{"id":3898,"date":"2024-03-05T08:33:03","date_gmt":"2024-03-05T08:33:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/modul-3-patologija-i-procjena-drveca"},"modified":"2024-07-24T19:10:45","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T19:10:45","slug":"modul-3-patologija-i-procjena-drveca","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/hr\/modul-3-patologija-i-procjena-drveca","title":{"rendered":"Modul 3 &#8211; Patologija i procjena drve\u0107a"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3898\" class=\"elementor elementor-3898 elementor-2740\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/pexels-johannes-plenio-1423600-scaled.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc3448 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cfc3448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-overlay-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99404ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99404ef\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03ac24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03ac24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/home\">Naslovna<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8575a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8575a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f07a3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f07a3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/arboriculture-for-gardeners\">Moduli<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c91116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c91116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63be87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63be87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Patologija i procjena drve\u0107a<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48d2a55 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48d2a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modul 3<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b2c93 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39b2c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Patologija (dijagnoza i poreme\u0107aji biljaka) i procjena drve\u0107a<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaa565f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eaa565f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1382774 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1382774\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:150,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2160ebb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2160ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTablica sadr\u017eaja\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63f0aaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63f0aaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee0f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfee0f3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279ffe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"279ffe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Patologija Drve\u0107a<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0e214f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0e214f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patologija je znanost koja se bavi prou\u010davanjem bolesti, odnosno promjenama u stanicama, tkivima i organima koje nastaju tijekom bolesti. Biljna patologija je sastavni dio svih sustava hortikulture (konvencionalne, integrirane i ekolo\u0161ke). Za uspje\u0161nu za\u0161titu biljaka potrebno je poznavati tehnologiju uzgoja biljaka, ali i uzro\u010dnike bolesti koji im \u0161tete kao i na\u010dine njihova suzbijanja. Zada\u0107a fitopatologije je sprije\u010diti infekciju, odnosno nastanak bolesti. Bolesti i \u0161tetnici na drve\u0107u mogu biti uzrokovani virusima, gljivicama, bakterijama i kukcima. Potrebno je utvrditi i saznati vi\u0161e o uzroku bolesti biljaka. Osim navedenog, zada\u0107a fitopatologije je saznati kako se mijenja rezistencija doma\u0107ina pod utjecajem okolnih \u010dimbenika i \u010dovjeka, kako se mijenja parazitska sposobnost pod utjecajem unutarnjih i vanjskih \u010dimbenika, te nau\u010diti kako koristiti sve raspolo\u017eive \u010dimbenike. mjere za\u0161tite bilja.      <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biljke su podlo\u017ene razli\u010ditim \u0161tetnim utjecajima. Mogu biti vanjski i unutarnji. Vanjski utjecaji su klimatski uvjeti, antropogeni utjecaji, ekolo\u0161ki utjecaji itd., dok su unutarnji uvjeti oni koji proizlaze iz same biljne zajednice. Uzro\u010dnici biljnih bolesti mogu biti razli\u010diti uzro\u010dnici bolesti \u2013 abiotskog ili bioti\u010dkog podrijetla. Bolesti abiotskog podrijetla su neparazitske bolesti, a naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e su uzrokovane klimatskim \u010dimbenicima i edafskim \u010dimbenicima kao \u0161to su vi\u0161ak ili nedostatak minerala u tlu, kiselost, vodno-zra\u010dni re\u017eim tla, suvi\u0161no one\u010di\u0161\u0107enje zraka i vode.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b05ecc elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b05ecc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-HR-1024x862.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2743\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-HR-1024x862.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-HR-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-HR-768x646.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-HR-1536x1293.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-01-HR-2048x1723.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 1.<\/b> Kratki vodi\u010d za neke zna\u010dajke bolesti drve\u0107a. <br><b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kcgov.us\/DocumentCenter\/View\/1374\/Introduction-to-Diseases-Canadian-FSFPL-54-PDF\">Pest Forest leaflet (2001) Introduction to Forest Diseases.<\/a> (Pristupljeno 18. 1. 2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-764bd34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"764bd34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Parazitske bolesti<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> uzrokuju \u017eivi organizmi, odnosno mikroorganizmi koji su zarazni i mogu se prenositi s biljke na biljku. Najva\u017enije bolesti ukrasnog i \u0161umskog drve\u0107a su mikoze. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parazitske bolesti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mikoze (uzrokovane gljivicama)<\/li>\n<li>bakterioza (uzrokovana bakterijama)<\/li>\n<li>viroza (uzrokovana virusima)<\/li>\n<li>mikoplazmoza (uzrokovana organizmima sli\u010dnim mikoplazmama &#8211; MLO)<\/li>\n<li>rikecije (uzro\u010dnik su organizmi sli\u010dni rikecijama &#8211; RLO)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8feecd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8feecd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biljni \u0161tetnici \u2013 pripadaju raznim skupinama \u017eivotinja od kojih su najzna\u010dajniji: kukci, grinje, nematode, pu\u017eevi, glodavci, ptice i \u017eivotinje. Brojnost jedne vrste ovisi o temperaturi okoli\u0161a, vla\u017enosti zraka, dostupnosti hrane, prirodnim neprijateljima i dr.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Vrste \u0161tetnika (insekti) <\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Me\u0111u va\u017enije \u0161tetnike ubrajamo sljede\u0107e vrste: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leptiri ne \u010dine \u0161tetu, najve\u0107u \u0161tetu \u010dine njihove gusjenice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kornja\u0161i <\/strong> \u2013 hrane se grickanjem dijelova biljaka, kao i njihovim li\u010dinkama.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Opnokrilci <\/strong> &#8211; njihove li\u010dinke uzrokuju \u0161tetu ugrizom raznih osa.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dvokrilci <\/strong> &#8211; odrasli ne \u010dine \u0161tetu, li\u010dinke \u017eive u plodovima kojima se hrane. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Lisne u\u0161i i \u0161titaste u\u0161i<\/strong> &#8211; \u0161tete uzrokuju sisanjem biljnih sokova u svim fazama njihova rasta, izlu\u010duju mednu rosu na biljkama na koje se nasele \u010da\u0111ave gljive.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Grinje <\/strong> \u2013 razlikuju se od kukaca jer imaju dva ili \u010detiri para nogu. Grinje \u0161i\u0161arke \u2013 si\u0161u sokove, male su, rastu na biljkama u posebnim formacijama. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Nematode <\/strong> \u2013 jedva su pokretne, \u017eive u tlu i napadaju korijenje te stvaraju izrasline koje uni\u0161tavaju glavni korijen. Neke vrste mogu \u017eivjeti u nadzemnim dijelovima biljaka. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pu\u017eevi <\/strong> &#8211; najve\u0107e \u0161tete \u010dine kopneni pu\u017eevi, hrane se li\u0161\u0107em i mekim dijelovima biljke, ostavljaju tragove sluzi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Glodavci<\/strong>-\u0161tetu \u010dine izgrizanjem kore i dijelova korijena.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Divlja\u010d <\/strong> &#8211; o\u0161te\u0107uju mlada stabla, grizu koru i hrane se li\u0161\u0107em. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e6bb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26e6bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.1. Biolo\u0161ka raznolikost \u2013 Va\u017enost i za\u0161tita<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9f754 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a9f754\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bioraznolikost podrazumijeva raznolikost gena, vrsta, zajednica vrsta, ekosustava, odnosno raznolikost na Zemlji kao cjelovitom ekosustavu. Biolo\u0161ka raznolikost je izvor genetskog materijala koji omogu\u0107uje razvoj novih i pobolj\u0161anih sorti biljaka. Raznolikost vrsta smatra se najboljim pokazateljem bioraznolikosti. Genetske razlike unutar iste vrste smatraju se morfolo\u0161kim i fiziolo\u0161kim razlikama. Biolo\u0161ka raznolikost smanjuje rizik od negativnih utjecaja nepovoljnih vremenskih uvjeta i \u0161titi od napada bolesti i \u0161tetnika. Drve\u0107e i grmlje omogu\u0107uje pove\u0107anje populacije korisnih kukaca i druge faune. Osim stani\u0161ta, na svaki organizam utje\u010du i sva \u017eiva bi\u0107a koja ga okru\u017euju. Ti me\u0111usobni utjecaji \u017eivih bi\u0107a su bioti\u010dki \u010dimbenici, u koje mo\u017eemo ubrojiti i utjecaj \u010dovjeka, tzv. antropogeni \u010dimbenik. Jedinke iste vrste u populaciji povezane su nizom odnosa, prvenstveno razmno\u017eavanjem. Populacije se stalno mijenjaju, pove\u0107avaju ili smanjuju broj. Oni se pove\u0107avaju ro\u0111enjem, odnosno stvaranjem novih jedinki. Brojnost smanjuje mortalitet ili tzv. smrtnost. Osim reproduktivnih odnosa, postoji i niz drugih, poput natjecanja za \u017eivotni prostor, za hranu, za spolnog partnera itd. Takvi odnosi nazivaju se INTRASPECIJSKI ODNOSI, tj. odnosi unutar vrste. Odnosi izme\u0111u razli\u010ditih vrsta nazivaju se INTERSPECIJSKI ODNOSI.               <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Urbane zelene povr\u0161ine omogu\u0107uju biolo\u0161ku raznolikost, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">odr\u017eavanje povoljnih mikroklimatskih uvjeta, infiltraciju vode u tlo, sekvestraciju uglji\u010dnog dioksida, vizualnu i estetsku kvalitetu, rekreaciju i dru\u0161tveni kapital. Vegetacija u gradovima smanjuje buku. Gubitak drve\u0107a, zelenih povr\u0161ina i biolo\u0161ke raznolikosti negativno utje\u010de na stanovnike gradova, jer se naru\u0161avaju mikroklimatski uvjeti za \u017eivot, su\u0161i se tlo, opada kvaliteta zraka i razina podzemnih voda, ugro\u017eava se zdravlje ljudi zbog pojave \u0161tetnika i bolesti. Uz sadnju drve\u0107a i \u0161irenje zelenih povr\u0161ina, urbane \u0161ume predstavljaju mo\u017eda i najambiciozniji oblik vra\u0107anja prirode u gradove. Urbanom stanovni\u0161tvu pru\u017eaju vi\u0161estruku korist, a osim \u0161to utje\u010du na kvalitetu \u017eivota i pru\u017eaju mjesto za odmor i rekreaciju, poma\u017eu u stvaranju ugodne mikroklime i sni\u017eavanju temperature zraka u pregrijanim gradovima, pove\u0107avaju uglji\u010dni dioksid i pro\u010di\u0161\u0107avaju zrak, promi\u010du biolo\u0161ku raznolikost i time pozitivno utje\u010du na tjelesno i psihi\u010dko zdravlje ljudi.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6a255b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6a255b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2. Stres kod drve\u0107a<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f554b54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f554b54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stres kod biljaka posljedica je utjecaja razli\u010ditih tvari koje ometaju metabolizam biljke ili je posljedica nepovoljnih \u017eivotnih uvjeta. Glavni uzrok stresa mo\u017ee biti abioti\u010dki ili bioti\u010dki. Ovisno o trajanju, stres mo\u017ee biti dugotrajan ili kratkotrajan. Stres je naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e posljedica kombinacije razli\u010ditih negativnih utjecaja na samu biljku. Postoji nekoliko vrsta stresa s obzirom na broj uzroka &#8211; pojedina\u010dni, vi\u0161estruki-pojedina\u010dni i kombinirani stres. Individualni stres se o\u010dituje kao posljedica jednog \u010dimbenika koji negativno djeluje na biljku, na njen rast i razvoj. Kombinirani stres nastaje kao posljedica kumulativnog djelovanja vi\u0161e \u010dimbenika, primjerice ljetne su\u0161e zajedno s visokim temperaturama (abiotski \u010dimbenici) ili istodobnog napada vi\u0161e \u0161tetnih organizama (bioti\u010dki \u010dimbenici).      <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5d9105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b5d9105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3. Poreme\u0107aji<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4feddc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d4feddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.1. Abiotski poreme\u0107aji<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e629e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e629e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abiotski poreme\u0107aji su poreme\u0107aji i o\u0161te\u0107enja koja nastaju pod utjecajem nepovoljnih klimatskih i edafskih \u010dimbenika kao \u0161to su: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>1. Visoka temperatura <\/strong> \u2013 46-52\u1d52C su\u0161enje biljaka i dijelova biljaka, upala kore, \u0161to je ve\u0107i sadr\u017eaj vode, to je biljka osjetljivija na visoke temperature. Denaturacija proteina iznad 50 stupnjeva.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cb0346 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3cb0346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"463\" height=\"609\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2747\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2.jpg 463w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2-228x300.jpg 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 2: <\/b> O\u0161te\u0107enje kore zbog pregrijavanja. <br><b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). O\u0161te\u0107enje korezbog pregrijavanja. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.23). Ulmer Verlag    <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3de37d6 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3de37d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"379\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2754\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3.jpg 761w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3-300x149.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 3:<\/b> O\u0161te\u0107enje od opeklina uzrokovano izlaganjem ekstremnoj vru\u0107ini.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). O\u0161te\u0107enje od opeklina uzrokovano izlaganjem ekstremnoj vru\u0107ini. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str. 247) . Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc0a41a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc0a41a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Niske temperature &#8211; \u0161tete na dijelovima biljaka od mraza (kasno prolje\u0107e i rana jesen, ve\u0107e \u0161tete na biljkama punim vode), ozebline i mraza. Niske temperature dovode do stvaranja kristala leda u stanicama i me\u0111ustani\u010dnim prostorima, a uslijed toga dolazi do pucanja stanica i dehidracije protoplazme. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1495d55 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1495d55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2758\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.jpg 917w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4-768x450.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 4:<\/b> Bron\u010dana boja zimi, Buxus<br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Bron\u010dana boja zimi, Buxus. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.50). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff2bc16 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ff2bc16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"606\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2762\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5.jpg 606w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 5:<\/b> Suho\u0107a od smrzavanja.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Suho\u0107a od smrzavanja. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.50). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e3a58e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e3a58e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>2. Nedostatak vlage u tlu<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34cacb8 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"34cacb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"370\" height=\"437\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/6.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2766\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/6.jpg 370w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/6-254x300.jpg 254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 6:<\/b> \u0160teta od venu\u0107a zbog nedostatka vode.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Wilting damage. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.193) . Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a809c1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a809c1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>3.Previ\u0161e vlage u tlu <\/strong> &#8211; sprje\u010dava normalnu apsorpciju kisika kroz korijenje, pa biljke umiru. \u010cesto dolazi do hipertrofije lenticela korijena, \u0161to se mo\u017ee vidjeti u obliku bjelkastih pri\u0161ti\u0107a na samom korijenu. Pojava lenticela omogu\u0107uje lak\u0161i prodor nametnika u korijenje  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a21d293 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a21d293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2770\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7.jpg 761w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/7-300x160.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 7:<\/b> O\u0161te\u0107enje kore uzrokovano vremenskim nepogodama.<br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Bark damage caused by weather extremes. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.257). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b91bb89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b91bb89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>4. Nedovoljno svjetla <\/strong> \u2013 dovodi do etiolacije biljaka, odnosno izdu\u017eenog rasta, pri \u010demu su biljke svjetlije boje. Biljke nisu otporne i lako podlije\u017eu raznim infekcijama. Pregust sustav sadnje mo\u017ee rezultirati nedostatkom svjetla, \u0161to uzrokuje izdu\u017eivanje biljaka.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>5. Previ\u0161e svjetla<\/strong> &#8211; biljke poprimaju ispran izgled i dobivaju opekotine.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-249bd55 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"249bd55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"447\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/8.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2774\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/8.jpg 447w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/8-300x277.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 8:<\/b> Obilno \u017eutilo tijekomjakog sun\u010devog svjetla.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Extensive yellowing throughout strong sunlight. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.56) . Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96e37ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96e37ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>6. nedostatak kisika u tlu,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>7. Zaga\u0111eni zrak: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sumporni dioksid (SO2): nastaje u termoelektranama izgaranjem ugljena, taljenjem ruda bakra, olova, cinka i nikla, pri visokim koncentracijama dolazi do kloroze,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vodikov fluorid (HF) i silicijev tetrafluorid (SiF4): nastaju u talionicama aluminija, tijekom proizvodnje fosfornih gnojiva, obrade \u017eeljeza i proizvodnje \u010delika. Visoka koncentracija: periferna nekroza i kloroza li\u0161\u0107a i \u010dekinja  <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Du\u0161ikovi oksidi (NO2, NO3): nastaju u motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem, tijekom rafiniranja nafte, izgaranja prirodnog plina i lo\u017eivog ulja. Na mladoj \u010detinja\u010di pri povi\u0161enoj koncentraciji razvijaju se nekroti\u010dne pjege. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94eab2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e94eab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>8.Previ\u0161e soli u tlu<\/strong> \u2013 problem prisutan u urbanim sredinama, ceste se posipaju solima (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2). \u0160umske vrste prema osjetljivosti na djelovanje soli dijele se u 4 skupine: 1. vrlo osjetljivi (smreka, duglazija, divlji kesten) 2. osjetljivi (javor, bukva, tre\u0161nja, lipa) 3. slabo osjetljivi (breza, joha, jasen, brijest, borovi, bagrem) 4. neosjetljivi (tisa, hrast, bijela topola, platana, vrba).     <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevelike koli\u010dine soli za posipanje u tlu ispiru se u dublje slojeve i utje\u010du na reverznu osmozu (voda iz biljke kroz korijenove dlake odlazi u tlo, \u0161to uzrokuje probleme s vodom i trajne \u0161tete na stablima u vidu slabijeg rasta li\u0161\u0107a, su\u0161enja. li\u0161\u0107a i cijelog stabla.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-534076f elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"534076f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"447\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2778\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/9.jpg 447w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/9-300x279.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 9:<\/b> Promjena boje li\u0161\u0107a zbog trovanja kloridima.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to chloride poisoning. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.29). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09fc23a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09fc23a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>9. Visoka koncentracija te\u0161kih metala u tlu <\/strong> (biljke koje rastu na tlu zaga\u0111enom te\u0161kim metalima imaju smanjenu razinu rasta kao rezultat promjena u fiziolo\u0161kim i biokemijskim procesima. Time se smanjuje godi\u0161nji prinos lisne mase na stablima, \u0161to dovodi do postupnog odumiranja stabala i promjena u ekosustavu).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>10. Nedostatak hranjiva u tlu <\/strong> \u2013 makroelemenata \u2013 du\u0161ika (N), fosfora (P), kalija (K), kalcija (Ca), magnezija (Mg) i sumpora (S). Mikroelementi &#8211; \u017eeljezo (Fe), bakar (Cu), cink (Zn), mangan (Mn), bor (B), molibden (Mo) i klor (Cl). Nedostatak ovih elemenata dovodi do pojave nespecifi\u010dnih simptoma koji se mogu zamijeniti sa simptomima uzrokovanim gljivicama. Nedostatak du\u0161ika dovodi do kloroti\u010dnog izgleda biljaka, usporenog rasta, opadanja li\u0161\u0107a, dok vi\u0161ak du\u0161ika dovodi do bujnog rasta, tamnozelene boje biljaka, produljenja vegetacije, stvaranja tanje epiderme li\u0161\u0107a, \u0161to pogoduje ja\u010dem razvoju uzro\u010dnika bolesti. Korekcija se provodi gnojidbom nakon pedolo\u0161ke analize tla na hranjiva. Nedostatak fosfora o\u010dituje se crvenkastom ili ljubi\u010dastom bojom listova koji su manji i stoje uspravno. Razvoj korijena je slabiji, a biljke poprimaju krut, uko\u010den izgled. Vi\u0161ak fosfora vrlo je rijedak u prirodi, ali ako se pojavi, uzrokuje fitotoksi\u010dnost. Nedostatak kalija o\u010dituje se kroz klorozu i nekrozu rubova li\u0161\u0107a, koja se mo\u017ee pro\u0161iriti na cijelu biljku. Listovi poprimaju crvenkastu boju, slabije se formiraju pupoljci, otpadaju cvjetovi i slabiji je razvoj korijenskog sustava. Vi\u0161ak kalija vrlo je rijedak u prirodi, ali je poznato da dobra opskrbljenost kalijem pove\u0107ava otpornost biljaka. Nedostatak kalcija o\u010dituje se klorozom i odumiranjem meristema, ponekad i cijelih biljaka. Nedostatak \u017eeljeza o\u010dituje se kao kloroza, javlja se osobito na alkalnim tlima i to najprije na najmla\u0111em li\u0161\u0107u. Nedostatak cinka manifestira se klorozom i nekrozom s opadanjem li\u0161\u0107a (defolijacijom) i stvaranjem sitnih listova. Nedostatak bora o\u010dituje se kroz su\u0161enje gran\u010dica i stvaranje &#8220;vje\u0161ti\u010djih metli&#8221;.              <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17f8881 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"17f8881\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"761\" height=\"527\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2782\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10.jpg 761w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/10-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 10: <\/b> Promjena boje li\u0161\u0107a zbog nedostatka \u017eeljeza i mangana.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to iron manganese deficiency. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.179). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-221515e elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"221515e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"753\" height=\"456\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2786\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11.jpg 753w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11-300x182.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 753px) 100vw, 753px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 11:<\/b> Promjena boje li\u0161\u0107a zbog nedostatka \u017eeljeza i mangana, Rhododendron.<br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to iron manganese deficiency, Rhododendron. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.179). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77ae36 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e77ae36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"438\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/12.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2790\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/12.jpg 438w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/12-273x300.jpg 273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 12: <\/b> Promjena boje li\u0161\u0107a zbog nedostatka magnezija.<br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Leaf discoloration due to magnesium deficiency. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.82). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4775799 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4775799\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"366\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2794\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13.jpg 366w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13-246x300.jpg 246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 13:<\/b> \u017dutilo iglica zbog nedostatka \u017eeljeza i mangana. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Needle yellowing due to iron-Manganese deficiency. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.135). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f81b3b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f81b3b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>11. Mehani\u010dka o\u0161te\u0107enja<\/strong> &#8211; od vjetra, snijega, leda, tu\u010de, groma i strojeva. Vjetar: mehani\u010dki (vjetrolomi, vjetrobrani i savijanje drve\u0107a) i suh (poja\u010dano isparavanje vode). Snijeg: lomljenje snijega i uru\u0161avanje snijega. Snje\u017ene padaline su \u010deste na jelama na mjestima tumora (uzro\u010dnika gljive M. caryopyllacearum). Na prirodnim stani\u0161tima jele i smreke, gljiva H. annossum uzrokuje truljenje korijena drve\u0107a koje lako polije\u017ee. Snijeg izravno utje\u010de na pojavu patogenih gljivica koje se razvijaju na snijegom prekrivenim povr\u0161inama Phacidium infestans (&#8220;snje\u017ena gljiva&#8221;). Herpotrichia nigra (uzro\u010dnik crne pau\u010dine kod \u010detinja\u010da &#8211; mlade smreke, bora i bora).   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc1210 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9bc1210\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"368\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/14.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2798\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/14.jpg 368w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/14-236x300.jpg 236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 14:<\/b> O\u0161te\u0107enje kore uzrokovano mehani\u010dkim o\u0161te\u0107enjima.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Bark damage caused by mechanical damage. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.257). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fb925d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fb925d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>12. Klimatske promjene<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>13.Kisela ki\u0161a<\/strong> \u2013 nastaje reakcijom SO2 i NO2 s vodom pri \u010demu nastaju sumporna (H2SO4) i du\u0161i\u010dna kiselina (HNO3), kiselost ki\u0161e je pH 5,3; kisele oborine na ki\u0161i: pH\u22642,5, posljedice: smanjenjem pH tla pove\u0107ava se koncentracija aluminija, odumiranje sitnog korijenja i mikorize. Simptomi bolesti su nekroza lenticela i listova, blije\u0111enje me\u0111u\u017eilnog prostora na listovima zbog razgradnje kloroplasta. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d32dc34 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d32dc34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"691\" height=\"313\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/15.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2802\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/15.jpg 691w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/15-300x136.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 15: <\/b> Kisela ki\u0161a.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/arboriculture.wordpress.com\/2016\/01\/05\/effect-acid-rain-tree-populations\/\">Arboriculture blog. (2016). The Effect Acid Rain on Tree Populations.<\/a> (Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c300dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c300dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>14.Fitotoksi\u010dnost <\/strong> &#8211; ozljede nastaju neadekvatnom primjenom sredstava za za\u0161titu bilja, \u0161to se o\u010dituje u obliku raznih ozljeda i opeklina.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abiotski \u010dimbenici dovode do smanjenja vitalnosti stabala, koja tada postaju osjetljiva na bioti\u010dke agense.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d854c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"47d854c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"370\" height=\"551\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/16.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2810\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/16.jpg 370w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/16-201x300.jpg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 16:<\/b> Odumiranje grana na \u017eivicama od vatrenog trna zbog abiotskih uzroka.<br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T. (2017). Branch dieback on firethorn hedges through abiotic causes. U: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (str.175). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17724d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17724d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.2. Bioti\u010dki poreme\u0107aji<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc78b6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc78b6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bioti\u010dke poreme\u0107aje uzrokuju razli\u010diti \u017eivi organizmi koji \u017eive u odre\u0111enim uvjetima na biljkama. U ovu skupinu spadaju: gljivice, bakterije, virusi i poluparaziti. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parazitizam i paraziti su heterotrofni organizmi (hrane se na ra\u010dun drugih \u017eivih bi\u0107a) i patogeni su organizmi (zaraze druga \u017eiva bi\u0107a). Da bi parazit postigao infekciju, mora postojati kompatibilnost izme\u0111u njega i doma\u0107ina. Na biljkama parazitiraju gljive, bakterije, alge i li\u0161ajevi.  <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>GLJIVE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vegetativno tijelo gljive &#8211; talus ili micelij sastavljen od mre\u017eastih jednostani\u010dnih i vi\u0161estani\u010dnih hifa<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Razmno\u017eavanje &#8211; spolno ili nespolno (spore nastaju kao produkt oba razmno\u017eavanja)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nespolne spore (naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e na nosa\u010dima &#8211; konidioforima ili piknidima ili acervulama u plodnim tijelima)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spolne spore (stvorene u malim plodi\u0161tima, naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i uzro\u010dnici bolesti drve\u0107a su sljede\u0107i rodovi gljiva:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vegetativno tijelo gljive &#8211; talus ili micelij sastavljen od mre\u017eastih jednostani\u010dnih i vi\u0161estani\u010dnih hifa<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Razmno\u017eavanje &#8211; spolno ili nespolno (spore nastaju kao produkt oba razmno\u017eavanja)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nespolne spore (naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e na nosa\u010dima &#8211; konidioforima ili piknidima ili acervulama u plodnim tijelima)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spolne spore (stvorene u malim plodi\u0161tima kleistotecija, peritecija i apotecija) ili u velikim plodi\u0161tima (poljska gljiva, karpofore).<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f47fe6 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f47fe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-HR-742x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2814\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-HR-742x1024.jpg 742w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-HR-218x300.jpg 218w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-HR-768x1059.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-HR-1114x1536.jpg 1114w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-HR-1485x2048.jpg 1485w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-17-HR.jpg 1738w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 17: <\/b> Spore koje uzrokuju bolesti I.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Disease causing spores I. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.271). Ulmer Verlag  <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bddb4d8 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bddb4d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"762\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-HR-762x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2818\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-HR-762x1024.jpg 762w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-HR-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-HR-768x1032.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-HR-1143x1536.jpg 1143w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-HR-1524x2048.jpg 1524w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-18-HR.jpg 1750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 762px) 100vw, 762px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 18:<\/b> Spore koje uzrokuju bolesti II.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Disease causing spores II. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.272). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-766d688 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"766d688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-HR-723x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2822\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-HR-723x1024.jpg 723w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-HR-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-HR-768x1087.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-HR-1085x1536.jpg 1085w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-HR-1447x2048.jpg 1447w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-19-HR.jpg 1746w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 19:<\/b> Spore koje uzrokuju bolesti III.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Disease causing spores III. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.273). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f387487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f387487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>BAKTERIJE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama nazivaju se bakterioze. Danas je poznato vi\u0161e od 300 vrsta i varijeteta fitopatogenih bakterija. Bakterije parazitiraju na vi\u0161e od tisu\u0107u biljnih vrsta. Prva otkrivena bakterija je Erwinia amylovora, koja uzrokuje velike \u0161tete na vo\u0107kama. \u0160tapi\u0107astog je oblika, sa ili bez trepavica koje mu omogu\u0107avaju kretanje kroz vodu. Razmno\u017eavaju se vegetativno, naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e diobom, rje\u0111e pupanjem, aerobni su, asporogeni i nazivamo ih fakultativnim parazitima. U biljke prodiru kroz prirodne otvore, stomate, lenticele, hidatode ili kroz ozljede uzrokovane tu\u010dom, vjetrom, snijegom ili bioti\u010dkim \u010dimbenicima (insekti, nematode, ljudi). Optimalni uvjeti za razvoj bakterija su pH 6,2 &#8211; 6,8, temperatura 25 &#8211; 30\u1d52C. Najbolje se razvijaju u uvjetima pove\u0107ane vlage, a bez kapi vode gotovo da nema zaraze. Bakterije gube svoju vitalnost pod utjecajem izravne sun\u010deve svjetlosti. Podzemne organe ili tkiva unutar doma\u0107ina parazitiraju bijele kolonije bakterija.          <\/p>\n<p>Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i prijenosnici bakterija su: ljudi, insekti, \u017eivotinjski organizmi, voda, struje<\/p>\n<p>Najva\u017eniji rodovi fitopatogenih bakterija su: <i>Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas i Streptomyces. <\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6bbb5d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6bbb5d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef773a9 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ef773a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"481\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2826\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/20-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 20: <\/b> Agrobacterium. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agrobacterium\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Agrobacterium. <\/a><br> (Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7280f66 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7280f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2831\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/21.jpg 1138w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 21:<\/b> Erwinia. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Erwinia\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Erwinia. <\/a> <br>(Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d57b777 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d57b777\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-660x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2835\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-660x1024.jpg 660w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-193x300.jpg 193w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22-768x1191.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/22.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 22:<\/b> Pseudomonas. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudomonas_syringae\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Pseudomonas. <\/a><br> (Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-237f770 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"237f770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2839\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/23.jpg 1138w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 23:<\/b> Xsanthomonas. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/enhttps:\/\/arboriculture.wordpress.com\/2016\/01\/05\/effect-acid-rain-tree-populations\/.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xanthomonadales#\/media\/File:Xanthomonas_leaf_spot.png\"> Arboriculture blog (2016) Xanthomonas.