{"id":3747,"date":"2023-10-30T06:23:08","date_gmt":"2023-10-30T06:23:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/modul-1-biologija-i-pedologija-drveca"},"modified":"2024-07-24T19:02:32","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T19:02:32","slug":"modul-1-biologija-i-pedologija-drveca","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/hr\/modul-1-biologija-i-pedologija-drveca","title":{"rendered":"Modul 1 &#8211; Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3747\" class=\"elementor elementor-3747 elementor-2173\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" data-dce-background-image-url=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/pexels-johannes-plenio-1423600-scaled.jpg\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc3448 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cfc3448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-overlay-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99404ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99404ef\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03ac24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03ac24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/home\">Naslovna<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8575a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8575a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f07a3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f07a3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/arboriculture-for-gardeners\">Moduli<\/a><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c91116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c91116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">&gt;<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63be87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63be87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48d2a55 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48d2a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modul 1<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b2c93 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39b2c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F2EED3\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaa565f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"eaa565f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1382774 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1382774\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:150,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-dce-background-color=\"#F9FAEC\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2160ebb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2160ebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTablica sadr\u017eaja\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2160ebb\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63f0aaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"63f0aaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee0f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dfee0f3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279ffe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"279ffe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0e214f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0e214f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drve\u0107e je klju\u010dan dio \u017eivota na Zemlji i \u017eivot bez njih na na\u0161em planetu ne bi mogao postojati. Ljudi koriste stabla za drvo, za svoje plodove ili za njihovu estetsku funkciju. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ovo poglavlje daje osnovne podatke o biologiji drve\u0107a i njihovoj morfolo\u0161koj i anatomskoj gra\u0111i. Usredoto\u010dit \u0107emo se i na fiziolo\u0161ke procese koji se stalno odvijaju u drve\u0107u i koji su neophodni za njihov \u017eivot. Tako\u0111er \u0107emo se usredoto\u010diti na vanjske i unutarnje uvjete koji utje\u010du na te procese.  <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146df1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"146df1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b141df e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b141df\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e1fd64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e1fd64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.1. Biologija drve\u0107a<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c7b105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c7b105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Drve\u0107e je drvenasto bilje koje mo\u017ee narasti vi\u0161e od 5 metara visine. To su drve\u0107a kojima je cijela stabljika lignificirana, a donji nerazgranati dio prelazi u razgranatu kro\u0161nju. Vi\u0161egodi\u0161nje su ili dugovje\u010dne te donose plodove vi\u0161e puta.  <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mo\u017eemo ih podijeliti u 3 glavna dijela:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>korijen,<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>deblo,<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>kro\u0161nja.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f346a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f346a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanice su osnova svih \u017eivih organizama, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i drve\u0107e. Nove stanice nastaju dijeljenjem postoje\u0107ih stanica. Kod drve\u0107a se dioba stanica odvija u meristemima. Stanice sli\u010dnih funkcija i strukture grupirane su u skupine koje se nazivaju biljna tkiva.