodcov. Len ke\u010f ich po\u010det prekro\u010d\u00ed kritick\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, mali by by\u0165 potla\u010den\u00e9. Kritick\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo ukazuje intenzitu infekcie, ktor\u00fa stoj\u00ed za to kontrolova\u0165, a pre mnoh\u00fdch \u0161kodcov je toto \u010d\u00edslo zn\u00e1me. Napr\u00edklad na oh\u00fdba\u010dku kvetov by ste mali postrekova\u0165, ak je na strome aspo\u0148 3-5 \u0161kodcov. Prehliadkou plant\u00e1\u017e\u00ed sa zis\u0165uje aj optim\u00e1lna doba aplik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 z\u00e1vis\u00ed od po\u010dtu a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1dia \u0161kodcu, v\u00fdvoja rastl\u00edn, meteorologick\u00fdch podmienok a pod.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home > Moduly > Patol\u00f3gia stromov Modul 3 Patol\u00f3gia stromov (diagnostika a poruchy rastl\u00edn) a hodnotenie stromov Obsah 1. Patol\u00f3gia stromu Patol\u00f3gia je veda, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom chor\u00f4b, teda zmien v bunk\u00e1ch, tkaniv\u00e1ch a org\u00e1noch, ku ktor\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza pri chorobe. Rastlinn\u00e1 patol\u00f3gia je neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u0161etk\u00fdch z\u00e1hradn\u00edckych syst\u00e9mov (konven\u010dn\u00fdch, integrovan\u00fdch a ekologick\u00fdch). Pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4062","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Modul 3 - Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov - Learning - ARBORTECH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modul 3 - Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov - Learning - ARBORTECH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Home &gt; Moduly &gt; Patol\u00f3gia stromov Modul 3 Patol\u00f3gia stromov (diagnostika a poruchy rastl\u00edn) a hodnotenie stromov Obsah 1. Patol\u00f3gia stromu Patol\u00f3gia je veda, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom chor\u00f4b, teda zmien v bunk\u00e1ch, tkaniv\u00e1ch a org\u00e1noch, ku ktor\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza pri chorobe. Rastlinn\u00e1 patol\u00f3gia je neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u0161etk\u00fdch z\u00e1hradn\u00edckych syst\u00e9mov (konven\u010dn\u00fdch, integrovan\u00fdch a ekologick\u00fdch). Pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Learning - ARBORTECH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-24T19:10:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"86 min\u00fat\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment\",\"name\":\"Modul 3 - Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov - Learning - ARBORTECH\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-03-05T08:33:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-07-24T19:10:51+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Modul 3 &#8211; Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/\",\"name\":\"Learning - ARBORTECH\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Learning - ARBORTECH\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sk-SK\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Arbortech_horizontal_logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Arbortech_horizontal_logo.png\",\"width\":1273,\"height\":328,\"caption\":\"Learning - ARBORTECH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Modul 3 - Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov - Learning - ARBORTECH","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment","og_locale":"sk_SK","og_type":"article","og_title":"Modul 3 - Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov - Learning - ARBORTECH","og_description":"Home > Moduly > Patol\u00f3gia stromov Modul 3 Patol\u00f3gia stromov (diagnostika a poruchy rastl\u00edn) a hodnotenie stromov Obsah 1. Patol\u00f3gia stromu Patol\u00f3gia je veda, ktor\u00e1 sa zaober\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadiom chor\u00f4b, teda zmien v bunk\u00e1ch, tkaniv\u00e1ch a org\u00e1noch, ku ktor\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza pri chorobe. Rastlinn\u00e1 patol\u00f3gia je neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u0161etk\u00fdch z\u00e1hradn\u00edckych syst\u00e9mov (konven\u010dn\u00fdch, integrovan\u00fdch a ekologick\u00fdch). Pre \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fa [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment","og_site_name":"Learning - ARBORTECH","article_modified_time":"2024-07-24T19:10:51+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Predpokladan\u00fd \u010das \u010d\u00edtania":"86 min\u00fat"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment","url":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment","name":"Modul 3 - Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov - Learning - ARBORTECH","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg","datePublished":"2024-03-05T08:33:03+00:00","dateModified":"2024-07-24T19:10:51+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"sk-SK","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sk-SK","@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Modul 3 &#8211; Patol\u00f3gia stromov a hodnotenie stromov"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/","name":"Learning - ARBORTECH","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"sk-SK"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#organization","name":"Learning - ARBORTECH","url":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sk-SK","@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Arbortech_horizontal_logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Arbortech_horizontal_logo.png","width":1273,"height":328,"caption":"Learning - ARBORTECH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4062","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4062"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4062\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4100,"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4062\/revisions\/4100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}