<\/a> <br> (Pristupljeno 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3d16c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3d16c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakterije se \u0161ire unutarstani\u010dno i razgra\u0111uju sredi\u0161nje lamele. Pojavljuju se na povr\u0161ini biljaka u obliku bakterijskog eksudata (kapljica ili sluzi). Simptomi bakterioze:  <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mokra trule\u017e &#8211; razvija se na tkivima bogatim vodom i hranjivim tvarima (<i>Erwinia<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Pjegavost i nekroza &#8211; ovo je naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i tip simptoma kod bakterioze, pjege su u po\u010detku vodenaste i prozirne, kasnije posme\u0111e, a zbog pucanja mrtvog tkiva poprimaju izgled kraste sa sme\u0111im rubom (<i>Xanthomonas , Pseudomonas<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Goru\u0107i &#8211; napadnuti organi ili dio njih posme\u0111e ili pocrne i su\u0161e se (<i>Erwinia<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>venu\u0107e &#8211; uvenu\u0107e pojedinih dijelova ili cijelih biljaka <i>(Erwinia, Pseudomonas)<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Razli\u010dite izrasline i tumori &#8211; pod utjecajem bakterija dolazi do hipertrofije i hiperplazije, \u0161to rezultira izraslinama, oteklinama i tumoroznim izraslinama (<i>Agrobacterium<\/i>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08905fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08905fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>VIRUSI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uzrokuju virusne infekcije, a znanost koja se bavi prou\u010davanjem virusa zove se virologija. Osnovne karakteristike virusa: <\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligatni paraziti<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Submikroskopske veli\u010dine &#8211; prolaze kroz bakterijski filter<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">razmno\u017eavaju se u \u017eivoj stanici odgovaraju\u0107eg doma\u0107ina<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nemaju vlastiti enzimski sustav niti metabolizam<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otporni su na antibiotike<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2b7006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2b7006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Virus u biljku ulazi preko ozljeda, odnosno rana. Biljke su naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e sistemski zara\u017eene, \u0161to se o\u010dituje kao kloroza. Virusi se mogu prenijeti i \u0161iriti mehani\u010dki &#8211; sokom s bolesne biljke na zdravu biljku, cijepljenjem, reznicama, mladicama, vegetativnim organima, kukcima, nematodama, gljivicama, parazitskim cvjetnicama (<i>Cuscuta <\/i> sp.), sjemenom i tlom. Mjere za\u0161tite su uni\u0161tavanje \u017eari\u0161ta zaraze, uni\u0161tavanje nositelja virusa (vektora, npr. <i>lisne u\u0161i<\/i>, bijele mu\u0161ice), uzgoj otpornih sorti i hibrida, terapija oboljelih biljaka &#8211; termoterapija, kultura meristema i uni\u0161tavanje korovnih biljaka koje mogu biti zara\u017eene virusima, a koje zaraze kultivirane biljke, stoga je potrebno prostorno izolirati kulture koje napadaju iste vrste virusa.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a3e5e4 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6a3e5e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"404\" height=\"481\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Picture-24.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2843\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Picture-24.png 404w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Picture-24-252x300.png 252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 24: <\/b> \u017duta pjegavost zbog virusne infekcije. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Yellow spotting due to viral infection. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.120). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-044f64a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"044f64a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>PATOGENI TLA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Neke ekonomski va\u017ene bolesti biljaka uzrokuju patogeni prisutni u tlu. Mnogi od tih organizama razvili su specijalizirane strukture za pre\u017eivljavanje poput otvrdnutog micelija (sklerocija) ili spora debelih stijenki (klamidospore ili oospore). Ove specijalizirane strukture poma\u017eu im da pre\u017eive u te\u0161kim uvjetima tla. Drugi ostaju kao saprofiti, zara\u0111uju\u0107i za \u017eivot razgradnjom mrtvih biljnih tkiva. Mnogi od ovih takozvanih patogena koji se prenose tlom ostaju u tlu dulje vrijeme, od jedne vegetacijske sezone do druge, \u010dak i ako okoli\u0161ni uvjeti ne podr\u017eavaju razvoj bolesti. Kada se pojave optimalni uvjeti (prava vlaga, temperatura i prisutnost biljke doma\u0107ina), te strukture patogena u tlu \u010desto slu\u017ee kao izvor inokuluma za razvoj bolesti. Najva\u017eniji gljivi\u010dni uzro\u010dnici u tlu: <i>Fusarium, Macrophomina, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Verticillium. <\/i>      <\/p>\n<p>Fusarium vrste uzrokuju truljenje korijena, venu\u0107e i \u017eutilo mnogih mladih biljaka u rasadniku.<\/p>\n<p><i>Macrophomina phaeseolina <\/i> je uzro\u010dnik bolesti trule\u017ei drvenog ugljena. Ova gljiva ima \u0161irok spektar doma\u0107ina, vi\u0161e od 500 vrsta. Uzrokuje niz simptoma, uklju\u010duju\u0107i truljenje sadnica, truljenje i venu\u0107e korijena i stabljika. Vru\u0107e vrijeme pogoduje razvoju bolesti.   <\/p>\n<p>Rod Phytophthora uklju\u010duje nekoliko ekonomski va\u017enih biljnih patogena koji uzrokuju pale\u017e, rak i trule\u017e na raznim biljnim vrstama. Biljke u rasadnicima obolijevaju. <\/p>\n<p><i>Pythium <\/i> vrste poput svojih ro\u0111aka, <i> Phytophthora spp. <\/i> , su organizmi koji vole vodu. Uni\u0161tava rasad u rasadniku. Simptomi uklju\u010duju zastoj u rastu, venu\u0107e (umiranje) i lezije krune. \u010cesto nema dobrih korijena, dok su glavni korijeni sme\u0111i ili crni.   <\/p>\n<p><i>Rhizoctonia solani<\/i> \u010dest je patogen u tlu koji uzrokuje vla\u017eenje, truljenje korijena i stabljika raznih biljnih vrsta.<\/p>\n<p><i>Sclerotinia <\/i> vrste su uzro\u010dnici trule\u017ei stabljike i meke trule\u017ei mnogih ukrasnih vrsta.<\/p>\n<p><i>Sclerotium <\/i> vrste uzrokuju trule\u017e korijena, rak stabljike, trule\u017e korijena, trule\u017e kro\u0161nje na raznim biljkama, uklju\u010duju\u0107i povr\u0107e, mahunarke i \u017eitarice. Bolesti uzrokovane ovim gljivicama \u010desto se nazivaju uvenu\u0107e. <\/p>\n<p><i>Verticillium dahliae<\/i>, uzro\u010dnik <i>Verticillium wilt<\/i>, pravi je patogen koji se prenosi tlom i mo\u017ee pre\u017eivjeti u tlu do 15 godina kao mikrosklerocij. Druga vrsta <i>Verticillium<\/i>, <i>V. albo-atrum<\/i> tako\u0111er uzrokuje venu\u0107e, ali se razlikuje od <i>V. dahliae<\/i> po tome \u0161to ne proizvodi sklerocije. Verticillium vrste napadaju vi\u0161e od 200 biljnih vrsta uklju\u010duju\u0107i povr\u0107e, cvije\u0107e, jagode, vo\u0107ke i \u0161umsko drve\u0107e.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf71343 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf71343\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-1024x568.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2850\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-1024x568.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25-768x426.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/25.jpg 1069w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 25: <\/b> Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Forsythia.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.91). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f20c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33f20c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.4. Egzoti\u010dni patogeni<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f107ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f107ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uzro\u010dnici bolesti i \u0161tetnici iz drugih podneblja, karantenski \u0161tetni organizmi koji se pojavljuju u EU: <i>Fusarium circinatum, Ceratocystis platani, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Trioza erytreae, Popillia japonica, Aromia bungii, Anoplophora chinensis. <\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i>Fusarium <\/i> je gljivi\u010dni biljni patogen koji uzrokuje bolest raka kore. <i>Fusarium <\/i> inficira grane bora i tako uzrokuje rak kore. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i doma\u0107ini uzro\u010dnika su <i>Pinus eliotti<\/i>, <i> Pinus tadea<\/i> , <i> Pinus radiata<\/i> i <i>Pinus patula<\/i> . <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88f7c0f elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88f7c0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2854\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/26.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 26:<\/b> Fusarium circinatum, Pinus.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fusarium_circinatum#\/media\/File:Pine_pitch_canker.jpg\"> Wikipedia (bez datuma). Fusarium circinatum.<\/a> <br>(Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da5423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4da5423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Ceratocystis platani<\/i> &#8211; gljiva koja uzrokuje bolest na platanama iz roda <i>Platanus <\/i> , uglavnom u Sjevernoj Americi i Ju\u017enoj Europi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262022b elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"262022b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"248\" height=\"265\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/27.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2868\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 27: <\/b> Ceratocystis platani. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceratocystis_platani#\/media\/File:Ecorce_platane_chancr%C3%A9.jpg\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Ceratocystis platani.<\/a><br> (Pristupljeno 18.1.2024)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2e773 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da2e773\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/i> &#8211; poznata kao borova nematoda ili borova nematoda (PWN), vrsta je nematode koja inficira drve\u0107e iz roda <i>Pinus <\/i> .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5decd43 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5decd43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/28.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2873\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/28.jpg 500w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/28-300x170.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 28:<\/b> Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/stetnici.sumins.hr\/SumskiStetnici\/borova_nematoda_%28bursaphelenchus_xylophilus%29\">StetniciHr (2017) Borova nematoda.<\/a><br> (Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1433ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1433ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Triosa erytreae<\/i> &#8211; afri\u010dko stablo citrusa. Polukrila stjenica iz porodice Triozidae, koja si\u0161e sok. Va\u017ean je \u0161tetnik agruma, jedan je od samo dva poznata prijenosnika ozbiljne bolesti agruma (bolest ozelenjavanja citrusa).  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b209f elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c3b209f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"303\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/29.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2877\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/29.jpg 303w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/29-300x263.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 29:<\/b> Trioza erytreae. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trioza_erytreae#\/media\/File:Trioza_erytreae_eggs_leaf.jpg\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Trioza erytreae. <\/a><br> (Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e95bbd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e95bbd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i>Popilia japonica<\/i> &#8211; poznati je \u0161tetnik oko 300 vrsta biljaka, uklju\u010duju\u0107i grmove ru\u017ea, vinovu lozu, hmelj, konoplju, mirte, breze, lipe i druge. Odrasli japanski svrdla\u0161i o\u0161te\u0107uju biljke skeletiziranjem li\u0161\u0107a (tj. konzumiranjem samo materijala izme\u0111u \u017eilica lista), kao i hrane\u0107i se plodovima biljke. Podzemne li\u010dinke hrane se korijenjem trave.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb4f2e4 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb4f2e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"302\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/30.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2881\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/30.jpg 302w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/30-300x266.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 30:<\/b> Popillia japonica. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_beetle#\/media\/File:Popillia_japonica.jpg\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Popillia japonica. <\/a><br> (Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37a74a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37a74a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Aromia bungii<\/i> &#8211; Li\u010dinke bu\u0161e rupe u drvu i debljim granama, zbog \u010dega stablo slabi i gubi plodove. Doma\u0107ini su <i>Prunus <\/i> sp. (osobito breskva i marelica), Prunus domestica, <i>Prunus avium, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Bambusa textilis (Poaceae), Diospyros virginiana (Ebenaceae), Olea europea, Populus alba (Salicaceae), Pterocarya stenoptera (Juglandaceae), Punica granatum ( \u0161ipak) &#8211;<\/i> <i>Lythraceae), Schima superba (Theaceae)<\/i>  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fce731 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8fce731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"381\" height=\"332\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/31.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2885\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/31.jpg 381w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/31-300x261.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 31:<\/b> Aromia bungii. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/stetnici.sumins.hr\/SumskiStetnici\/aromia_bungii\">StetniciHr (2017). Aromia bungii.<\/a> <br> (Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0ecf60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0ecf60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><i>Anoplophora chinensis <\/i> &#8211; azijski citrusni dugorogac pripada skupini polifagnih \u0161tetnih organizama i prema do sada poznatim podacima javlja se na vrstama iz sljede\u0107ih rodova: <i>Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Fagus, Ficus, Fraxinus, Malus, Morus, Platanus, Populus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Rosa, Salix i Ulmus.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d5dc43 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6d5dc43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/32.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2889\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/32.jpg 340w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/32-300x243.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 32: <\/b> Anoplophora chinensis. <br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/entomologytoday.org\/2023\/05\/23\/international-cooperation-invasive-insects-china-grey-literature-north-america-trees\/asian-longhorned-beetle-3\">Entomologija danas (bez datuma). Citrusni dugorogac (Anopophora chinesis).<\/a><br>(Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8a0669 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8a0669\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Karantenski \u0161tetni organizmi koji se ne pojavljuju u EU, ali postoji vjerojatnost da \u0107e se pojaviti: Rod <i>Acleris, Agrilus anxius, Agrilus planipennis, Aleurocanthus woglumi, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Aschistonyx eppoi, Bemisia tabaci, Dendrolimus sibiricus itd. <\/i> <\/p>\n<p><strong>Izvor: <\/strong> Priru\u010dnik za specijalizirane subjekte. (bez datuma). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hapih.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Karantenski-stetni-organizmi-Europske-unije.pdf\"><i>Karantenski \u0161tetni organizmi Europske Unije. Centar za za\u0161titu bilja. <\/i><\/a> (Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b353eb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b353eb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.5. Analiza patologije<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b175552 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b175552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Patogeni se mogu prenijeti i \u0161iriti na sljede\u0107e na\u010dine &#8211; zara\u017eenim biljnim materijalom, vjetrom, vodom, tlom, \u017eivotinjama, ljudskim prijenosnicima.<\/p>\n<p>Patogeneza je nastanak i tijek bolesti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Infekcija<\/strong> je prodiranje parazita u doma\u0107ina. Vrijeme infekcije je razli\u010ditog trajanja za pojedine bolesti. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Inkubacija<\/strong> &#8211; vrijeme od infekcije do pojave prvih simptoma je razli\u010dito i ovisi o nizu \u010dimbenika, obi\u010dno traje od 7 do 14 dana, kod nekih virusa 1 do 2 dana.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fruktifikacija<\/strong> &#8211; vremensko razdoblje od uspostavljanja kontakta izme\u0111u parazita i stanice doma\u0107ina (infekcije) do pojave organa za razmno\u017eavanje tog parazita. U prosjeku traje 1 do 2 dana du\u017ee od inkubacije. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08cba63 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"08cba63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"605\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-HR-1024x775.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2893\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-HR-1024x775.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-HR-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-HR-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-HR-1536x1163.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-33-HR-2048x1550.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 33: <\/b> \u017divotni ciklus gram negativne bakterije Xanthomonas campestris.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plant_pathology#\/media\/File:Black_rot_lifecycle.tif\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Patologija biljaka. \u017divotni ciklus crnog korijena.<\/a> <br>(Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52f9df0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52f9df0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>BROJ\u010cANI PRAG ZARAZE <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kod nekih gljiva do infekcije mo\u017ee do\u0107i ako je prisutna samo jedna spora (ako je doma\u0107in osjetljiv). Kod drugih gljivica i bakterija infekcija se ne mo\u017ee posti\u0107i jednom sporom ili bakterijom, ve\u0107 vi\u0161e njih. Kod tolerantnih sorata potreban je zna\u010dajno ve\u0107i broj parazita da bi do\u0161lo do infekcije. Gusto\u0107a spora i parazita na biljci doma\u0107inu je snaga zaraze koja mo\u017ee biti minimalna, optimalna i maksimalna. Minimalna gusto\u0107a spora uzro\u010dnika bolesti, neophodna za nastanak bolesti, naziva se BROJ\u010cANI PRAG INFEKCIJE. Da bi do\u0161lo do infekcije, mora postojati odgovaraju\u0107a privla\u010dnost ili tropizam izme\u0111u doma\u0107ina i parazita. Spora uzro\u010dnika ne mo\u017ee pasti ni na jednu biljku i izazvati pojavu bolesti. Agresivnost je sposobnost parazita da napadne biljku, izvr\u0161i infekciju, hrani se i razmno\u017eava iz biljne stanice. Patogenost je sposobnost parazita da izazove bolest kod doma\u0107ina.        <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>NA\u010cELA REZISTENTNOSTI BILJAKA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u017diva bi\u0107a imaju prirodnu otpornost na neke bolesti, \u0161to je genetski uvjetovano. Ste\u010dena rezistencija javlja se nakon oporavka i nije nasljedna. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rezistencija mo\u017ee biti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pasivna<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; uklju\u010duje morfolo\u0161ka, \u200b\u200bhistolo\u0161ka, \u200b\u200bkemijska i druga svojstva i stanja doma\u0107ina, koja smanjuju vjerojatnost infekcije i \u0161irenja parazita.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Aktivna<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; sposobnost organizma da zaustavi ili eliminira parazita nakon infekcije skupom obrambenih reakcija citoplazme. Aktivira se ako \u010dimbenici pasivne rezistencije ne ispune svoju zada\u0107u. Obrambene reakcije aktivne rezistencije mogu biti:  <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antiparazitski &#8211; usmjereni prema parazitu, cilj im je oslabiti ili uni\u0161titi parazita.