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tkiva se dijele na:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>diobena tkiva (meristemi),<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>trajna tkiva.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a86eac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a86eac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tkiva su grupirana u organe. Drve\u0107e ima 5 organa &#8211; <strong> korijen, stabljika, list, cvijet, plod. <\/strong> <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-507c48c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"507c48c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeefc14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eeefc14\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f35e487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f35e487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2. Anatomija drve\u0107a<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b74bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b74bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.1. Korijen<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b54da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b54da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Korijen je podzemni organ drveta koji je skriven u tlu. Ima dvije osnovne funkcije: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>mehani\u010dka<\/strong> &#8211; zadatak mu je u\u010dvrstiti biljku u tlu,<\/li>\n<li><strong>fiziolo\u0161ka<\/strong> &#8211; zada\u0107a mu je izvla\u010diti vodu i topive tvari iz tla.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7240c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7240c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na korijenu razlikujemo glavni korijen, bo\u010dni korijen i korijenovu dlaku, \u010diji je \u017eivotni vijek od nekoliko sati do nekoliko dana.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drve\u0107e se mo\u017ee ukorijeniti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>duboko<\/strong> \u2013 glavni korijen prodire u tlo vertikalno i \u010desto je duboko u tlu kao i visoki nadzemni organi, npr. hrast (Quercus), dud (Morus),<\/li>\n<li><strong>plitko<\/strong> \u2013 bo\u010dno korijenje prodire vodoravno i blizu povr\u0161ine tla, npr. smreka (Picea).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a98a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59a98a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepoznajemo 3 osnovna tipa korijenskog sustava:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sa glavnim korijenom<\/strong> &#8211; glavni korijen je debeo i ide okomito u dubinu podloge, npr. bijela jela (Abies alba), hrastovi, brijestovi, obi\u010dni bor (Pinus sylvestris),<\/li>\n<li><strong>srcoliki<\/strong> \u2013 ve\u0107i broj debljih korijena usmjerenih prema dolje i koso prema dolje, npr. lipa (Tilia), grab (Carpinus), breza (Betula),<\/li>\n<li><strong>ravni<\/strong> &#8211; jednako debeli korijeni koji idu paralelno s povr\u0161inom tla i samo pojedini korijeni prodiru u dublje slojeve, npr. jasika (Populus tremula), jasen (Fraxinus), smreka (Picea). Ova vrsta korijena je plitka i nije ba\u0161 stabilna. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b7a95b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b7a95b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.2. Deblo<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f076948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f076948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deblo je nadzemni glavni dio stabla. To je sporedna zadebljala drvenasta stabljika koja se pri vrhu dijeli na drvenaste gran\u010dice. Na presjeku korijena razlikujemo koru, floem, kambij i drvo. Svaki sloj debla ima odre\u0111enu funkciju.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kora <\/strong> &#8211; nalazi se na povr\u0161ini debla i grana drve\u0107a. Gornji sloj se zove kora i mrtav je. Donja zelena kora je \u017eiva. Kora je \u010desto duboko izbrazdana i ve\u0107inom se razvija u donjem dijelu debla. Slu\u017ei kao za\u0161tita od mehani\u010dkih o\u0161te\u0107enja, gubitak vode ili pregrijavanja. U kori se nalaze mali otvori \u2013 lenticele, koji omogu\u0107uju izmjenu plinova.     <\/p>\n<p><strong>Floem <\/strong> je vodljivo tkivo koje prenosi proizvode fotosinteze od li\u0161\u0107a do korijena. Floem se sastoji od \u017eivih stanica. Kod \u010detinja\u010da to su sitaste stanice, a kod listopadnog drve\u0107a sitaste stanice i stanice pratilice.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Kambij<\/strong> \u2013 diobeno tkivo koje stvara nove stanice drva i floema. Kambij formira godi\u0161nje prstenove tijekom vegetacije. Jedan godi\u0161nji prsten odgovara jednoj vegetacijskoj sezoni.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Ksilem <\/strong> \u2013 ima dvije funkcije. Prva je mehani\u010dka i ima sposobnost dr\u017eati deblo u uspravnom polo\u017eaju, a druga je provodna, koji provodi vodu i topive minerale u smjeru od korijena prema kro\u0161nji. U drvu se pohranjuju i skladi\u0161ne \u200b\u200btvari (ulje i \u0161krob).  <\/p>\n<p>Drvo golosjemenja\u010da sastoji se od traheida i stanica parenhima. Drvo listopadnog drve\u0107a sadr\u017ei elemente \u017eila, vlakna i stanice parenhima. <\/p>\n<p>Traheide su izdu\u017eene, mrtve stanice zadebljalih stijenki. Imaju mehani\u010dku i provodnu funkciju. Vlakna daju mehani\u010dku \u010dvrsto\u0107u. Parenhimske stanice poma\u017eu u protoku vode, skladi\u0161tenju ugljikovodika i va\u017ene su u obrani od propadanja. \u017dile su va\u017eni provodni elementi u listopadnom drve\u0107u.    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c071c51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c071c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.3. Kro\u0161nja<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab5f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ab5f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kro\u0161nja je sustav grana koji raste iz gornjeg dijela debla. Kro\u0161nja stabla sastoji se od sustava grana koje rastu iz debla. Sastoji se od: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>strukturne (skeletne) grane<\/strong> \u2013 oblikuju kro\u0161nje, ve\u0107e su i deblje s vegetativnom funkcijom,<\/li>\n<li><strong>grane za popunjavanje<\/strong> \u2013 slabije, popunjavaju kro\u0161nju, imaju vegetativnu i generativnu funkciju.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba0a86f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba0a86f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na na\u010din formiranja kro\u0161nje utje\u010du razli\u010diti \u010dimbenici, a to su genetika, bioti\u010dki i abioti\u010dki \u010dimbenici. U velikoj mjeri na strukturu i oblik kro\u0161nje utje\u010de na\u010din rasta izdanaka. <\/p>\n<p>Razlikujemo 2 tipa rasta i grananja izdanaka:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>monopodijalna <\/strong> \u2013 glavna stabljika raste iz vr\u0161nog terminalnog pupa, na koji iz bo\u010dnih pupova rastu slabije bo\u010dne stabljike. Ne rastu u smjeru glavne stabljike i ne prerastaju je u visinu. Sve \u010detinja\u010de sa sto\u017eastom kro\u0161njom granaju se na ovaj na\u010din,  <\/li>\n<li><strong>simpodijski <\/strong> &#8211; glavni izdanak se ne formira iz najvi\u0161eg vr\u0161nog pupa ve\u0107 iz bo\u010dnog. Tako su npr. vrba (<i>Salix<\/i>), lipa (<i>Tilia<\/i>), brijest (<i>Ulmus<\/i>), grab (<i>Carpinus<\/i>), bagrem (<i>Robinia<\/i>). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54b89e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e54b89e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prema obliku, kro\u0161nja mo\u017ee biti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sto\u017easta (smreka \u2013 <i>Picea abies<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>stupolika (Pan\u010di\u0107eva omorika \u2013 <i>Picea omorica<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>jajolika (crna joha \u2013 <i>Alnus glutinosa<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>okruglo-jajolika (lipa &#8211; <i>Tilia<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>okrugla (divlja jabuka \u2013 <i>Malus sylvestris<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>ki\u0161obran (bakavac \u2013 <i>Robinia pseudoacacia<\/i>),<\/li>\n<li>nepravilan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5455ef1 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5455ef1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2574\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.1-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 1.1.<\/b> Oblici kruna.<br><b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlasdrevin.sk\/morfologicka-charakteristika-drevin\">Zub\u010dek, V. (2019). Atlas drev\u00edn. <\/a> (Pristupljeno 15. 3. 2023.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-530fa5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"530fa5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.4. List<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e405458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e405458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>List je bo\u010dni organ koji se morfolo\u0161ki dijeli na lisnu plojku (plosnati dio lista), peteljku i bazu. Li\u0161\u0107e sadr\u017ei zeleni pigment klorofil koji li\u0161\u0107u omogu\u0107uje fotosintezu. <\/p>\n<p>Prema pri\u010dvr\u0161\u0107enju lista za stabljiku razlikujemo petelj\u010dasti ili sjede\u0107i list (bez peteljke). Prema polo\u017eaju listova na stabljici razlikujemo naizmjeni\u010dne listove, nasuprotne listove i prhljaste listove. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Trajanje i \u017eivot li\u0161\u0107a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Li\u0161\u0107e opada nakon zavr\u0161etka vegetacije. Apscizinska kiselina ili u nekim slu\u010dajevima sloj pluta ubrzava proces osipanja. Uzrokuje odvajanje lista i zatvaranje rane. Kod \u010detinja\u010da li\u0161\u0107e opada od 1. do 3. do 9. godine. To se vrijeme postupno skra\u0107uje zbog nepovoljnih uvjeta (kisele ki\u0161e).    <\/p>\n<p>Vanjska gra\u0111a lista<\/p>\n<p>\u017dilavost li\u0161\u0107a prepoznajemo na listu. Poznajemo sljede\u0107e vrste vena:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pernate (npr. tre\u0161nja &#8211; <i>Prunus<\/i>, lipa &#8211; <i>Tilia<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>dlanasti (npr. javor &#8211; <i>Acer<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>mahunarke (npr. kukurik &#8211; <i>Helleborus<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>paralelno (jednosupnice &#8211; trave)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-671f631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"671f631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">List prepoznajemo po obliku plojke:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">igli\u010dast<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">linearni<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kopljast<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ple\u0107ni<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jajolik<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obrnuto-jajolik<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ellipti\u010dni<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">srcolik<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obrnuto-srcolik<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">okrugli<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">u obliku bubrega<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">u obliku dijamanta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">u obliku strelice<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kopljast<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">u obliku \u0161tita<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5414a90 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5414a90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2578\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2.jpg 843w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.2-768x479.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 1.2.<\/b> Oblik lista.<br><b>Izvor:<\/b> V\u011btiv\u010dka,V  Matou\u0161ov\u00e1, V. (1992). In: Stromy a kry. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a1073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a1073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Li\u0161\u0107e prepoznajemo po rubu plojke:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>integralni rub<\/li>\n<li>u obliku pile<\/li>\n<li>dvostruko nazubljena prema vr\u0161ku<\/li>\n<li>nazubljena<\/li>\n<li>dvostruko nazubljena<\/li>\n<li>urezana<\/li>\n<li>izrezana<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed34ede elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed34ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2582\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3.jpg 958w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3-300x126.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Figure-1.3-768x321.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 1.3.<\/b> Rub lista.<br><b>Izvor: <\/b>V\u011btiv\u010dka,V Matou\u0161ov\u00e1, V. (1992). In: Stromy a kry. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02f5880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02f5880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Li\u0161\u0107e na istom stablu obi\u010dno je identi\u010dno po obliku, veli\u010dini i polo\u017eaju li\u0161\u0107a na stabljici. Ako se na jednoj biljci nalaze listovi razli\u010ditog oblika, govorimo o heterofiliji koja je tipi\u010dna npr. za br\u0161ljan (Hedera), javor (Acer) itd. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1659728 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1659728\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.5. Bud<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eabf04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4eabf04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nove \u201ek\u010derine\u201d stabljike &#8211; grane &#8211; rastu iz pupova. Pupoljci su vrhovi rasta s kvrgavim bazama drugih stabljika, koji su prekriveni pokrovnim ljuskama protiv nepovoljnih vremenskih uvjeta. Imaju za\u0161titnu funkciju i temelj su novih stabljika.<\/p>\n<p>Razgranatost drve\u0107a mo\u017eemo odrediti po polo\u017eaju pupova na stabljici. Imaju va\u017enu ulogu u prepoznavanju drve\u0107a zimi, jer su karakteristi\u010dni za ve\u0107inu rodova i vrsta.  <\/p>\n<p>Na stabljici se grade na tri na\u010dina:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>naizmjeni\u010dno,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>suprotno,<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>uvijeno.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f808409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f808409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pupoljci mogu biti:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>zavr\u0161ni (apikalni) <\/strong> \u2013 nalaze se na kraju izdanka, najaktivniji su,<\/li>\n<li><strong>bo\u010dni <\/strong> \u2013 spavaju\u0107i pupovi koji se bude ako se odstrani zavr\u0161ni pup.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3350684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3350684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.6. Cvijet<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e4b63a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e4b63a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cvjetovi nastaju preobrazbom li\u0161\u0107a i slu\u017ee za spolno razmno\u017eavanje. Cvijet se sastoji od: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>cvjetna stabljika<\/strong> \u2013 slu\u017ei za pri\u010dvr\u0161\u0107ivanje cvijeta za stabljiku,<\/li>\n<li><strong>cvjetna gredica<\/strong> \u2013 pro\u0161ireni gornji dio cvjetne stabljike, ne sudjeluje izravno u razmno\u017eavanju, razlikuje se po boji i obliku u \u010da\u0161ku (zeleni donji dio cvjetnih pokrova) i krunicu (izrazito obojeni dio),<\/li>\n<li><strong>reproduktivni organi <\/strong> \u2013 pra\u0161nici i tu\u010dkovi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bdd4f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6bdd4f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pra\u0161nici su mu\u0161ki spolni organi koji proizvode polenova zrnca. Sastoji se od niti i pra\u0161nika kojeg tvore dvije polenove vre\u0107ice. Skupina pra\u0161nika u cvijetu naziva se andrecej.  <\/p>\n<p>Tu\u010dak je \u017eenski spolni organ koji nastaje srastanjem jednog ili vi\u0161e karpela. Skup karpela u cvijetu naziva se ginecej. Tu\u010dak se sastoji od:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>nju\u0161ke <\/strong> \u2013 gornji dio tu\u010dka koji hvata zrnca peluda,<\/li>\n<li><strong>vrata <\/strong> \u2013 srednji dio tu\u010dka,<\/li>\n<li><strong>plodnice <\/strong> \u2013 donji pro\u0161ireni dio koji sadr\u017ei jedno ili vi\u0161e jaja\u0161ca.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972dd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9972dd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cvjetove dijelimo na jednospolne i dvospolne. Dvospolni cvjetovi imaju i mu\u0161ke i \u017eenske rasplodne organe (npr. stablo jabuke &#8211; Malus), a jednospolni cvjetovi imaju samo mu\u0161ke ili \u017eenske rasplodne organe. Ako na biljci postoje samo mu\u0161ki ili samo \u017eenski cvjetovi, ka\u017eemo da je dvodomna (npr. vrba &#8211; Salix). Ako na istoj biljci postoje i mu\u0161ki i \u017eenski cvjetovi, ka\u017eemo da je jednodomna (npr. hrast &#8211; Quercus).   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536cdca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"536cdca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2.7. Plod (Fructus)<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8e1c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8e1c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Plod je vi\u0161estani\u010dni reproduktivni organ. Njegova glavna zada\u0107a je za\u0161tita i \u0161irenje sjemena. Sastoji se od sjemenki i perikarpa (stijenka ploda). Sjeme i plodovi se mogu \u0161iriti:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>vjetrom (anemohorija) <\/strong> \u2013 kori\u0161tenjem raznih naprava za letenje, npr. opnastih krila (breza &#8211; Betula, javor &#8211; Acer ),<\/li>\n<li><strong>uz pomo\u0107 \u017eivotinja (zoohorija)<\/strong> \u2013 plodovi ili sjemenke mogu se \u0161iriti po povr\u0161ini tijela \u017eivotinje (pri\u010dvr\u0161\u0107ivanjem za krzno) ili kroz probavni trakt,<\/li>\n<li><strong>vodom (hidrohorija)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>vlastitim snagama (autochoria)<\/strong> &#8211; bacanjem u okolinu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0772108 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0772108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Distribucija vo\u0107a:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>ka\u0161asti<\/strong> \u2013 perikarp se dijeli na vanjski (ljuska), srednji (pulpa) i unutarnji dio. To uklju\u010duje ko\u0161tuni\u010davo vo\u0107e (npr. tre\u0161nje), jabu\u010dasto vo\u0107e (npr. jabuka) i bobi\u010dasto vo\u0107e (npr. ogrozd) <\/li>\n<li><strong>suha <\/strong> \u2013 perikarp je tvrd ili ko\u017east. To uklju\u010duje npr. ora\u0161aste plodove. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f10780 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f10780\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea8e34b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea8e34b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc0a2b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc0a2b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3. Fiziologija drve\u0107a <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c8a1d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c8a1d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Osnovni \u017eivotni procesi drve\u0107a uklju\u010duju unos, transport i izlu\u010divanje vode. Voda je nezamjenjiva komponenta, otapalo je i ima va\u017enu ulogu u transportu tvari, u metaboli\u010dkim procesima, termoregulaciji itd. <\/p>\n<p><strong>UNOS VODE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Drve\u0107a dobivaju vodu preko korijenskog sustava. Na unos vode utje\u010de: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>temperaturu tla <\/strong> &#8211; ako se temperatura tla smanji smanjuje se i unos vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>koncentracija otopine tla <\/strong> &#8211; uz visoku koncentraciju osmotski aktivnih tvari sprje\u010dava se unos vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>intenzitet transpiracije<\/strong> &#8211; ako biljke ispu\u0161taju vi\u0161e vode, pove\u0107ava se i unos vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>sadr\u017eaj kisika u tlu<\/strong> &#8211; intenzivnijom transpiracijom unosi se vi\u0161e vode.