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antitoksi\u010dni &#8211; usmjereni su na vezanje ili razgradnju toksina koji proizvodi parazit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inducirane obrambene reakcije i prethodno razvijeni imunitet \u2013 reakcija biljaka usmjerena je protiv vlastite osjetljivosti, a ne protiv parazita.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ce5912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ce5912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaklju\u010dak<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeec8f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeec8f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zaklju\u010dno, ovaj sveobuhvatni pregled biljne patologije zadire u vi\u0161estrani svijet biljnog stresa, poreme\u0107aja i raznih bioti\u010dkih i abiotskih \u010dimbenika koji utje\u010du na zdravlje i vitalnost biljaka. Stres, bilo da proizlazi iz pojedina\u010dnih ili kombiniranih \u010dimbenika, ima potencijal uvelike utjecati na rast i razvoj biljaka, zbog \u010dega je neophodno razumjeti i ubla\u017eiti te utjecaje. Podru\u010dje biljne patologije igra klju\u010dnu ulogu u razumijevanju i o\u010duvanju zdravlja biljaka u razli\u010ditim sustavima hortikulture. Ne radi se samo o prepoznavanju bolesti, ve\u0107 i o razumijevanju razli\u010ditih \u010dimbenika koji utje\u010du na zdravlje biljaka, kako unutarnjih tako i vanjskih.   <\/p>\n<p>Abiotski poreme\u0107aji, uklju\u010duju\u0107i ekstremne temperature, razine vlage, svjetlosne uvjete i \u010dimbenike tla, istaknuti su kao glavni uzro\u010dnici zdravstvenih problema biljaka. Ovi poreme\u0107aji mogu dovesti do simptoma poput venu\u0107a, truljenja, promjene boje i niza drugih izazova, u kona\u010dnici smanjuju\u0107i vitalnost drve\u0107a i \u010dine\u0107i ga osjetljivim na bioti\u010dke agense. Bioti\u010dke poreme\u0107aje, s druge strane, prete\u017eno uzrokuju \u017eivi organizmi poput gljivica, bakterija i virusa. Ovi se patogeni mogu manifestirati na razli\u010dite na\u010dine, uklju\u010duju\u0107i mokru trule\u017e, pjegavost, spaljivanje i venu\u0107e, ovisno o specifi\u010dnoj vrsti odgovornog organizma. Razumijevanje karakteristika i pona\u0161anja ovih patogena klju\u010dno je za upravljanje bole\u0161\u0107u.     <\/p>\n<p>Razumijevanje bioraznolikosti klju\u010dno je u ovom kontekstu, jer poti\u010de otpornost biljnih populacija i ekosustava. Bioraznolikost osigurava genetsku raznolikost, koja zauzvrat poma\u017ee u razvoju robusnih biljnih sorti. \u0160tovi\u0161e, slo\u017eena mre\u017ea interakcija me\u0111u vrstama, unutar i izme\u0111u vrsta, nagla\u0161ava me\u0111usobnu povezanost svih \u017eivih organizama. Ova zamr\u0161ena tapiserija \u017eivota, pod utjecajem prirodnih i antropogenih \u010dimbenika, nagla\u0161ava potrebu za sveobuhvatnim razumijevanjem ekosustava u kojima biljke uspijevaju. Na kraju, predstavljen je koncept otpornosti biljaka, nagla\u0161avaju\u0107i va\u017enost razumijevanja mehanizama pasivne i aktivne otpornosti biljaka. Ovi mehanizmi igraju klju\u010dnu ulogu u ubla\u017eavanju utjecaja patogena i bolesti te mogu biti klju\u010dni za strategije upravljanja bolestima.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146df1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"146df1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b141df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b141df\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e1fd64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e1fd64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Procjena drve\u0107a<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4665ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4665ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1. Pregledavanje drve\u0107a<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7b105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c7b105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Redoviti pregled drve\u0107a pru\u017ea priliku za prepoznavanje ranih znakova bolesti ili zaraze. Pregledavanje drve\u0107a poma\u017ee u odr\u017eavanju estetske privla\u010dnosti krajolika identificiranjem i rje\u0161avanjem problema koji mogu utjecati na njihovu vizualnu privla\u010dnost. Redovito pregledavanje klju\u010dno je za dobrobit i dugovje\u010dnost drve\u0107a, kao i za o\u010duvanje ljepote prirodnog okoli\u0161a.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metode koje se koriste za pregledavanje drve\u0107a i utvr\u0111ivanje uzroka o\u0161te\u0107enja su: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">detaljna vizualna PROCJENA drva i okoli\u0161a<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">procjena vitalnosti <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uzorkovanje i analiza oboljelih dijelova, napadnutih \u0161teto\u010dinama ili stresom<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414d891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"414d891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2. Analiza<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f346a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f346a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pa\u017eljivim pregledom li\u0161\u0107a, kore, grana i cjelokupnog zdravstvenog stanja drva mogu se uo\u010diti sve anomalije rasta, promjena boje ili prisutnost \u0161tetnika. Ovo rano otkrivanje omogu\u0107uje brzo poduzimanje radnji, kao \u0161to je primjena odgovaraju\u0107ih tretmana ili uklanjanje bolesnog drva kako bi se sprije\u010dilo \u0161irenje bolesti ili infekcije na druga drva u tom podru\u010dju. Prepoznavanje znakova bolesti ili zaraze tijekom redovitih pregleda drve\u0107a poma\u017ee u odr\u017eavanju ukupnog zdravlja i vitalnosti populacije stabala, osiguravaju\u0107i njihovu dugovje\u010dnost.   <\/p>\n<p>VTA ili vizualna kontrola drve\u0107a u arborikulturi sustavna je metoda za procjenu zdravlja i strukturalnog integriteta stabala. VTA je va\u017ean dio brige o drve\u0107u i procjene rizika, a obi\u010dno se koristi u urbanom \u0161umarstvu i programima upravljanja drve\u0107em. <\/p>\n<p>Koraci za provo\u0111enje VTA:<\/p>\n<p><strong>priprema: <\/strong> Prije nego \u0161to po\u010dnete, provjerite imate li potrebne alate i opremu, kao \u0161to su dalekozor, me\u0111uspremnik, kontrolni popis ili obrazac za dokumentaciju i osobnu za\u0161titnu opremu (ako je potrebna).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Identifikacija: <\/strong> Identificirajte vrstu drve\u0107a koju procjenjujete jer razli\u010dite vrste mogu imati razli\u010dite karakteristike i zahtjeve.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Op\u0107i pregled:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kro\u0161nja: Zapo\u010dnite ispitivanjem kro\u0161nje stabla. Potra\u017eite znakove mrtvih ili opadaju\u0107ih grana, li\u0161\u0107a koje nedostaje i abnormalne obrasce rasta. <\/li>\n<li>Deblo: Pregledajte ima li na deblu rana, pukotina, truljenja ili znakova napada \u0161teto\u010dina. Obratite pozornost na otekline ili abnormalnosti. <\/li>\n<li>Zona korijena: Ako je mogu\u0107e, procijenite zonu korijena zbog problema poput opasivanja korijenja, zbijenosti tla ili drugih faktora stresa koji mogu utjecati na zdravlje stabla.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e47948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e47948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Struktura grana: <\/strong> Procijenite grane za mrtve ili umiruju\u0107e dijelove, slabo pri\u010dvr\u0161\u0107ene ili dijelove s velikim optere\u0107enjem li\u0161\u0107a ili plodova. Potra\u017eite sve grane koje se kri\u017eaju ili trljaju jedna o drugu. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Procjena zdravlja: <\/strong> Provjerite postoje li znakovi bolesti, kao \u0161to su rak, promjena boje li\u0161\u0107a ili rast gljivica. Potra\u017eite znakove najezde insekata, uklju\u010duju\u0107i izlazne otvore, piljevinu ili prisutnost \u0161tetnika. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Procijenite \u010dimbenike okoli\u0161a: <\/strong> Uzmite u obzir uvjete okoli\u0161a, poput kvalitete tla, razine vlage i blizine stabla gra\u0111evinama, komunalnim uslugama i podru\u010djima s velikim prometom.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Procjena sigurnosti i rizika: <\/strong> Procijenite potencijalne opasnosti drva, kao \u0161to su mrtve grane koje bi mogle pasti, nagnuta debla ili korijenje koje bi moglo prouzro\u010diti opasnost od spoticanja. Odredite razinu rizika stabla i vjerojatnost kvara, uzimaju\u0107i u obzir njegovu lokaciju i okolne strukture. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Dokumentacija: <\/strong> Zabilje\u017eite svoja zapa\u017eanja na VTA kontrolni popis ili obrazac, bilje\u017ee\u0107i stanje drva, zdravlje i sve identificirane probleme. Snimite fotografije ili nacrtajte dijagrame kako biste vizualno zabilje\u017eili stanje drva. <\/p>\n<p>Na temelju va\u0161e procjene dajte preporuke za sve potrebne radnje. To mo\u017ee uklju\u010divati \u200b\u200bobrezivanje, uklanjanje, kontrolu \u0161teto\u010dina ili druge mjere odr\u017eavanja. Ako drvo zahtijeva stalni nadzor ili upravljanje, zaka\u017eite naknadne procjene kako biste pratili promjene u njegovom stanju.  <\/p>\n<p>Vizualna procjena drve\u0107a je neinvazivna metoda koja se oslanja na stru\u010dnost obu\u010denih stru\u010dnjaka za vizualni pregled i procjenu drva. To je klju\u010dan alat za upravljanje populacijama drve\u0107a u urbanim podru\u010djima, parkovima i drugim okru\u017eenjima, poma\u017eu\u0107i u osiguravanju sigurnosti i dugovje\u010dnosti drve\u0107a uz odr\u017eavanje ravnote\u017ee s ljudskom infrastrukturom i sigurno\u0161\u0107u. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ceff61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ceff61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2.1. Analiza tla<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a86eac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a86eac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analiza tla je jedan od najboljih na\u010dina da se osigura da \u0107e stabla ostati zdrava. Ispitivanje tla na podru\u010dju gdje je posa\u0111eno drve\u0107e mo\u017ee pomo\u0107i u prepoznavanju potencijalnih prijetnji njihovom zdravlju. Ispitivanjem uzoraka tla oko drva mogu\u0107e je identificirati bolesti i \u0161tetnike koji mogu biti prisutni u korijenskom sustavu. Osim toga, ispitivanje tla mo\u017ee ukazivati \u200b\u200bna kontaminaciju u tlu, kao \u0161to je otjecanje kemikalija ili vi\u0161ak gnojiva. I jedno i drugo mo\u017ee biti \u0161tetno za zdravlje drve\u0107a, a testiranje tla mo\u017ee pomo\u0107i vlasnicima ku\u0107a da brzo djeluju kada se pojave znakovi ovih problema. Analiza tla mo\u017ee se napraviti prije sadnje biljaka kako bi se provjerile dvije stvari \u2013 pH tla i hranjive tvari u tlu. Ako je pH tla prenizak ili previsok, biljke ne mogu unijeti neke od hranjivih tvari koje su im pru\u017eene u tlu. Najbolje vrijeme za testiranje tla je nekoliko tjedana prije planirane sadnje. Testirajte u ranu jesen, na primjer, kako biste razumjeli stanje va\u0161eg tla prije kasne jeseni ili rane proljetne sadnje. Osnovni testirani makronutrijenti su kalcij, magnezij, du\u0161ik, fosfor, kalij i sumpor.         <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e963194 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e963194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"545\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-HR-1024x698.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2897\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-HR-1024x698.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-HR-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-HR-768x523.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-HR-1536x1046.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M3-34-HR-2048x1395.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 34: <\/b> Kako uzeti uzorak tla.<br> <b>Source:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/blue-fifty.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/infographic-soil.png\">Blue-fifty (2018) How to take a soil sample<\/a><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ec6ac8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ec6ac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2.2. Biolo\u0161ka analiza<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667316a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"667316a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biolo\u0161ka analiza drve\u0107a, koja se \u010desto naziva biologijom drve\u0107a ili arborikulturom, podru\u010dje je prou\u010davanja koje se usredoto\u010duje na razumijevanje razli\u010ditih biolo\u0161kih aspekata i procesa povezanih sa drve\u0107em. Ova disciplina uklju\u010duje prou\u010davanje anatomije, fiziologije, genetike i ekologije stabala. Evo nekih klju\u010dnih komponenti biolo\u0161ke analize drve\u0107a:  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anatomija drva: Ovaj aspekt biologije drve\u0107a uklju\u010duje prou\u010davanje unutarnje i vanjske strukture drve\u0107a. Uklju\u010duje razumijevanje razli\u010ditih dijelova drva, kao \u0161to su korijenje, stabljike, li\u0161\u0107e i grane, te kako oni funkcioniraju. Arboristi i istra\u017eiva\u010di ispituju godove, koru, drvo i druge strukture kako bi saznali vi\u0161e o rastu i povijesti stabla.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiziologija drve\u0107a: Fiziologija drve\u0107a bavi se funkcioniranjem drve\u0107a, uklju\u010duju\u0107i procese poput fotosinteze, transpiracije i unosa hranjivih tvari. Istra\u017euje kako drva apsorbiraju i prenose vodu i hranjive tvari, razmjenjuju plinove s okoli\u0161em i reagiraju na \u010dimbenike okoli\u0161a poput svjetlosti, temperature i vlage. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetika: Genetska analiza drve\u0107a uklju\u010duje prou\u010davanje nasljednih \u010dimbenika koji utje\u010du na osobine drva, obrasce rasta i otpornost na bolesti. Ovo je osobito va\u017eno u kontekstu programa oplemenjivanja za razvoj sorti drve\u0107a sa po\u017eeljnim karakteristikama. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ekologija: Razumijevanje ekolo\u0161ke uloge drve\u0107a u ekosustavima klju\u010dni je dio biologije drve\u0107a. Ispituje kako drve\u0107e komunicira s drugim organizmima, njihovu ulogu u kru\u017eenju hranjivih tvari, njihov utjecaj na mikroklimu i njihov utjecaj na biolo\u0161ku raznolikost. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Borba protiv bolesti i \u0161teto\u010dina: Biolo\u0161ka analiza tako\u0111er uklju\u010duje prou\u010davanje bolesti drve\u0107a i \u0161tetnika. To uklju\u010duje identificiranje patogena i \u0161tetnika koji utje\u010du na drve\u0107e, razumijevanje njihovih \u017eivotnih ciklusa i razvoj strategija za upravljanje i ubla\u017eavanje ovih prijetnji. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Struktura korijena i interakcija tla: Korijenje drve\u0107a igra vitalnu ulogu u u\u010dvr\u0161\u0107ivanju stabla, upijanju vode i hranjivih tvari te u interakciji s okolnim tlom. Biologija drve\u0107a uklju\u010duje prou\u010davanje korijenskih sustava i njihove interakcije s okoli\u0161em tla. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utjecaj na okoli\u0161 i klimatske promjene: Kako je drve\u0107e klju\u010dna komponenta ekosustava i utje\u010du na lokalnu klimu, biolo\u0161ka analiza tako\u0111er ispituje \u0161iri utjecaj drve\u0107a na okoli\u0161. Istra\u017eiva\u010di istra\u017euju kako drve\u0107e mo\u017ee ubla\u017eiti klimatske promjene izdvajanjem uglji\u010dnog dioksida i njihovu osjetljivost na promjenjive klimatske uvjete. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biolo\u0161ka analiza drva neophodna je za pravilnu njegu, o\u010duvanje i upravljanje stablima. Poma\u017ee arboristima, ekolozima i istra\u017eiva\u010dima u dono\u0161enju informiranih odluka o sadnji drve\u0107a, odr\u017eavanju i za\u0161titi, posebno u kontekstu o\u010duvanja zelenih povr\u0161ina, urbanog \u0161umarstva i odr\u017eivog gospodarenja \u0161umama. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provo\u0111enje biolo\u0161ke analize drva uklju\u010duje sustavno ispitivanje razli\u010ditih biolo\u0161kih aspekata i karakteristika stabla:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odaberite drvo za analizu: Odaberite drvo koje \u017eelite analizirati. Uzmite u obzir vrstu, starost i lokaciju drva jer ti \u010dimbenici mogu utjecati na analizu. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prikupite relevantne informacije: Prikupite informacije o drvu, kao \u0161to su njegova vrsta, starost, povijest i svi poznati problemi ili nedoumice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vizualni pregled: Provedite temeljit vizualni pregled drva kako biste procijenili njegovo cjelokupno zdravlje i stanje. Potra\u017eite znakove opasnosti, kao \u0161to su mrtve ili o\u0161te\u0107ene grane, promijenjena boja ili bolesno li\u0161\u0107e i neobi\u010dni obrasci rasta. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anatomska analiza drva: Ispitajte anatomiju stabla, uklju\u010duju\u0107i korijenje, deblo, grane, li\u0161\u0107e i bilo koje cvije\u0107e ili vo\u0107e. Provjerite ima li vidljivih abnormalnosti ili strukturnih problema. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mjere: Izmjerite razli\u010dite karakteristike drva, uklju\u010duju\u0107i visinu, promjer debla (promjer u prsnoj visini ili DBH) i \u0161irinu kro\u0161nje. Ova mjerenja mogu pru\u017eiti vrijedne podatke za analizu. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pregled kore i drva: Pregledajte koru i drvo. Potra\u017eite znakove o\u0161te\u0107enja, poput pukotina, rana ili promjene boje. Zabilje\u017eite prisutnost gljivica, li\u0161ajeva ili insekata na kori.  <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analiza listova i iglica: Pregledajte li\u0161\u0107e ili iglice na boju, veli\u010dinu, oblik i bilo kakve znakove o\u0161te\u0107enja od bolesti ili \u0161tetnika. Ako je potrebno, prikupite uzorke za daljnju laboratorijsku analizu. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ispitivanje korijena: Ako je mogu\u0107e, istra\u017eite korijenski sustav drva. Potra\u017eite zdravlje korijena, dokaze propadanja korijena ili probleme poput opasanog korijenja koji bi mogao stegnuti drvo. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procjena utjecaja na okoli\u0161: Razmotrite okolinu drva, uklju\u010duju\u0107i \u010dimbenike poput dostupnog svjetla, kvalitete zraka i prisutnosti obli\u017enjih struktura ili potencijalnih izvora stresa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procjena bolesti i \u0161tetnika: Pregledajte ima li drvo znakova bolesti, kao \u0161to su rane, venu\u0107e ili neobi\u010dne izrasline. Potra\u017eite uobi\u010dajene \u0161teto\u010dine drve\u0107a i \u0161tetu koju mogu prouzro\u010diti. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provjera invazivnih vrsta: Odredite ako je drvo u opasnosti od zaraze invazivnim \u0161teto\u010dinama ili patogenima koji mo\u017eda nisu izvorni za to podru\u010dje.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetska procjena: Ako provodite genetsku analizu, prikupite uzorke za genetsko testiranje ili analizu kako biste razumjeli genetski sastav i naslje\u0111e drva.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Klima i vremenski uvjeti: Uzmite u obzir izlo\u017eenost drva klimatskim uvjetima, uklju\u010duju\u0107i temperaturu, padaline i vjetar, koji mogu utjecati na njegovo zdravlje.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bilje\u017eenje podataka: Dokumentirajte sve nalaze i mjerenja koriste\u0107i fotografije, bilje\u0161ke i skice. Organizirajte informacije za budu\u0107e potrebe. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plan o\u010duvanja i njege: Na temelju rezultata analize izraditi plan o\u010duvanja i njege stabla. To mo\u017ee uklju\u010divati \u200b\u200bobrezivanje, gnojidbu, borbu protiv bolesti ili \u0161teto\u010dina ili druge specifi\u010dne radnje za pobolj\u0161anje zdravlja i dugovje\u010dnosti stabla. Provo\u0111enje biolo\u0161ke analize drva zahtijeva pa\u017eljivo promatranje i razumijevanje biologije drva kako bi se osigurala to\u010dna i temeljita analiza, posebno za starija ili zna\u010dajnija drva.  <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f5baaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f5baaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2.3. Patolo\u0161ka analiza<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b74662f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b74662f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kada se bolest pojavi, potrebno je uzorkovati biljni materijal i pridr\u017eavati se sljede\u0107ih uputa:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uzmite uzorak koji predstavlja problem. Ako su biljke male, uzmite ih nekoliko, nemojte uzimati mrtve biljke, ve\u0107 one koje su u procesu odumiranja. NEMOJTE dodavati vlagu uzorku. Uzorci moraju biti svje\u017ei. Svakako uklju\u010dite \u0161to vi\u0161e prepoznatljivih stadija bolesti ako su vidljivi. NEMOJTE izlagati uzorak toplini ili smrzavanju, nemojte ga drobiti. Ako je potrebno analizirati cijelu biljku, iskopajte je iz zemlje kako biste sa\u010duvali korijen. Pokrijte korijensku grudu vre\u0107icom ili plasti\u010dnom vre\u0107icom kako bi zemlja bila u kontaktu s korijenjem i sprije\u010dila njegovo isu\u0161ivanje. Uzmite uzorak prije nano\u0161enja pesticida. Jednom primijenjeni pesticidi mogu ote\u017eati to\u010dnu dijagnozu. Prilikom uzorkovanja insekata, insekti mekog tijela mogu se staviti u izopropilni alkohol u bo\u010dici. \u017dive kukce ne treba uzimati, a uginule insekte staviti u \u010dvrstu posudu da se ne zgnje\u010de. Uzmite nekoliko uzoraka. Biljno tkivo koje pokazuje o\u0161te\u0107enja od insekata treba staviti u plasti\u010dnu vre\u0107icu. Velika drva koja umiru zahtijevaju odabir specifi\u010dnih dijelova za analizu. Fotografije cijelog drva ili grma mogu biti vrlo korisne.                <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UZORKOVANJE LISTA: Odabir li\u0161\u0107a koje je djelomi\u010dno zeleno i djelomi\u010dno simptomati\u010dno omogu\u0107uje laboratoriju da provjeri gljivice, bakterije i viruse koji uzrokuju simptome na li\u0161\u0107u. Uzorci li\u0161\u0107a mogu se testirati samo na viruse, bakterije, gljivice i o\u0161te\u0107enja od insekata. Simptomi mogu biti pokazatelji onoga \u0161to se doga\u0111a u korijenu ili ni\u017ee u stabljici. Za otkrivanje problema mo\u017ee biti potrebna cijela biljka.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UZORCI STABILJAKA I GRANA: Provjerite ima li na stabljici ili granama rana (tamna, raspucana ili udubljena podru\u010dja). Uzorkovanje grana koje nisu du\u017ee od 60 cm. Sastru\u017eite simptome s debla velikog drve\u0107a ili uzmite komad kore ako je mogu\u0107e. Patogen \u0107e biti najaktivniji u zoni razgrani\u010denja, gdje se mrtvo tkivo susre\u0107e sa \u017eivim tkivom. Stavite sve u papirnatu vre\u0107icu.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UZORCI KORIJENA I TLA: Biljke \u010desto odumiru zbog problema s korijenjem. Sakupite dobro korijenje blizu linije kapanja drva. Prikupite zemlju s vrha 20 cm, stavite je u plasti\u010dnu vre\u0107icu i zakopajte korijenje u prikupljenu zemlju. Uzorci stabljike i grane: Uzorci grana mogu se procijeniti na o\u0161te\u0107enja od insekata, gljivica i bakterija samo ako je prisutno simptomatsko tkivo. Ako su simptomi (gljivi\u010dna tijela, lezije raka, vaskularne pruge\/promjena boje) prisutni na ili u grani, nije potrebno uzimati druge dijelove ako se to smatra primarnim problemom.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">METODE ANALIZE UZORAKA<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mikroskopski pregled \u2013 pregledom simptomatskog tkiva koje ima aktivan rast, patolog mo\u017ee utvrditi je li problem bakterijski ili gljivi\u010dni. Gljivi\u010dni patogeni koji proizvode spore u ili na simptomatskom tkivu mogu se identificirati pomo\u0107u mikroskopa. Mikroskopski pregled mo\u017ee pokazati morfolo\u0161ke detalje koji poma\u017eu identificirati patogeni organizam.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inkubacija u vla\u017enoj komori &#8211; stavljanje simptomatskog biljnog tkiva u vla\u017enu komoru na kratko vrijeme \u0107e potaknuti rast svih prisutnih gljivi\u010dnih patogena. Zatim se uzorak ispituje pod mikroskopom. Razli\u010dite gljivice rastu razli\u010ditim brzinama, tako da su rezultati vidljivi za 2-3 dana, ili mogu pro\u0107i tjedni prije nego \u0161to se uzro\u010dnik pojavi i mo\u017ee identificirati.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uzgoj omogu\u0107uje izolaciju i odvajanje organizama koji se nalaze u biljkama. Uzro\u010dnik (bakterija ili gljivica) se izolira iz biljke i uzgaja na specijaliziranoj podlozi u Petrijevim zdjelicama. Morfolo\u0161ke karakteristike uzro\u010dnika u zdjelici (boja, oblik, veli\u010dina, sporulacija tijela i dr.) specifi\u010dne su za organizam i poma\u017eu u njegovoj identifikaciji. Dijagnosti\u010dko vrijeme uzorka ovisi o brzini rasta doti\u010dnog organizma.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enzimski imunolo\u0161ki test &#8211; mo\u017ee otkriti proteine \u200b\u200bkoji pripadaju odre\u0111enim mikroorganizmima. Koristi se u <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medicini, veterini i dijagnostici biljnih bolesti dugi niz godina. Temelji se na specifi\u010dnim antitijelima koja mogu prepoznati proteine \u200b\u200bkoji su specifi\u010dni za patogene. To je osjetljiv test s visokom razinom to\u010dnosti. Mogu se dijagnosticirati gljivice, bakterije i virusi.   <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNK otisak prsta &#8211; lan\u010dana reakcija polimerazom (PCR) mo\u017ee brzo otkriti jedinstvenu DNK organizma. Vrlo je osjetljiv, brz i mo\u017ee otkriti mali broj genetskih molekula specifi\u010dnih za organizam. PCR mo\u017ee otkriti prisutnost organizma bez obzira je li mrtav ili \u017eiv u tkivu, \u0161to druge metode ne mogu.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72139c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72139c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3. Procjena i upravljanje rizicima<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-049d4b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"049d4b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>METODE ZA\u0160TITE BILJA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Uzgoj otpornih sorti <\/strong> &#8211; pri kupnji sadnog materijala uvijek treba tra\u017eiti podatke o njihovoj otpornosti na najva\u017enije bolesti i \u0161tetnike.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Agrotehni\u010dke mjere<\/strong> &#8211; novi sadni materijal ne smije se saditi na mjesto oboljelih stabala (neki \u0161tetnici mogu se preseliti na mlado stablo). Pretjerana gnojidba du\u0161ikom pove\u0107ava osjetljivost biljaka. Uzrok mo\u017ee biti nedovoljna prehrana.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Mehani\u010dke mjere<\/strong> &#8211; sakupljanje svih razvojnih oblika \u0161tetnika, uklanjanje oboljelih dijelova biljaka i njihovo spaljivanje.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fizi\u010dke mjere<\/strong> \u2013 kori\u0161tenje visoke temperature (vodena para) za suzbijanje uzro\u010dnika bolesti u tlu (za sadni materijal)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Biolo\u0161ke mjere <\/strong> \u2013 kori\u0161tenje \u017eivih organizama za suzbijanje biljnih \u0161tetnika. Biljni \u0161tetnici imaju svoje neprijatelje, druge insekte, bakterije, gljivice i viruse koji napadaju \u0161tetnike. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Biljna karantena<\/strong> \u2013 spada u skupinu upravnih mjera protiv uzro\u010dnika biljnih bolesti. Trgovina biljem, posebice sjemenom i sadnim materijalom, uzrokovala je \u0161irenje mnogih va\u017enih i opasnih nametnika. Fitosanitarna slu\u017eba ima zada\u0107u obavljanja fitosanitarnog nadzora pri uvozu, izvozu i prijevozu sadnog materijala, biljnih dijelova i sjemena. Svaku po\u0161iljku mora pratiti fitosanitarni certifikat.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-793a2dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"793a2dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3.1. Integrirana za\u0161tita bilja<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e24676 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e24676\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prema Organizaciji za hranu i poljoprivredu (FAO) Ujedinjenih naroda, integrirana za\u0161tita bilja je procjena i primjena svih raspolo\u017eivih mjera za\u0161tite bilja i drugih mjera kojima se sprje\u010dava razvoj populacija \u0161tetnih organizama, a istovremeno smanjuje rizik od ljudskom zdravlju i okoli\u0161u na najni\u017eu mogu\u0107u razinu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kemijska za\u0161tita nije i ne smije biti jedini na\u010din suzbijanja biljnih bolesti, \u0161tetnika i korova. Treba te\u017eiti integriranoj za\u0161titi, odnosno za\u0161titi sustavom raznih mjera koje \u0107e sprije\u010diti pojavu bolesti i \u0161tetnika u tolikom intenzitetu da bi nam mogli nanijeti gospodarske \u0161tete. To uklju\u010duje uzgoj otpornijih sorti i agrotehni\u010dke mjere. Kada ove mjere nisu dostatne, a o\u010dekuju se ve\u0107e \u0161tete, treba se koristiti kemijskom za\u0161titom na stru\u010dan i racionalan na\u010din, koji \u0107e \u0161to manje naru\u0161iti ravnote\u017eu, odnosno uni\u0161titi prirodne neprijatelje uljeza i zagaditi okoli\u0161. Integrirana za\u0161tita bilja obuhva\u0107a sljede\u0107e mjere: karantenske mjere, izbor otpornih sorti, agrotehni\u010dke mjere, mehani\u010dke mjere, fizikalne mjere, biolo\u0161ke mjere.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrirana za\u0161tita bilja zahtijeva kompetencije u tri podru\u010dja: prevencija, pra\u0107enje i intervencija.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SPRJE\u010cAVANJE RAZMNO\u017dAVANJA \u0160TETNIKA &#8211; uklju\u010duje niz prakti\u010dnih strategija koje odgovaraju lokalnim uvjetima. PRA\u0106ENJE nasada s obzirom na razvoj \u0161tetnika i prirodne mehanizme suzbijanja &#8211; uklju\u010duje tra\u017eenje \u0161tetnika (\u0161tetnih insekata, bolesti i korova) te odre\u0111ivanje treba li, kada i kako intervenirati. INTERVENCIJA kada su potrebne mjere suzbijanja \u2013 uklju\u010duje fizikalne, biolo\u0161ke i kemijske mjere za o\u010duvanje ekonomske vrijednosti usjeva uz minimalan utjecaj na okoli\u0161.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-583bc2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"583bc2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3.2. Kemijske mjere za\u0161tite bilja<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82a84ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82a84ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Najve\u0107i broj \u0161tetnika, biljnih bolesti i korova suzbija se kemijskim sredstvima. To su sredstva za kemijsku za\u0161titu bilja \u2013 pesticidi. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pesticidi se temelje na jednoj djelatnoj tvari, no na tr\u017ei\u0161tu postoje deseci proizvoda i pripravaka koji sadr\u017ee istu djelatnu tvar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utjecaj pesticida na ekosustave je vi\u0161estruk, ovisno o selektivnosti pesticida, o tome koliko mu je potrebno da se razgradi te koliko dugo se nakuplja u tlu, vodi i zraku kao nuspojava dugotrajne uporabe. Navedeno se o\u010dituje u utjecaju na \u017eivotinje i biljke, a time i na ljude. Pesticidi nakon primjene ostaju akumulirani u biljkama kao i na njihovoj povr\u0161ini te tako ulaze u hranidbeni lanac mnogih divljih i doma\u0107ih \u017eivotinja, a u kona\u010dnici i samog \u010dovjeka. Mogu se na\u0107i i u mikroorganizmima na dnu hranidbenog lanca. Promjenom tvari u hranidbenom lancu ovaj se ciklus ponavlja sve do organizama na vrhu hranidbenog lanca, gdje se nalaze najve\u0107e koncentracije pesticida.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pesticidi ostaju u okoli\u0161u jer se biolo\u0161ki ne razgra\u0111uju, odnosno nema mikroorganizama koji bi ih razgradili. Primjenom razli\u010ditih tehnika uklanjanja pesticida iz okoli\u0161a nastoje se izbje\u0107i ograni\u010denja kako bi se razli\u010diti procesi sanacije u\u010dinili u\u010dinkovitijima. Danas se najvi\u0161e koriste mehanizmi niskotemperaturne toplinske desorpcije, fitoremedijacije, bioremedijacije i spaljivanja. Svaka metoda ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke. U idealnim uvjetima, proces remedijacije trebao bi potpuno razgraditi spoj bez stvaranja intermedijera.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bioinsekticidi \u2013 prirodni neprijatelj na bazi <i>Bacillus thuringiensis.<\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45ef73f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45ef73f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3.3. Mjere opreza<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-333ad02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"333ad02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Svako sredstvo za za\u0161titu bilja mo\u017ee u ve\u0107oj ili manjoj mjeri biti otrovno za ljude, doma\u0107e \u017eivotinje, divlja\u010d, ptice, ribe i p\u010dele. Osim oralno, uzro\u010dnici mogu dospjeti u tijelo udisanjem kapljica, \u010destica pra\u0161ine ili pare kroz nos, a mnogi prodiru i kroz neo\u0161te\u0107enu ko\u017eu pa svaki kontakt s njima mo\u017ee biti opasan. Neka sredstva mogu o\u0161tetiti i biljke tretirane njima (fitotoksi\u010dnost). To je razlog za\u0161to treba pa\u017eljivo pro\u010ditati upute, kako biste provjerili za koju je vrstu proizvoda namijenjen. Najopasnija faza rukovanja pesticidima je priprema sredstva. Svaki kontakt s ko\u017eom i njegovo udisanje treba u potpunosti sprije\u010diti. Za primjenu pesticida naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e se koristi za\u0161titna oprema: nepropusne rukavice, gumene ili plasti\u010dne \u010dizme, radno odijelo, pokrivalo za glavu, \u0161titnik za lice od prozirne plastike, respirator je potreban u slu\u010dajevima kada se radi o sredstvima za koja je to posebno indicirano. Nemojte prskati ili pra\u0161iti protiv vjetra, nemojte pu\u0161iti ili jesti, nemojte ispuhivati \u200b\u200bza\u010depljene raspr\u0161iva\u010de ustima. Zatrovanu povr\u0161inu treba ozna\u010diti plo\u010dom. Praznu ambala\u017eu zbrinuti na odgovaraju\u0107i propisani na\u010din. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i znakovi trovanja sredstvima za za\u0161titu bilja su: znojenje, obilno lu\u010denje sline, suzenje o\u010diju, ote\u017eano disanje, gr\u010devi, slabost, umor, glavobolja, vrtoglavica, povra\u0107anje, drhtanje i nesvjestica. Kod sumnje na trovanje treba odmah prekinuti rad, skinuti kontaminiranu za\u0161titnu odje\u0107u, oprati sve izlo\u017eene dijelove tijela i napustiti radni prostor. Ako se sredstvo uzimalo oralno, treba izazvati povra\u0107anje, uzeti 3-6 dcl vode s jednom do dvije \u017elice medicinskog ugljena, a zatim laksativ. Ako se simptomi nastave, trebate potra\u017eiti lije\u010dni\u010dku pomo\u0107.             <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e74a126 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e74a126\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaklju\u010dak<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65a08e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65a08e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procjena drve\u0107a, uklju\u010duju\u0107i njihov pregled i biolo\u0161ku analizu, igra klju\u010dnu ulogu u o\u010duvanju zdravlja i njihove dugovje\u010dnosti, osiguravanju estetske privla\u010dnosti krajolika i za\u0161titi okoli\u0161a. Provo\u0111enjem redovitih pregleda drve\u0107a i temeljitim pregledima stabala mo\u017eemo otkriti rane znakove bolesti, zaraza ili drugih problema. Ovo rano otkrivanje omogu\u0107uje pravovremenu intervenciju, kao \u0161to je primjena tretmana ili uklanjanje bolesnih drva, sprje\u010davanje \u0161irenja bolesti na druga drva i odr\u017eavanje zdravlja njihove cjelokupne populacije.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vizualna procjena drve\u0107a (VTA) je klju\u010dni alat u polju arborikulture, koji omogu\u0107uje sustavnu procjenu zdravlja i strukturalnog integriteta drve\u0107a. Slijede\u0107i strukturirani niz koraka i provode\u0107i temeljitu inspekciju, arboristi i stru\u010dnjaci za njegu drve\u0107a mogu identificirati potencijalne probleme, procijeniti rizike i dati informirane preporuke za upravljanje drve\u0107em. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biolo\u0161ka analiza drve\u0107a, koja obuhva\u0107a anatomiju drve\u0107a, fiziologiju, genetiku, ekologiju, upravljanje bolestima i \u0161teto\u010dinama, strukturu korijena i vi\u0161e, pru\u017ea dragocjene uvide u biologiju drve\u0107a i ekosustav. Razumijevanje ekolo\u0161ke uloge drve\u0107a i njihove interakcije s okoli\u0161em klju\u010dno je za odr\u017eivo gospodarenje \u0161umama i urbano \u0161umarstvo. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kada se identificiraju \u0161tetnici i bolesti, provo\u0111enje patolo\u0161ke analize i odabir prave metode za analizu uzorka klju\u010dni su koraci. To uklju\u010duje mikroskopski pregled, inkubaciju u vla\u017enoj komori, uzgoj, enzimski imunolo\u0161ki test i DNK otiske prstiju, \u0161to sve poma\u017ee u identificiranju i upravljanju uzro\u010dnicima bolesti drve\u0107a. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procjena i upravljanje rizikom u njezi drve\u0107a uklju\u010duje razli\u010dite metode, uklju\u010duju\u0107i uzgoj otpornih vrsta drve\u0107a, agrotehni\u010dke prakse, mehani\u010dke i fizi\u010dke mjere, biolo\u0161ku kontrolu i karantenu biljaka. Ove metode imaju za cilj minimizirati utjecaj \u0161tetnih organizama uz o\u010duvanje okoli\u0161a i ljudskog zdravlja. Osim toga, kemijske mjere za\u0161tite bilja, poput uporabe fungicida i insekticida, treba primjenjivati \u200b\u200bs oprezom i u skladu s preporu\u010denom sigurnosnom praksom kako bi se ubla\u017eio njihov mogu\u0107i utjecaj na okoli\u0161.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrirana za\u0161tita bilja, koja uklju\u010duje razli\u010dite mjere, osigurava cjelovit pristup upravljanju zdravljem stabala i ubla\u017eavanju rizika, s naglaskom na va\u017enost prevencije, pra\u0107enja i intervencija. Usvajanjem ovih praksi mo\u017eemo bolje za\u0161tititi na\u0161e drve\u0107e i okoli\u0161 u kojem rastu. <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d6c36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4d6c36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kviz<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6d006b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6d006b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Provjerite svoje znanje u sljede\u0107em kvizu i provjerite jeste li razumjeli sadr\u017eaj ovog odjeljka:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bb2cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"14bb2cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-12\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"12\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 3 Quiz HR\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2fe5b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2fe5b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Knji\u017eevnost<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-555b667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"555b667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roloff, A. (2019). Baumpflege. Ulmer Verlag. Stuttgart.   <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Butin, H. &amp; Brand, T. (2017). Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume. Ulmer Verlag. Stuttgart.   <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hartmann, G. &amp; Butin, H. (2017). Farbatlas Waldsch\u00e4den- Diagnose von Baumkrankheiten. 4., aktualisierte und erg\u00e4nzte Auflage. Ulmer Verlag. Stuttgart.    <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brandstetter, M. et al. (2015). Holz zerst\u00f6rende Pilze. 6. Auflage. Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum f\u00fcr Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft (BFW). Wien.     <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agrios, G. (2005). Plant Pathology. Fifth edition. Elsevier Academic Press. Burlington.    <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Callan, B. (2001). Introduction to Forest Diseases. Pacific Forestry Centre. Victoria.   <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cef93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90cef93\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a5a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a59a5a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05e3adb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05e3adb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aecb9ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aecb9ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prilozi<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3edb27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3edb27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e urbane bolesti drve\u0107a<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b0a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6b0a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Javorova antraknoza<\/strong> &#8211; Aureobasidium apocryptum (sin. Kabatiella apocrypta), Discula i Colletotrichum) . Simptomi su karakterizirani tamnim, uglatim mrljama nepravilnog oblika ili lezijama koje se primarno pojavljuju du\u017e sredi\u0161nje \u017eile, primarnih \u017eila i rubova lista. Lezije na norve\u0161kom javoru obi\u010dno su uske, ljubi\u010dasto-crne pruge du\u017e lisnih \u017eila. \u0160to se ti\u010de \u0161e\u0107ernog javora, lezije se javljaju du\u017e primarnih vena i pojavljuju se kao velike, sme\u0111e mrlje. \u0160to se ti\u010de japanskog javora, lezije se javljaju du\u017e primarnih \u017eila i rubova li\u0161\u0107a, a lezije mogu izgledati \u017eutosme\u0111e ili crne boje. Gljivica antraknoza prezimljuje unutar ostarjelog lisnog tkiva te u zara\u017eenim gran\u010dicama i pupoljcima. Prskanje bakrenim hidroksidom + mankozebom, tiabendazooml, mankozebom i propikonazolom.      <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hrastova antraknoza<\/strong> &#8211; Apiognomonia errabunda (ranije poznata Discula). Osim roda Quercus, zahva\u0107a i rodove Fagus, Castanea i Tilia. Simptomi se prvo pojavljuju kao vodom natopljeni rubovi lista ili kao mrlje du\u017e primarnih \u017eila kako se razvija novo li\u0161\u0107e. S vremenom, lezije postaju suhe, poput papira i sive. Mlado li\u0161\u0107e mo\u017ee postati iskrivljeno ili sme\u017eurano te se mo\u017ee prerano odbaciti s kro\u0161nje. Obre\u017eite i odbacite odumrle stabljike i grane te temeljito uklonite sve otpalo li\u0161\u0107e u jesen i prolje\u0107e jer u njima le\u017ei gljiva i dopu\u0161ta da inokulum ostane na mjestu.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b139c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b4b139c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-1024x594.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2904\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-1024x594.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35-768x446.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/35.jpg 1060w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 35:<\/b> Apiognomonia errabunda, Fagus. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Apiognomonia errabunda, Fagus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.85). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fee5f7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fee5f7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Antracnoza platane<\/strong> \u2013 Apiognomonia veneta, inficira P latanus occidentalis. Aktivan rast gljivica unutar jednogodi\u0161njih grana uni\u0161tava vrhove, \u0161to dovodi do pojave plamenja\u010de. Vidljivi simptomi uklju\u010duju uglate pjege na li\u0161\u0107u i mrlje na li\u0161\u0107u (posebno du\u017e sredi\u0161nje \u017eile), plamenja\u010du izdanaka i pupova te rane stabljike koje se cijepaju na gran\u010dicama i malim granama. Gljiva \u010desto raste u starijim granama ispod mrtvih gran\u010dica, stvaraju\u0107i vi\u0161egodi\u0161nje rakove. Sljede\u0107e kemikalije odobrene su za upotrebu u krajoliku: bakreni hidroksid, bakreni hidroksid + mankozeb, bakrene soli masnih i\/ili smolinskih kiselina, bakreni sulfat, debakarb + karbendazim, mankozeb, propikonazol i tiabendazol hipofosfit.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104e331 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"104e331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-1024x573.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2908\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-1024x573.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36-768x430.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/36.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 36:<\/b> Apiognomonia veneta infects Platanus occidentalis.<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Apiognomonia veneta. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.150). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0edc581 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0edc581\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fitoplazme<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Pepeljasto \u017eutilo <\/strong> &#8211; fitoplazma, u rodovima Fraxinus i Syringa, dovodi do razvoja vje\u0161ti\u010djih brnistra, a zahva\u0107ena stabla umiru unutar tri godine. Vje\u0161ti\u010dje metle povremeno se formiraju na vratu korijena ili donjem dijelu debla, ali neka zara\u017eena stabla mogu uginuti bez razvoja simptoma. Ipak, formiranje vje\u0161ti\u010dje metle klju\u010dni je dijagnosti\u010dki simptom.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u017duti brijest <\/strong> &#8211; Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Simptomi \u017eutog brijesta po\u010dinju sredinom do kasnog ljeta klorozom i opadanjem peteljki turgi\u010dnog li\u0161\u0107a i preranim gubitkom li\u0161\u0107a. Simptomi se naglo pojavljuju unutar nekoliko tjedana i vidljivi su po cijeloj kruni. \u017dutilo \u0107e se povremeno po\u010deti pojavljivati na ra\u0161trkanim granama i tijekom nekoliko godina pro\u0161iriti se po cijeloj kro\u0161nji. U nekim situacijama drva brzo uvenu i umru bez prethodnih simptoma. Unutar ni\u017eih grana unutarnja kora (floem) \u017euti (umjesto normalne bijele boje), zatim razvija \u017eu\u0107kaste mrlje i na kraju umire. Miri\u0161e na zimzelen.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03c271b elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"03c271b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-1024x756.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2912\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-1024x756.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37-768x567.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/37.jpg 1054w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 37:<\/b> Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.150). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c792467 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c792467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bolesti hr\u0111e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jasenova hr\u0111a <\/strong> -Puccinia. U kasno prolje\u0107e pojavljuju se \u017eute pjege na gornjoj povr\u0161ini listova jasena, kao i na peteljkama i zelenim gran\u010dicama. Unutar 10-14 dana naran\u010daste plodne strukture formiraju se na peteljkama, zelenim gran\u010dicama i donjoj strani li\u0161\u0107a. List postaje sme\u0111i i otpada. Nanesite fungicid \u010dim se pupoljci otvore i ponovite ih dok se li\u0161\u0107e razvija.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9d1d8b elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c9d1d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"408\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2916\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38.jpg 970w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/38-768x392.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 38:<\/b> Puccinia, Mahonia Rust. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Puccinia, Mahonia Rust. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.128). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32be606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32be606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>R\u0111a cedra i jabuke <\/strong> &#8211; Gymnosporangium spp., inficira Malus, Juniperus i Crategus, Picea. Nekoliko tjedana nakon infekcije po\u010dinju se stvarati \u017eute mrlje na povr\u0161ini li\u0161\u0107a. Do sredine ljeta, pjege postaju naran\u010daste do crvene i razvijaju nate\u010denu masu s viticama krem \u200b\u200bboje na donjoj strani (poznato kao aecija). Aecia ispu\u0161ta spore (aeciospore) koje vjetar raznosi na obli\u017enje drve\u0107e i grmlje smreke od kasnog ljeta do rane jeseni. U po\u010detku zara\u017eene iglice i gran\u010dice smreke ne pokazuju simptome infekcije. Tijekom sljede\u0107eg prolje\u0107a i ljeta razvijaju se male zelene otekline koje sazrijevaju samo do sljede\u0107eg prolje\u0107a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cedar-dunja hr\u0111a<\/strong> \u2013 Gymnosporangium spp.. Na juniperima, patogen stvara naran\u010daste do crvene jastu\u010di\u0107e gljivi\u010dnog tkiva koje nabubri iz zara\u017eenih stabljika i grana u prolje\u0107e (od kraja travnja do kraja svibnja). Nakon razdoblja ki\u0161e, jastu\u010di\u0107i nabubre i postanu naran\u010dasti, \u017eelatinozne mase spora koje se raznose vjetrom i prskanjem ki\u0161nice. Dok ti rakovi mogu opasati male grane, \u0161to rezultira odumiranjem kro\u0161nje, zara\u017eene grane \u010desto opstaju i rakovi postaju vi\u0161egodi\u0161nji izvor inokuluma u kro\u0161njama stabla. Fungicidi se rijetko preporu\u010duju za suzbijanje hr\u0111e cedra i dunje, uglavnom zato \u0161to se nijedan nije pokazao vrlo u\u010dinkovitim.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spruce Needle Rust <\/strong> \u2013 Chrysomyxa spp. U kasnu zimu do rano prolje\u0107e na jednogodi\u0161njim iglicama pojavljuju se naran\u010daste do \u017eute mrlje ili trake. U kasnu zimu, simptome mo\u017ee biti te\u0161ko otkriti, ali kada prolje\u0107e napreduje i pupoljci se pribli\u017eavaju po\u010detkom ili sredinom svibnja, vrpce nabubre stvaraju\u0107i vo\u0161tane, \u017euto-naran\u010daste pustule koje sadr\u017ee masu spora boje hr\u0111e. Bakreni hidroksid ili mankozeb mogu biti u\u010dinkoviti i ozna\u010deni su za upotrebu na smrekama u krajoliku.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Bolesti bijelog bora i roda Ribes<\/strong> &#8211; Cronartium ribicola. Bor s pet iglica postaje zarazan, doma\u0107in je crni ribiz, R. nigrum. Bolest se o\u010dituje bijelim izbo\u010dinama na granama i deblu.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99e6bcf elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"99e6bcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"437\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-1024x559.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2920\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-1024x559.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39-768x419.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/39.jpg 1059w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 39:<\/b> Cronartium ribicola, Ribes. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Cronartium ribicola, Ribes. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.128). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-badb921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"badb921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Vaskularno uvenu\u0107e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bolest nizozemskog brijesta <\/strong> \u2013 smrtonosna je vaskularna bolest uvenu\u0107a ameri\u010dkog brijesta (Ulmus americana) koju uzrokuju Ophiostoma novo-ulmi i O. ulmi . Bolest se tako\u0111er mo\u017ee pro\u0161iriti sa zara\u017eenog na zdravo drve\u0107e preko korijenskih cijepova kada su brijestovi u neposrednoj blizini jedan drugome. Kada se kora oguli ili prere\u017ee na zahva\u0107enim granama, uzdu\u017ene sme\u0111e pruge ili pruge na vanjskim prstenovima biljke postaju vidljive. Za\u0161titite ameri\u010dki brijest od infekcije preventivnim injekcijama fungicida u razmacima od 1-2 godine. Fungicidi odobreni za uporabu protiv nizozemske bolesti brijesta (DED) uklju\u010duju Arbortect 20S (tiabendazol hipofosfit), Alamo (propikonazol) i Tebuject (tebukonazol). Terapeutske injekcije tako\u0111er se mogu izvesti u kombinaciji s obrezivanjem zahva\u0107enih grana.     <\/p>\n<p>Verticillium Wilt uzrokuje Verticillium dahliae. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i doma\u0107ini u pejza\u017enim okru\u017eenjima su javor Acer, Ulmus, Cotinus, Fraxinus, Liriodendron, Viburnum, Cercis ,Catalpa, Magnolia, Gymnocladus dioicus, Elaeagnus angustifolia . Infekcije od verticilliuma potje\u010du iz tla kada gljivica napada korijenski sustav osjetljivog drve\u0107a i grmlja te se prenosi u i kroz kro\u0161nje. Simptomi uklju\u010duju rubne opekotine li\u0161\u0107a, venu\u0107e li\u0161\u0107a, vaskularnu promjenu boje i odumiranje grana. Budu\u0107i da postoji poreme\u0107aj u transportu vode i minerala do zahva\u0107enih grana i li\u0161\u0107a, simptomi su sli\u010dni onima uzrokovanim bolestima korijena. Verticillium je \u0161iroko rasprostranjen u \u0161umskim i pejza\u017enim sredinama, ali je prevalencija bolesti u ve\u0107ini slu\u010dajeva relativno niska, \u0161to zna\u010di da mnoge biljke mogu odoljeti patogenu kada su napadnute. Utjecaj verticilioznog uvenu\u0107a ovisi o trajnoj osjetljivosti odre\u0111enog drva ili grma, okoli\u0161nom stresu koji mo\u017ee biti prisutan (osobito su\u0161a i o\u0161te\u0107enje korijena) i virulenciji patogena.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fa9a92 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7fa9a92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"519\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-1024x664.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2924\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-1024x664.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/40.jpg 1059w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 40:<\/b> Verticillium dahliae, Cercis. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Verticillium dahliae, Cercis. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.62). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f822cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f822cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Otpadanje iglica i mrlje<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Arborvitae (opadanje iglica) <\/strong> &#8211; Phyllosticta, zara\u017eene s bolesti Phyllosticta imaju ope\u010dene vrhove iglica i\/ili izgledaju promijenjene boje (blijedozelene do \u017eute), zbog \u010dega izgledaju suhe. Infekcija po\u010dinje na vrhovima iglica i napreduje prema bazi. Tijekom vla\u017enog i blagog vremena, crne jastu\u010daste gljivi\u010dne strukture (piknidi) probijaju se kroz epidermis na simptomatskim iglicama, osloba\u0111aju\u0107i velike koli\u010dine spora (konidija), koje se \u0161ire na obli\u017enje izdanke i iniciraju nove infekcije. Pestalotiopsis je \u010dest patogen na crnogori\u010dnom drve\u0107u i grmlju, uzrokuju\u0107i odumiranje izdanaka i grana kod raznih vrsta i sorti Thuja , Chamaecyparis , Cryptomeria i Juniperus . Fungicidi: bakrov hidroksid, bakrene soli masnih i kolofonijumskih kiselina, metkonazol, propikonazol, tiofanat-metil i mankozeb.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c460e11 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c460e11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"509\" height=\"588\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/41.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2928\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/41.jpg 509w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/41-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 41:<\/b> Phyllosticta, Robinia. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Phyllosticta, Robinia. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.201). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d2fff2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d2fff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sme\u0111a pjegice na iglicama<\/strong> &#8211; Lecanosticta acicola (ranije Mycosphaerella dearnessii). Simptomi se \u010desto prvo pojavljuju kao \u017eute do sme\u0111e starije iglice u kasno prolje\u0107e i rano ljeto. Nakon \u0161to se ovi simptomi razviju, bolesne iglice brzo otpadaju s kro\u0161nje. Simptomi se tako\u0111er mogu pojaviti kao sme\u0111i, o\u0161te\u0107eni vrhovi igala. U tim slu\u010dajevima iglice se mogu zadr\u017eati u kro\u0161nji dulje vrijeme jer baza ostaje zelena. Fungicidi se temelje na: azoksistrobinu, benzovindiflupiru, bakrenim solima masnih i\/ili smolinskih kiselina, bakrenom hidroksidu, mankozebu, metkonazolu, fosfatima, propikonazolu i tiofanat-metilu. Primjena fungicida tijekom proljetne i rane ljetne sezone mo\u017ee omogu\u0107iti pojavu novih iglica i ostati nezara\u017eena, vra\u0107aju\u0107i snagu stablu.      <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kabatina<\/strong> &#8211; gljiva Kabatina juniperi uzrokuje plamenja\u010du i rak kod \u010dlanova obitelji \u010dempresa. Zara\u017eene biljke ne pokazuju simptome tijekom sezone kada se zaraze. Rano sljede\u0107eg prolje\u0107a, zara\u017eeno li\u0161\u0107e postaje blijedozeleno do \u017euto, zara\u017eeni izdanci postaju sme\u0111i i odumiru. Crne plodne strukture pojavljuju se u podno\u017eju mrtvih grana. Brza primjena fungicida nakon ozljede, osobito ako su uvjeti vla\u017eni, mo\u017ee za\u0161tititi ozlije\u0111eno tkivo od infekcije i smanjiti zna\u010dajna sekundarna o\u0161te\u0107enja zahva\u0107enih biljaka.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc20151 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bc20151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"730\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/42.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2932\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/42.jpg 517w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/42-212x300.jpg 212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 42:<\/b> Kabatina juniperii, Juniperus. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Kabatina juniperii, Juniperus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.115). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd5f16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bd5f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lophodermium<\/strong> \u2013 Postoje mnoge vrste Lophodermium koje napadaju bor (Pinus), smreku (Picea), pravu jelu (Abies), kleku (Juniperus), la\u017eni \u010dempres (Chamaecyparis), arborvitae (Thuja) i tamjanov cedar (Calocedrus) diljem svijeta. Zara\u017eene iglice mogu razviti \u017eute mrlje u kasno ljeto do rane jeseni prije nego \u0161to kona\u010dno postanu \u017eute do sme\u0111e. Simptomi se prvo pojavljuju na vrhovima igle i polako \u0107e napredovati do baze igle. Mrtve iglice mo\u017eda ne\u0107e normalno otpadati i mogu ostati u kro\u0161nji u sljede\u0107oj vegetacijskoj sezoni. Tijekom tog vremena primijenite tri do \u010detiri tretmana u razmacima 14-21 dana. Ozna\u010deni fungicidi uklju\u010duju: azoksistrobin, tiofanat-metil, bakrov hidroksid + mankozeb, mankozeb i triadimefon.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da3b28 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4da3b28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/43.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2940\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/43.jpg 517w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/43-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 43:<\/b> Lophodermium seditiosum, Pinus mugo. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Lophodermium seditiosum, Pinus mugo. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.145). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ecfdce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ecfdce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Phomopsis spp .<\/strong> &#8211; Phomopsis spp. rak kod smreke i nekoliko drugih \u010dlanova obitelji \u010dempresa. Mlado li\u0161\u0107e i izdanci zara\u017eeni Phomopsisom postaju \u017eutozeleni do kasnog prolje\u0107a i sme\u0111i do ljeta. Zreli listovi su otporni i ostaju nepromijenjeni. Ponekad su crne plodne strukture vidljive na dnu sme\u0111eg tkiva. Pravovremena primjena fungicida \u0161titi mlado tkivo od infekcije.,     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Ploioderma<\/strong> &#8211; Phloeospora iglica, koju uzrokuje Phloeospora , poga\u0111a dvoigli\u010dne i troigli\u010dne borove. Inficira vrste kao \u0161to su Pinus nigra, P. thunbergiana, P. rigida, P. resinosa i P. mugo, Robinia, Ulmus, Castanea. Simptomi uklju\u010duju pojavljivanje sme\u0111e boje i crnih mrlja na iglicama. Fungicidi koji se koriste za suzbijanje uklju\u010duju bakrov hidroksid, bakrov hidroksid + mankozeb i mankozeb.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Stigmina<\/strong> \u2013 uzrokovano gljivi\u010dnim patogenomStigmina spp., pojavio se kao va\u017ean folijarni patogen plave smreke u regiji. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e su zara\u017eene plava smreka (Picea pungens) i bijela smreka (P. glauca). Simptomi se manifestiraju preranim opadanjem iglica, osobito kod starijih iglica na unutarnjim granama u donjem dijelu kro\u0161nje gdje ima hlada i vlage. Za suzbijanje gljivica mogu se koristiti fungicidi \u0161irokog spektra kao \u0161to su klorotalonil, mankozeb i bakrene soli masnih i\/ili smolinskih kiselina.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c9aab8 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9c9aab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-1024x713.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2944\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-1024x713.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44-768x535.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/44.jpg 1051w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 44:<\/b> Stigmina pulvinata, Tilia. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Stigmina pulvinata. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.256). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdefc44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdefc44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bolesti stabljika, grana i rakovi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bolest kore bukve <\/strong> \u2013 je kompleks bolesti i insekata koji uklju\u010duje doma\u0107e i tu\u0111inske ljuskare i dvije vrste gljivi\u010dnog patogena Neonectria. Kukci koji se hrane sokom i \u017eva\u010du drvo mogu o\u0161tetiti koru bukve, a gljivi\u010dne infekcije mogu dodatno na\u0161koditi stablu. Na tim se ozljedama \u010desto razvijaju tvorbe raka koje naru\u0161avaju izgled trupa. Kao za\u0161titnu mjeru, preporu\u010duje se tretirati donji dio debla fosfitima u prolje\u0107e. Me\u0111utim, treba paziti da lijek ne do\u0111e na li\u0161\u0107e jer mo\u017ee biti fitotoksi\u010dno.