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcec2b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcec2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>PRIJENOS VODE<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Transport vode s otopljenim anorganskim tvarima od korijena do li\u0161\u0107a naziva se ksilemski transport. Omogu\u0107uje: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>transpiracijski usis<\/strong> \u2013 isparavanjem vode iz nadzemnih organa stvara se podtlak u krvnim \u017eilama i vodu apsorbira korijenje<\/li>\n<li><strong>pritisak korijena <\/strong> &#8211; pritisak koji potiskuje vodu i u njoj otopljene tvari od korijena prema nadzemnim dijelovima<\/li>\n<li><strong>kohezija <\/strong> \u2013 kohezija molekula vode<\/li>\n<li><strong>adhezija <\/strong> \u2013 prianjanje vode na stijenke posude<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cbe749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cbe749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>IZLU\u010cIVANJE VODE<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Izlu\u010divanje vode osiguravaju dva procesa, a to su transpiracija i gutacija. Transpiracija je isparavanje vode iz nadzemnih organa i li\u0161\u0107a. Za ovaj proces nije potreban nikakav unos energije. To se mo\u017ee u\u010diniti na dva na\u010dina:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>stomatalna transpiracija<\/strong> \u2013 kroz stomate<\/li>\n<li><strong>kutikularna transpiracija<\/strong> \u2013 cijelom povr\u0161inom lista kroz kutikulu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2af6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e2af6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gutacija je izlu\u010divanje vode u obliku kapljica. Na taj na\u010din dolazi do izlu\u010divanja vode pri visokoj vla\u017enosti zraka, kada transpiracija nije mogu\u0107a. <\/p>\n<p>Na izlu\u010divanje vode utje\u010de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sadr\u017eaj vode u biljci<\/strong> &#8211; pri nedostatku vode stomaci se zatvaraju, pri vi\u0161ku se otvaraju<\/li>\n<li><strong>temperatura zraka<\/strong> \u2013 s porastom temperature raste i transpiracija, nakon \u0161to se postigne odre\u0111ena temperatura otvori se zatvaraju<\/li>\n<li><strong>vla\u017enost zraka<\/strong> \u2013 pove\u0107anjem vla\u017enosti smanjuje se transpiracija<\/li>\n<li><strong>svjetlo <\/strong> \u2013 poja\u010dava transpiraciju, pu\u010di se otvaraju<\/li>\n<li><strong>broj i polo\u017eaj stomata<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8bb000 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8bb000\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.1. Fotosinteza i disanje<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58fc9aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58fc9aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fotosinteza je proces koji se odvija u kloroplastima stanica lista koje sadr\u017ee zeleni pigment klorofil. To je najva\u017eniji biokemijski proces na Zemlji, u kojem se transformacija anorganskih tvari u organske tvari odvija uz prisutnost sun\u010deve svjetlosti i vode. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kemijska formula fotosinteze:<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0820412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0820412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">12H2O + 6CO2 + klorofil, sun\u010deva svjetlost \u2192 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86dfc02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86dfc02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na intenzitet fotosinteze utje\u010du svjetlost, koncentracija uglji\u010dnog dioksida u zraku, temperatura, voda, koli\u010dina klorofila, starost li\u0161\u0107a, mineralna ishrana itd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disanje je reakcija koja osloba\u0111a energiju iz organskih spojeva. Tu energiju organizam koristi za razne sintetske procese, unos hranjivih tvari, rast itd. Intenzitet disanja ovisi o temperaturi, koncentraciji kisika, koli\u010dini vode u biljci, starosti biljke itd.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fotosinteza se odvija u li\u0161\u0107u i iglicama, ali disanje se odvija u svim dijelovima biljke \u2013 uklju\u010duju\u0107i deblo i korijenje.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a961a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a961a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3.2. Rast i razvoj drve\u0107a<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5239d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5239d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rast i razvoj odvijaju se istovremeno tijekom \u017eivota drve\u0107a. Rast je pove\u0107anje vegetativnih organa \u2013 korijena, debla i kro\u0161nje. Na rast utje\u010du razli\u010diti vanjski i unutarnji \u010dimbenici.   <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38146ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38146ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanjski faktori:<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6049117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6049117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><b>svjetlo<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>temperatura<\/strong> &#8211; ve\u0107ina biljaka raste u rasponu od 5-40\u00b0 C. Svaka biljka ima druga\u010diji temperaturni optimum na kojem najbr\u017ee raste<\/li>\n<li><b>voda<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d490bac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d490bac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Unutarnji faktori<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Unutarnji \u010dimbenici uklju\u010duju biljne hormone koji utje\u010du na rast i razvoj biljke. Razlikujemo: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>hormoni koji stimuliraju rast (stimulatori) <\/strong> \u2013 auksini, giberelini, citokinini<\/li>\n<li><strong>hormoni usporavanja rasta (inhibitori) <\/strong> \u2013 