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Crni \u010dvor prunusa &#8211;<\/strong> uzrokovan gljivi\u010dnim patogenom Taphrina. U mjesecima nakon infekcije zelene stabljike nateknu, ali najizrazitiji simptomi jo\u0161 nisu vidljivi. Bolest se \u010desto prvi put primijeti rano u sljede\u0107oj vegetacijskoj sezoni nakon infekcije (druga godina), nakon \u0161to su grane nabubrile, poprimile abnormalan oblik i pocrnile. Za suzbijanje bolesti preporu\u010duje se prskanje bakrenim hidroksidom, bakrenim sulfatom, kaptanom i tiofanatmetilom u ranim fazama bolesti.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926e301 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"926e301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"518\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/45.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2949\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/45.jpg 518w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/45-300x294.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 45:<\/b> Taphrina populi, Populus. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Taphrina populi, Populus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.256). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c07001 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c07001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Botryosphaeria rak<\/strong>&#8211; Botryosphaeria canker je va\u017ena bolest mnogih drve\u0107a i grmlja u \u0161umama i upravljanim krajolicima. Do danas postoji vi\u0161e od dvadeset rodova u redu Botryosphaeriales. Gljiva stvara male, crne plodne strukture (piknide i\/ili pseudotecije) koje izlaze kroz koru. \u010cesto su vidljivi kori\u0161tenjem ru\u010dnog pove\u0107ala.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Nectria rak koraljne pjege <\/strong> \u2013 Nectria cinnabarina napada vi\u0161e od 90 razli\u010ditih rodova drvenastih biljaka u krajoliku i \u0161umskom okru\u017eenju. Uobi\u010dajeni doma\u0107ini u krajoliku su: bukva (Fagus), javor (Acer), brijest (Ulmus) i medunica (Gleditsia). Rak koraljnih pjega dobio je ime po izbuljenim jastu\u010di\u0107ima gljivi\u010dnog tkiva naran\u010daste do ru\u017ei\u010daste boje koji su \u010desto prisutni na stabljikama i granama zara\u017eenog drve\u0107a. Ovi jastu\u010di\u0107i predstavljaju plodna tijela koja proizvodi Nectria, a koja su \u010desto vrlo uo\u010dljiva u kontrastu s korom. Jastu\u010di\u0107i osloba\u0111aju velike koli\u010dine spora koje se prskaju, ispiraju ili otpuhuju na obli\u017enje grane, omogu\u0107uju\u0107i patogenu da uspostavi nova \u017eari\u0161ta bolesti.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Cytospora rak <\/strong> &#8211; Cytospora, uzrokovana gljivi\u010dnim patogenom Cytospora kunzei (tako\u0111er poznata kao Leucostoma kunzei), naj\u010de\u0161\u0107a je na koloradskoj plavoj smreci (Picea pungens), ali su mnoge druge \u010detinja\u010de osjetljive na infekciju, uklju\u010duju\u0107i jelu (Abies), bor (Pinus), kukuta (Tsuga), duglazija (Pseudotsuga) i ari\u0161 (Larix). Obrezivanje i uklanjanje zara\u017eenih stabljika i grana preporu\u010dena je kao najbolja metoda. Za suzbijanje bolesti mogu se koristiti fungicidi kao \u0161to su oni na bazi bakra (bakrov hidroksid i bakrene soli masnih i smolinskih kiselina), mankozeb, tiofanatmetil, azoksistrobin i fosforna kiselina.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Diplodija<\/strong> &#8211; Diplodia (ranije poznata kao Sphaeropsis sapinea), dovodi do paljevine iglica, a gljivica se obi\u010dno razvija kroz neki oblik rane. Rane uzrokovane vjetrom, hranjenjem insekata, operacijama rezidbe ili tu\u010dom\/snijegom\/ledom tipi\u010dna su mjesta infekcije. Napada mlade izbojke teku\u0107e sezone, \u0161to dovodi do bolesti vrhova izbojaka, zakr\u017eljalih i\/ili osu\u0161enih iglica, curenja smole na opadaju\u0107im ili mrtvim izbojcima i sveukupnog odumiranja kro\u0161nji u blizini vrhova grana. Djelotvorno je tretiranje fungicidima na bazi azoksistrobina, benzovindiflupira, boskalida + piraklostrobina, bakrenih soli masnih i smolinskih kiselina, bakrenog hidroksida, mankozeba, tiofanatmetila i trifloksistrobina. Fungicidi su naju\u010dinkovitiji kada se primjenjuju neposredno prije pucanja pupova iu razmacima od 7-10 dana nakon toga.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e572dd9 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e572dd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-1024x564.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2953\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-1024x564.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46-768x423.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/46.jpg 1065w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 46:<\/b> Diplodia pinea, Pinus. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Diplodia pinea, Pinus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.146). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8246c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8246c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Phomopsis rak<\/strong>&#8211; Nekoliko vrsta Phomopsisa uzrokuje rak stabljike, grana i povremeno glavnog debla, mo\u017ee u\u0107i kroz pupoljke ili rane od rezidbe, o\u0161tetiti se i napredovati niz stabljiku. Primarni simptomi infekcije uklju\u010duju venu\u0107e li\u0161\u0107a, spaljivanje mladih izdanaka, udubljena i potamnjela podru\u010dja stabljika s mogu\u0107im protokom soka ili smole, rak na ve\u0107im stabljikama i granama, posme\u0111ivanje vaskularnog tkiva kada se stru\u017ee kora i odumiranje kro\u0161nje. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b4a302 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6b4a302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"759\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/47.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2957\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/47.jpg 517w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/47-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 47:<\/b> Phomopsis juniperivora, Juniperus. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Phomopsis juniperivora, Juniperus. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.115). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a8c37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a8c37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Phytophthora rak krvi <\/strong> &#8211; Nekoliko vrsta Phytophthora uzrokuje ovu bolest, ubijaju\u0107i koru i vanjska tkiva drve\u0107a i grmlja. Najizra\u017eeniji simptom bolesti je tamno obojeni sok koji curi iz rana na kori. Teku\u0107ina je obi\u010dno crvenkasto-sme\u0111a i boji okolnu koru dok te\u010de prema dolje. Zara\u017eena kora \u010desto je natopljena vodom i obojena, dok unutarnja kora mo\u017ee pokazivati \u200b\u200bniz abnormalnih boja (sme\u0111a, plavkasto-zelena, naran\u010dasta i ru\u017ei\u010dasta) ovisno o odre\u0111enoj vrsti prisutne Phytophthora . Fungicidi za tretiranje: azoksistrobin, karbendazim+debakarb (mikroinjekcije), bakar sulfat, bakar hidroksid, bakrene soli masnih i kolofonijumskih kiselina, mankozeb, metkonazol, tiofanat-metil i trifloksstrobin.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Phytophthora<\/strong> &#8211; rak hrastove (Quercus) kore, biljke zara\u017eene Phytophthora spp. treba uni\u0161titi jer trenutno nisu dostupne nikakve kemijske mjere kontrole. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Crvena prstenasta trule\u017e isto\u010dnog bijelog bora (Pinus strobus) <\/strong> &#8211; kancerogena izraslina na kori bijelog bora mo\u017ee napadati i druge vrste bora. Porodaedalea napada osjetljivi bijeli bor prvenstveno preko gran\u010dica i vrhova koje je napao pipavac bijelog bora ( Pissodes) . Zbog napada gljivica elipti\u010dni d\u017eepovi karijesa obla\u017eu se bijelim celuloznim vlaknima i stvaraju se zadebljale kancerogene tvorevine.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Rak kore drve\u0107a<\/strong> &#8211; gljivi\u010dni patogen Neonectria, koji zahva\u0107a preko 60 vrsta listopadnog drve\u0107a i grmlja, kolonizira osjetljiva drva kroz stare grane. Vi\u0161egodi\u0161nji rak razvija se na glavnom deblu i razvija se polako s naizgled malim utjecajem na cjelokupno zdravlje stabla.Gleditsia triacanthos, Albizia julibrissin. Kancerogene tvorbe \u010desto su izdu\u017eene i udubljene s obojenom korom i eruptivnim plodnim tijelima. Zara\u017eeno drve\u0107e mo\u017ee imati mladice sa \u017eutim i uvelim li\u0161\u0107em, ra\u0161trkano odumiranje kro\u0161nje. Sistemi\u010dne fungicide kao \u0161to su azoksistrobin, tiofanat-metil i fosfat treba primijeniti izravno na mjesto raka. Kontaktni fungicidi poput bakrenog hidroksida i mankozeba mogu se koristiti za za\u0161titu novorazvijenih izdanaka u prolje\u0107e i rano ljeto.     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Bolesti listova biljaka<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bolest li\u0161\u0107a bukve<\/strong> &#8211; tamne, interventne trake na li\u0161\u0107u; iskrivljenje li\u0161\u0107a; zadebljanje lista i op\u0107enito &#8220;ko\u017easta&#8221; tekstura; prerano opadanje li\u0161\u0107a; odumiranje pupova i kasnije odumiranje grana \u0161to rezultira smr\u0107u stabla. Za\u0161tita se provodi tretiranjem tla nematicidima, sistemi\u010dnim nematocidom fluopiramom, kombiniranim pripravkom koji se sastoji od fluopirama + trifloksistrobina i fluopirama + tebukonazola. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Botryosphaeria pjegice na li\u0161\u0107u <\/strong> &#8211; Botryosphaeria (crna trule\u017e li\u0161\u0107a). Gljiva uzrokuje pojavu ljubi\u010dastih pjega na li\u0161\u0107u, one se pove\u0107avaju i dobivaju sme\u0111u boju, pjege imaju sme\u0111e prstenove s ljubi\u010dastim rubom, \u0161to daje izgled \u017eabljeg oka. Rak se javlja na gran\u010dicama, granama i deblima. Botryosphaeria mo\u017ee zaraziti rane zimi. Na zara\u017eenim podru\u010djima kore pojavljuju se blago udubljene crvenkasto\/sme\u0111e mrlje. Oni se pove\u0107avaju i stvaraju \u010direve, koji se pove\u0107avaju svake godine. Kora obi\u010dno odumre i nakon nekog vremena mo\u017ee se odvojiti od drva. Kod starijih kancerogenih izraslina na kori se pojavljuju piknidi. Koristite fungicide kada su zara\u017eene gljivicama na li\u0161\u0107u.        <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d73bfae elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d73bfae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-1024x646.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2961\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-1024x646.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48-768x485.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/48.jpg 1062w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 48:<\/b> Botryosphaeria dothidea, Sequiadendron. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Botryosphaeria dothidea. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.232). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414159e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"414159e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Guignardia pjegice na li\u0161\u0107u kestena<\/strong> &#8211; Guignardia aesculi, nakon cvatnje, po povr\u0161ini lista po\u010dinju se stvarati blijedozelene lezije natopljene vodom. Kako se lezije \u0161ire, postaju suhe i naran\u010dasto-sme\u0111e, li\u0161\u0107e se mo\u017ee saviti i naborati, postaju\u0107i iskrivljeno do kraja vegetacijske sezone. Za razliku od drugih folijarnih bolesti, pjege dosegnu odre\u0111enu veli\u010dinu i prestanu se razvijati. unutar mrlja mogu se uo\u010diti crne to\u010dkice, strukture gljiva koje nose spore. Fungicidi se koriste za odr\u017eavanje izgleda stabala, ali u ve\u0107ini slu\u010dajeva nisu opravdani.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d219d15 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d219d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2965\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49.jpg 985w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/49-768x495.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 49:<\/b> Guignardia aesculi. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Guignardia aesculi. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.31). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cfd870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cfd870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pjegice na listu gloga <\/strong> &#8211; Entomosporium mespili, na zara\u017eenom li\u0161\u0107u, zelenim gran\u010dicama i plodovima razvijaju se brojne sitne crveno-ljubi\u010daste pjege. Nekoliko tjedana nakon infekcije \u010desto se spoje u ljubi\u010dasto-sivo-sme\u0111e mrlje. Do sredine ljeta li\u0161\u0107e prerano po\u017euti i pada s jako zara\u017eenih stabala. Fungicidi \u0161tite li\u0161\u0107e i gran\u010dice u razvoju u prolje\u0107e kada se pupoljci otvore, prskajte u intervalima sve dok je vrijeme hladno i vla\u017eno.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pjegice na listu bo\u017eikovine <\/strong> &#8211; Coniothyrium spp. Male do velike \u017eutosme\u0111e pjege nepravilnog oblika pojavljuju se tijekom zime i prolje\u0107a na starim listovima bo\u017eikovine. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hrastova krasta<\/strong> &#8211; Taphrina, gljivica raste unutar poko\u017eice, ispod kutikule, konveksne (izdignute) lezije se pojavljuju na gornjoj povr\u0161ini lista, dok se konveksne (udubljene) pojavljuju na donjoj strani. Kada se na li\u0161\u0107u razvije mnogo lezija, mogu se spojiti i uzrokovati potpuni kolaps lista. Ne \u010dini ve\u0107e \u0161tete, za bolji izgled stabala prskati fungicidima na bazi bakra i mankozeba.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Phyllosticta pjegice na li\u0161\u0107u <\/strong> &#8211; uzrokuje Phyllosticta spp., napada Ilex , Kalmia , Hamamelis i drugo listopadno grmlje i drve\u0107e. Uzrokuje pjegavost li\u0161\u0107a, bolest ruba li\u0161\u0107a i potpuno propadanje zara\u017eenog li\u0161\u0107a. Visoka vla\u017enost i sjena poti\u010du izbijanje bolesti. Fungicidi mogu imati neke koristi protiv Phyllosticta kada se primjenjuju rano u sezoni: bakrene soli masnih i\/ili smolinskih kiselina, bakrov hidroksid, mankozeb, metkonazol i propikonazol.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Phytophthora<\/strong> &#8211; Infekcije obi\u010dno po\u010dinju tijekom toplog i vla\u017enog vremena kada spore pucaju. Simptomi se prvo pojavljuju kao vodenaste, tamnozelene mrlje i mrlje na li\u0161\u0107u. Unutar tri dana od infekcije, zahva\u0107eno tkivo postaje sme\u0111e i nekroti\u010dno. Infekcije se ponekad \u0161ire na so\u010dne izdanke. Zato nije preporu\u010dljivo zalijevati biljke s li\u0161\u0107em. Bolest uzrokuje rano opadanje li\u0161\u0107a, a patogen zatim pre\u017eivljava u mrtvim dijelovima biljke koji ostaju vla\u017eni tijekom zime. Zimski su uvjeti \u010desto prehladni da bi patogeni pre\u017eivjeli u tlu ili u osu\u0161enim biljnim tkivima. Rasadnici i staklenici su uto\u010di\u0161te za patogene zbog umjerenih zimskih temperatura. Napada mnoge zeljaste biljke te \u010detinja\u010de i crnogori\u010dno drve\u0107e. Tretiranje fungicidima na bazi: bakrenih soli masnih i\/ili smolinskih kiselina, mefenoksama\/metalaksila, fosforne kiseline.         <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pepelnica<\/strong> &#8211; Erysiphe, Phyllactinia i Podosphaera &#8211; rastu na povr\u0161ini (epidermalne stanice) li\u0161\u0107a i zelenih izdanaka. Njihov rast se pojavljuje kao pra\u0161njava, siva do bijela prevlaka na zara\u017eenim dijelovima biljke, hranjive tvari upijaju kroz haustorijume) koji probijaju biljne stanice. Kada su bolesti te\u017ee, gljivice rastu u unutarnjim stanicama, ispod epiderme. Primjena fungicida preporu\u010duje se pri prvim simptomima pepelnice.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b7a011 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2b7a011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-1024x646.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2969\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-1024x646.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50-768x484.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/50.jpg 1037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 50:<\/b> Erysiphe berberidis, Berberis thunbergii. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Erysiphe berberidis, Berberis thunbergii. In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.43). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80c0a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80c0a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Pjegice katrana na javoru <\/strong> &#8211; uzrokovana trima vrstama gljivica <i>Rhytisma<\/i> , pjege se prvi put pojavljuju nakon \u0161to li\u0161\u0107e postigne punu veli\u010dinu, od kraja svibnja do po\u010detka lipnja, kao zaobljene, blijedozelene, kloroti\u010dne pjege sa sitnim plodnim strukturama koje se razvijaju u sredi\u0161tu. Rano opadanje li\u0161\u0107a zbog bolesti naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e je u jako zasjenjenim okru\u017eenjima s minimalnim protokom zraka i gustom sadnjom. Kod ove bolesti ne preporu\u010duje se primjena fungicida.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Bolesti korijena i kro\u0161nje<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Agrobacterium<\/i><\/strong> \u2013 tumorne kvr\u017eice na korijenju biljaka, rijetko napada \u010detinja\u010de, uglavnom crnogori\u010dno drve\u0107e. Zara\u017eene biljne stanice sadr\u017ee bakterijske gene (zapravo plazmid) koji zamjenjuju neke gene normalnih biljnih stanica. U po\u010detku su otekline na korijenju i stabljici male, svijetle boje i okrugle. \u010cesto se pove\u0107avaju i postaju sve brojniji tijekom razvoja biljke, listovi po\u017eute i male su veli\u010dine. Utjecaj stresa u okoli\u0161u poput visoke temperature, su\u0161e i hladno\u0107e mo\u017ee oslabiti biljku i utjecati na razvoj bolesti korijena.    <\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Phytophthora<\/i> i trule\u017e korijena<\/strong> &#8211; <i>Phytophthora<\/i> vrste su primarni paraziti finog korijena i kore biljaka i uzrokuju truljenje cijelog korijenskog sustava. Kao rezultat napada pojavljuju se kancerozne formacije. Simptomi se pojavljuju kao odumiranje kro\u0161nje, zastoj u rastu, li\u0161\u0107e po\u017euti i sme\u017eura se, rano opadanje i vidljiv je protok smole\/biljnog soka u blizini baze debla. Zara\u017eeno korijenje \u010desto izgleda sme\u0111e-crno, natopljeno vodom i mekano. Biljke koje rastu na mjestima sa staja\u0107om vodom ili gdje su sezonske poplave. <i>Phytophthora<\/i> proizvodi plivaju\u0107e nespolne spore. <i>Phytophthora<\/i> mo\u017ee pre\u017eivjeti mnogo godina u tlu. Fungicidi na bazi: bakrenih soli masnih i\/ili smolinskih kiselina, etridiazola, etridiazola + tiofanat-metila, fosetil-aluminija, mefenoksama\/metalaksila, fosforne kiseline.     <\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Pythium<\/i><\/strong>&#8211; Simptomi uklju\u010duju zastoj u rastu, venu\u0107e (umiranje) i lezije krune. \u010cesto nema dobrih korijena, dok su glavni korijeni sme\u0111i i crni. Fungicidi na bazi: azoksistrobina, bakrenih soli masnih i\/ili smolinskih kiselina, etridiazola, etridiazola + tiofanat-metila, mankozeba, mefenoksama, fosforne kiseline, tiofanat-metila.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Bijela trule\u017e korijena<\/strong> &#8211; <i>Armillaria<\/i> &#8211; infekcija se \u0161iri s trupaca velikih stabala, napada listopadne vrste i \u010detinja\u010de, progresivno odumiranje kro\u0161nji, zakr\u017eljali izboji, nedovoljno listova \/ iglica, blijedo obojeno do kloroti\u010dno li\u0161\u0107e, prerana jesenska promjena boje, prekomjerno su\u017eavanje i protok biljnog soka \/ smole u podno\u017eju drva, li\u0161\u0107e\/iglice postaju sme\u0111e sredinom do kasnog ljeta. Mlada stabla rano umiru. Gljiva napada drve\u0107e pod stresom zbog su\u0161e, napada insekata, nedostatka kalcija u tlu itd. U novije vrijeme biolo\u0161ka za\u0161tita se provodi antagonisti\u010dkim gljivama iz roda <i>Trichoderma<\/i>.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-011df48 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"011df48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"758\" height=\"793\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/51.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2973\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/51.jpg 758w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/51-287x300.jpg 287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 51:<\/b> Tree death caused by dark honey fungus (Armillaria ostoyae). <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> Butin H. &amp; Brand T (2017). Tree death caused by dark honey fungus (Armillaria ostoyae). In: Farbatlas Geh\u00f6lzkrankheiten Zierstr\u00e4ucher, Allee- und Parkb\u00e4ume (p.140). Ulmer Verlag   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcfd893 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcfd893\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Trule\u017e korijena <\/strong> Quercus spp. Simptomi trule\u017ei korijena i vrata mogu biti vrlo op\u0107enite prirode, npr. progresivno odumiranje kro\u0161nje, zakr\u017eljali izdanci, nedovoljno li\u0161\u0107a, blijedo obojeno te kloroti\u010dno li\u0161\u0107e i prerana promjena boje u jesen do otvorenijih \u0161upljina na dnu stabla, \u0161avova ili pukotina s protokom soka\/smole. Osjetljivo drvo napadaju kroz ranu na korijenu ili donjem dijelu debla. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e su to gljive: Armillaria spp., Inonotus, te Grifola frondosa i Meripilus giganteus.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a79efe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a79efe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i \u0161tetnici na gradskom drve\u0107u<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a95901 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a95901\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Defolijatori<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Torbar<\/strong> (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) &#8211; Napada vrste poput cedra, bora, platana, javora, crvenog pupoljka i lipe, uzrokuju\u0107i defolijaciju biljke doma\u0107ina.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e47f32 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e47f32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2977\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.jpg 220w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52-198x300.jpg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 52:<\/b> Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis. <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evergreen_bagworm\"> Wikipedia (bez datuma). Evergreen bagworm.&amp;nbsp; <\/a><br>(Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e46ef6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e46ef6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Moljci na \u0161im\u0161irima <\/strong> (Cydalima perspectalis) \u2013 primarni doma\u0107in je \u0161im\u0161ir (Buxus spp.). Ovaj \u0161tetnik dovodi do defolijacije, a mo\u017ee uzrokovati i smrt biljke doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c07638 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c07638\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0739219 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0739219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-1024x756.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2981\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-1024x756.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-768x567.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53-1536x1133.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ccd988 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ccd988\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-1024x643.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2985\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-1024x643.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-768x482.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a-1536x964.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/53a.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920a395 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"920a395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Slika 53:<\/b> Cydalima perspectalis caterpillar.<br \/><b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cydalima_perspectalis\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Cydalima perspectalis.<\/a><br \/>(Pristupljeno 9.1.2024)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60f101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b60f101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zigzag Sawfly bolest brijesta<\/strong> (Aproceros leucopoda) &#8211; doma\u0107ini uklju\u010duju brijest i njegove sorte. \u017denke uzrokuju manja o\u0161te\u0107enja li\u0161\u0107a prilikom polaganja jaja, dok se mlade gusjenice hrane li\u0161\u0107em, \u0161to dovodi do djelomi\u010dnog ili potpunog defolijacije biljke doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e3fc35 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4e3fc35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2989\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54.jpg 984w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/54-768x578.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 54:<\/b> Aproceros leucopoda. <br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aproceros#\/media\/File:Aproceros_leucopoda_up.JPG\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Apreceros leucopoda. <\/a> <br>(Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4701230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4701230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Jesenski crv <\/strong> (Hyphantria cunea) \u2013 biljke doma\u0107ini uklju\u010duju brezu i divlju tre\u0161nju. O\u0161te\u0107enja biljaka doma\u0107ina prvenstveno su vanjska, jer ovi \u0161tetnici stvaraju srebrnu mre\u017eu oko listova i skeletiraju ih. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1bd28 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e1bd28\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e2bd3c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5e2bd3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-620x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2997\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-620x1024.jpg 620w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a-768x1268.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55a.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-505bd0e elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"505bd0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55-768x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2993\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/55.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77039d elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e77039d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Slika 55:<\/strong> Hyphantria cunea.<br \/><strong>Izvor:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fall_webworm\"> Wikipedia (bez datuma). Hyphantria cunea. <\/a><br \/>(Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f43f2c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f43f2c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ari\u0161eva ljuskarica <\/strong> (Cleophora laricella) \u2013 biljke doma\u0107ini uklju\u010duju sve vrste ari\u0161a. Hrani se li\u0161\u0107em, \u0161to dovodi do djelomi\u010dnog ili potpunog defolijacije. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Spu\u017evasti moljac<\/strong> (Lymantria dispar) \u2013 biljke doma\u0107ini su hrast, javor, breza, topola, vrba i \u010detinja\u010de poput bora i smreke. Uzrokuje defolijaciju i predstavlja zna\u010dajan stres za biljke doma\u0107ine. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df815fb elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"df815fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3001\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/56.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 56:<\/b> Lymantria dispar. <br> <b>Izvor: <\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gubar_glavonja\">Wikipedia (bez datuma). Gubar glavonja.<\/a> <br>(Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d963476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d963476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Zimski moljac<\/strong> (Operopthera brumata) &#8211; preferirani doma\u0107ini su hrast i javor, ali tako\u0111er napada i druge listopadne biljke poput lipe, jasena i bijele breze, uzrokuju\u0107i djelomi\u010dnu defolijaciju biljke doma\u0107ina.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Insekti koji prodiru i sisaju<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Adelgidi<\/strong> &#8211; mali kukci nalik lisnim u\u0161ima koji stvaraju vunaste mase na biljkama doma\u0107inima, obi\u010dno napadaju\u0107i crnogori\u010dno drve\u0107e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lisne u\u0161i <\/strong> (Alphididae) &#8211; vrsta lisnih u\u0161i koje bu\u0161e li\u0161\u0107e biljaka doma\u0107ina i hrane se njihovim biljnim sokovima. Hranjenje lisnim u\u0161ima uzrokuje \u017eute mrlje na biljci doma\u0107inu i mo\u017ee dovesti do iskrivljenja li\u0161\u0107a. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5a5564 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5a5564\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/57.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3005\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/57.jpg 560w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/57-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 57: Aphididae.<\/b> <br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/bugguide.net\/node\/view\/1824755\/bgimage\">Bugguide.net.<\/a> (bez datuma). Arthropods. <br> (Pristupljeno 19.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b84bcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b84bcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Balsam Twig lisna u\u0161 <\/strong> (Mindarus) &#8211; \u0161tetnik koji napada sve vrste jela. Uzrokuje uvijanje tek izniklih iglica, a obilna medna rosa koju izlu\u010duje mo\u017ee dovesti do sljepljivanja novih mladica. \u0160tete od ovog \u0161tetnika vidljive su na stablima 2-3 godine.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hemlock Woolly Adelgid<\/strong> (Adelges) &#8211; Biljke doma\u0107ini su crnogori\u010dno drve\u0107e. Ovaj \u0161tetnik slabi biljke doma\u0107ine, potencijalno dovode\u0107i do dugotrajnih zaraza koje na kraju ubijaju stablo doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u017du\u010di<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid<\/strong> (Adelges cooleyi) &#8211; Napada nekoliko vrsta smreke. Hrani se novim izbojima, a njezino hranjenje mo\u017ee rezultirati \u017eutim pjegama i uvijanjem iglica. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Smrekova u\u0161 \u0161i\u0161karica <\/strong> (Adelges abietis) &#8211; primarno inficira stabla smreke. Uzrokuje stvaranje \u017eu\u010di na dnu novih izdanaka, \u0161to mo\u017ee smanjiti ukupnu vitalnost stabla. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa4ac62 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aa4ac62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3013\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/58-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 58:<\/b> Adelges abietis<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/stetnici.sumins.hr\/SumskiStetnici\/smrekova_us_siskarica_(adelges_abietis_adelges_viridis_)\">StetniciHr. (2017). Smrekova u\u0161 \u0161i\u0161karica.<\/a> <br> (Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cebe401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cebe401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Potkornjaci<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010cetinarski potkornjak<\/strong> (Dendroctonus, Ips, Scolytus) &#8211; Prvenstveno inficira borove, ali mo\u017ee napadati i smreku, jelu i druga crnogori\u010dna stabla. Zna\u010dajan je faktor stresa za crnogori\u010dno drve\u0107e, zbog \u010dega je podlo\u017enije su\u0161enju. Ove kornja\u0161e \u010desto napadaju starija stabla jer ne proizvode dovoljno smole koja slu\u017ei kao prirodni repelent za ovu \u0161teto\u010dinu.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Brijestov potkornjak <\/strong> (Scolytus multistratius) &#8211; Biljke doma\u0107ini su brijestovi. Napadaju koru biljke doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Mineri li\u0161\u0107a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Arborvitae Leafminer<\/strong> (Argyresthia thuiella) &#8211; Biljka doma\u0107in je Thuja. Napada li\u0161\u0107e pa ono \u017euti i su\u0161i se. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Brezov miner <\/strong> (Fenusa pusilla) &#8211; primarno inficira dvije vrste breze, Betula populifolia i Betula papyrifera , a manjim dijelom crnu, \u017eutu i rije\u010dnu brezu. Larve miniraju li\u0161\u0107e biljke doma\u0107ina, uglavnom se pojavljuju kada izniknu novi listovi, \u0161to rezultira \u017eutim mrljama na li\u0161\u0107u. <\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160im\u0161irov miner <\/strong> (Monarthropalpus buxi) &#8211; Napada sve vrste \u0161im\u0161ira. Uzrokuje prerano opadanje li\u0161\u0107a i hrani se lisnim tkivom izme\u0111u donje i gornje povr\u0161ine li\u0161\u0107a biljke doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b610ef4 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b610ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-1024x420.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3009\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-1024x420.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59-768x315.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/59.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 59:<\/b> Monarthropalpus buxi<br> <b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pupae_of_the_boxwood_leafminer_Monarthropalpus_buxi_inside_the_leaf_of_boxwood.jpg\">Wikimedia free media repository. (bez datuma). Kukuljica \u0161im\u0161irovog minera.<\/a> <br> (Pristupljeno 18.1.2024.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed7bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ed7bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Neugodne \u0161teto\u010dine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Veliki europski str\u0161ljen <\/strong> (Vespa crabro germana) &#8211; napada stabla breze, vrbe i topole. Skidaju koru s mladih biljaka, \u0161to mo\u017ee dovesti do smrti biljke doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hranilice za korijenje i mladice<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Crni lozni \u017ei\u017eak <\/strong> ( Otiorhynchus sulcatus) &#8211; Napada planinski lovor, tisu i neke druge zimzelene biljke. Hrane se li\u0161\u0107em ostavljaju\u0107i polukru\u017ene zareze. Osim toga, hrane se korijenjem biljke doma\u0107ina. Osim \u0161to uzrokuju \u017eutilo li\u0161\u0107a, mogu dovesti i do smrti biljke doma\u0107ina.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kukci ljuskari<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kukci ljuskari (Coccoidea) mali su, nje\u017eni kukci s tijelima prekrivenim tvrdim \u0161titovima. Od oko 3000 poznatih vrsta koje su rasprostranjene po cijelom svijetu, oko 90 vrsta \u017eivi u srednjoj Europi. <\/p>\n<p>Kukci ljuskari iznimno su va\u017ena nadporodica unutar klase kukaca, koja uklju\u010duje nekoliko fiziolo\u0161kih \u0161tetnika od velike va\u017enosti za vo\u0107e, vinovu lozu, ukrasno drve\u0107e i grmlje. Slabo su pokretne i ne mogu pre\u017eivjeti na jednogodi\u0161njim kulturnim biljkama koje zbog toga rijetko napadaju. Hrane se uglavnom bjelan\u010devinama sadr\u017eanim u biljnim sokovima. Kako se biljni sokovi uglavnom sastoje od \u010distog \u0161e\u0107era, neke ga vrste izlu\u010duju u obliku bistre i ljepljive medne rose. Spolni dimorfizam je izra\u017een kod svih uhovratica: \u017denke imaju manja krila, noge i ticala, ali zato imaju dobro razvijen usni aparat prilago\u0111en sisanju. Ve\u0107ina \u017eenki na gornjoj i dijelom na donjoj strani tijela ima vo\u0161tani \u0161tit (po \u010demu su i dobile ime) koji je proizvod vo\u0161tanih \u017elijezda. Uz pomo\u0107 tog \u0161tita pri\u010dvr\u0161\u0107uju se za li\u0161\u0107e ili koru biljaka.      <\/p>\n<p>Manji mu\u017ejaci imaju samo prednji par krila, dok je stra\u017enji par evoluirao u &#8220;stabilizatore&#8221;, par loptastih dodataka, obi\u010dno dugih kao ticala. O\u010di su im dobro razvijene, a pipci i noge spojeni. Uop\u0107e nemaju dijelove usta \u0161to zna\u010di da se uop\u0107e ne hrane. Razmno\u017eavaju se spolno ili partenogenezom. Larva je pokretna, ali se vrlo brzo pri\u010dvrsti za biljku uz pomo\u0107 dijelova usta. \u017denka pola\u017ee veliki broj jaja ispod svog \u0161tita. Boja im varira ovisno o vrsti od svijetlo oker, \u017eu\u0107kastosme\u0111e do tamnosme\u0111e. Njihova veli\u010dina varira izme\u0111u 0,8 i 6 mm, a najve\u0107a vrsta, Aspidoproxux maximus, mo\u017ee narasti do 38 mm. Pri\u010dvr\u0161\u0107eni su za nali\u010dje ili lice lista i za povr\u0161inu drvenastih dijelova biljke. Kukci ljuskari predstavljeni su u srednjoj Europi nizom taksona obiteljskog ranga: Diaspididae, Asterolecaniidae, Ortheziidae, Margarodidae, Coccidae, Kermesidae, Pseudococcidae.         <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kukci koji napadaju drvo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Azijski dugorogac<\/strong> (Anoplophora glabripennis) &#8211; napada drve\u0107e poput javora, divljeg kestena, breze, vrbe, topole i brijesta, ali ne napada \u010detinja\u010de. O\u0161te\u0107uje koru biljke doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Bron\u010dani brezov svrdla\u0161 <\/strong> (Agrilus anxius) &#8211; Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e poga\u0111a vrste breze kao \u0161to su Betula papyrifera , B. pendula, B. populifolia, dok pokazuje otpornost kod B. maximowicziana, B. platyphylla i B. nigra. Ovaj \u0161tetnik stvara tunele u \u017eilnom dijelu stabla, \u0161to dovodi do opasavanja ili smrti biljke doma\u0107ina. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Smaragdni jasenov svrdla\u0161<\/strong> (Agrilus planipennis) &#8211; Ovaj \u0161tetnik napada nekoliko vrsta jasena, uklju\u010duju\u0107i Fraxinus spp., F. americana, F. pennsylvanica i F. nigra. Hrani se stvaranjem tunela u kori i li\u0161\u0107u biljke doma\u0107ina, uzrokuju\u0107i odumiranje kro\u0161nje.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37770bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37770bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Otpornost na \u0161teto\u010dine<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2de3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da2de3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rezistencija ili otpornost je kada djelovanje sredstva za za\u0161titu bilja postupno gubi svoju u\u010dinkovitost protiv \u0161tetnika. Do pojave otpornosti dolazi selekcijom, odnosno \u010destom primjenom istih ili srodnih sredstava za za\u0161titu bilja koja ubijaju osjetljive jedinke, ali ostavljaju na \u017eivotu malobrojne i neprimjetne otporne jedinke. Kri\u017eanjem se pove\u0107ava broj pre\u017eivjelih otpornih jedinki, sve dok kona\u010dno ti otporni jedinke ne postanu toliko brojni da sredstvo prestane djelovati. To je razlog da se rije\u0161ite \u0161to ve\u0107eg broja sredstava, kako biste stalnim mijenjanjem usporili pojavu rezistencije. Neoprezna primjena nekih sredstava mo\u017ee o\u0161tetiti korisne kukce i biljke koje smo htjeli za\u0161tititi od \u0161tetnika.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f19f9db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f19f9db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oznaka hitnosti i rok za suzbijanje<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d252ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d252ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kako bi se sredstva za za\u0161titu bilja koristila samo kada je to prijeko potrebno, nasade je potrebno pregledati na prisutnost \u0161tetnika. Tek kada njihov broj prije\u0111e kriti\u010dnu brojku, treba ih suzbiti. Kriti\u010dni broj pokazuje intenzitet zaraze koji se isplati suzbijati, a za mnoge \u0161tetnike taj je broj poznat. Na primjer, za savijanje cvije\u0107a, trebali biste prskati ako ima najmanje 3-5 \u0161tetnika po stablu. Pregledom nasada utvr\u0111uje se i optimalni rok primjene koji ovisi o brojnosti i razvojnom stadiju \u0161tetnika, razvoju biljke, meteorolo\u0161kim uvjetima i dr.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Naslovna > Moduli > Patologija i procjena drve\u0107a Modul 3 Patologija (dijagnoza i poreme\u0107aji biljaka) i procjena drve\u0107a Tablica sadr\u017eaja 1. Patologija Drve\u0107a Patologija je znanost koja se bavi prou\u010davanjem bolesti, odnosno promjenama u stanicama, tkivima i organima koje nastaju tijekom bolesti. Biljna patologija je sastavni dio svih sustava hortikulture (konvencionalne, integrirane i ekolo\u0161ke). Za [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3898","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Modul 3 - Patologija i procjena drve\u0107a - Learning - ARBORTECH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/module-3-tree-pathology-and-tree-assessment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modul 3 - Patologija i procjena drve\u0107a - Learning - ARBORTECH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Naslovna &gt; Moduli &gt; Patologija i procjena drve\u0107a Modul 3 Patologija (dijagnoza i poreme\u0107aji biljaka) i procjena drve\u0107a Tablica sadr\u017eaja 1. Patologija Drve\u0107a Patologija je znanost koja se bavi prou\u010davanjem bolesti, odnosno promjenama u stanicama, tkivima i organima koje nastaju tijekom bolesti. Biljna patologija je sastavni dio svih sustava hortikulture (konvencionalne, integrirane i ekolo\u0161ke). 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Patologija Drve\u0107a Patologija je znanost koja se bavi prou\u010davanjem bolesti, odnosno promjenama u stanicama, tkivima i organima koje nastaju tijekom bolesti. Biljna patologija je sastavni dio svih sustava hortikulture (konvencionalne, integrirane i ekolo\u0161ke). 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