apscizinska kiselina, etilen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b5788c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b5788c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Razvoj su promjene koje se odvijaju tijekom \u017eivota biljke od klijanja do smrti. Razvoj drve\u0107a podijeljen je u 3 razdoblja: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>mladost <\/strong> &#8211; po\u010dinje klijanjem sjemena i zavr\u0161ava kada drvo mo\u017ee dati plod. U ovoj fazi drvo karakterizira brzi rast. <\/li>\n<li><strong>zrelost <\/strong> &#8211; u ovom razdoblju stabla po\u010dinju davati plodove, smanjuje se stopa rasta, a tako\u0111er i sposobnost prilagodbe promjenama u okoli\u0161u<\/li>\n<li><strong>starenje <\/strong> &#8211; rast i plodnost po\u010dinju se smanjivati \u200b\u200bi na kraju prestaju, stabla gube sposobnost prilagodbe promjenama u okoli\u0161u i po\u010dinju umirati<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-955e40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"955e40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Na razvoj biljaka utje\u010du temperatura i svjetlost.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba83b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ba83b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaklju\u010dak<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b54f8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b54f8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ako \u017eelimo za\u0161tititi drve\u0107e i dalje ga koristiti za dobrobit sebe i na\u0161eg planeta, moramo poznavati osnovna morfolo\u0161ka, \u200b\u200banatomska i fiziolo\u0161ka znanja o njima. Na \u017eivot drve\u0107a utje\u010du razni unutarnji i vanjski \u010dimbenici. Njihovim prou\u010davanjem mo\u017eemo pove\u0107ati kvalitetu i sa\u010duvati populaciju drve\u0107a na na\u0161em planetu.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa0206c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa0206c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kviz iz biologije<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f55ebdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f55ebdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Provjerite svoje znanje u sljede\u0107em kvizu i provjerite jeste li razumjeli sadr\u017eaj ovog odjeljka:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de707b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"de707b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-9\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"9\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Biology HR\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d89ac57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d89ac57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;mountains&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.33\" d=\"M473,67.3c-203.9,88.3-263.1-34-320.3,0C66,119.1,0,59.7,0,59.7V0h1000v59.7 c0,0-62.1,26.1-94.9,29.3c-32.8,3.3-62.8-12.3-75.8-22.1C806,49.6,745.3,8.7,694.9,4.7S492.4,59,473,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" opacity=\"0.66\" d=\"M734,67.3c-45.5,0-77.2-23.2-129.1-39.1c-28.6-8.7-150.3-10.1-254,39.1 s-91.7-34.4-149.2,0C115.7,118.3,0,39.8,0,39.8V0h1000v36.5c0,0-28.2-18.5-92.1-18.5C810.2,18.1,775.7,67.3,734,67.3z\"\/>\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M766.1,28.9c-200-57.5-266,65.5-395.1,19.5C242,1.8,242,5.4,184.8,20.6C128,35.8,132.3,44.9,89.9,52.5C28.6,63.7,0,0,0,0 h1000c0,0-9.9,40.9-83.6,48.1S829.6,47,766.1,28.9z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c35542 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c35542\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2d4213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a2d4213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Pedologija<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da7d0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1da7d0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uvod<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4271d93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4271d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tlo shva\u0107amo kao \u017eivu i stalno razvijaju\u0107u trodimenzionalnu prirodno-povijesnu tvorevinu koja je nastala djelovanjem i me\u0111udjelovanjem atmosfere, biosfere, hidrosfere i litosfere. U modernoj povijesti je \u010dovjek postao najva\u017enija bioti\u010dka snaga za razvoju tla. U ovom poglavlju nau\u010dit \u0107emo se o fiziolo\u0161kim, biolo\u0161kim i kemijskim svojstvima tla. Tako\u0111er se fokusiramo na strukturu tla.   <\/p>\n<p>Pedologija (od gr\u010dkog <i>pedon <\/i> &#8211; tlo, <i>logos <\/i> &#8211; znanost, nauka) ili tloznanost je prirodna znanost koja se bavi prou\u010davanjem tla, njegovim nastankom, klasifikacijom, fizikalnim, kemijskim i biolo\u0161kim svojstvima. Tlo je raznolik sustav. Zajedno s klimatskim i vremenskim \u010dimbenicima, va\u017ena je sastavnica okoli\u0161a. Tlo nastaje iz mati\u010dne stijene pod utjecajem razli\u010ditih uvjeta okoli\u0161a. To je slo\u017een proces u kojem se mati\u010dna stijena raspada tro\u0161enjem i pretvara u tlotvorni supstrat. Od tlotvornog supstrata tlo nastaje tlotvornim procesima kao zasebna prirodna tvorevina. Proces formiranja tla ne zavr\u0161ava formiranjem tla, ve\u0107 se nastavlja.      <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b62064a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b62064a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kako nastaje tlo:<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be77a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6be77a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nastajanje tla (nastajanje tla djelovanjem tlotvornih tvari)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evolucija tla (postupna promjena ve\u0107 formiranog tla u odre\u0111enom vremenskom razdoblju)<\/span><\/li>\n<li>metamorfoza tla (promjena tla kao rezultat promjene i prirode djelovanja faktora stvaranja tla).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27a9e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27a9e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tijekom tro\u0161enja stijena odvijaju se mehani\u010dki (fizikalni), kemijski i biolo\u0161ki procesi.<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87dad09 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"87dad09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-HR-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2587\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-HR-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-HR-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-HR-1024x533.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-HR-768x400.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-HR-1536x800.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.1-HR-2048x1066.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 2.1. <\/b>Sastav tla<br><b>Izvor:<\/b> Bezd\u011bkovsk\u00fd, M. et al. (1997). In: Technol\u00f3gia rastlinnej v\u00fdroby. Pr\u00edroda. Bratislava.   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e817e54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e817e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1. Svojstva tla<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42435c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42435c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U podru\u010djima s pribli\u017eno istim skupom faktora tvorbe tla, posebice s istim uvjetima vla\u017enosti i temperature, mogu\u0107e je uo\u010diti manje-vi\u0161e istu prirodu talo\u017eenja i razgradnje organskih tvari, vode i re\u017eim zraka, kretanje tvari, kao i ista prirodna plodnost. Tako izra\u0111eni slojevi nazivaju se horizonti tla.  <\/p>\n<p>Tip tla je osnovna identifikacijska jedinica morfogenetske i agronomske kategorizacije tala. Tipovi tala definirani su skupom dijagnosti\u010dkih horizonata i njihovih najva\u017enijih svojstava ste\u010denih dugotrajnim razvojem u prirodnim uvjetima i uzgojem. <\/p>\n<p>Na formiranje horizonata tla utje\u010du oborine, zagrijavanje i hla\u0111enje, kemijske reakcije i biolo\u0161ke aktivnosti. Profil tla obi\u010dno se sastoji od pet horizonata (O, A, E, B, C), podslojeva i prijelaznih slojeva. Ti se slojevi ponekad me\u0111usobno razlikuju po boji koja ozna\u010dava razlike u drena\u017ei, sadr\u017eaju organskih tvari kao i promjene u drugim svojstvima. Gornji dio profila \u010dini tanki sloj organskog materijala koji se raspada i naziva se organski sloj (O). Drugi sloj koji se nalazi ispod organskog sloja je horizont (A). Sadr\u017ei upijaju\u0107e korijenje drve\u0107a. Ovaj je horizont obi\u010dno bogat organskim materijalom. Horizont (E) je podru\u010dje tro\u0161enja minerala. Horizont (B), koji se nalazi na srednjoj dubini, sastoji se od materijala fine teksture koji potje\u010du iz horizonta (A) i \u010destica tla mati\u010dne stijene. Horizonti (A) i (B) mogu biti modificirani okolinom do te mjere da se mogu smatrati povr\u0161inskim slojem tla. Horizont (C) ili temeljni sloj tla je najni\u017ei sloj tla koji se razlikuje od podzemlja i sastoji se od mati\u010dne stijene.                <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-009234c elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"009234c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"964\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-HR-850x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2591\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-HR-850x1024.jpg 850w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-HR-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-HR-768x926.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-HR-1274x1536.jpg 1274w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.2-HR.jpg 1670w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 2.2.<\/b> Horizonti tla. O - organski horizont, A - humusni horizont, B - iluvijalni horizont, C \u2013 mati\u010dna stijena<br><b>Izvor:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%B4dny_profil\">US Department of Agriculture (bez datuma) Uk\u00e1\u017eka p\u00f4dneho profilu.<\/a><br>(Pristupljeno 23. 3. 2023.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6300342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6300342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organski sloj na povr\u0161ini tla sadr\u017ei li\u0161\u0107e, grane, koru i organizme koji proizvode humusni sloj. Humusni sloj je biolo\u0161ki aktivan, \u0161to uzrokuje njegovu sporu razgradnju. Mineralne tvari, razgra\u0111eni biolo\u0161ki materijal i drugi ostaci dospijevaju u donji mineralni sloj tla.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Tipovi tala nastali su djelovanjem tlotvornih \u010dimbenika: crnica (najplodniji tip tla), sme\u0111e tlo (najrasprostranjenije tlo u toplim krajevima), blje\u0161tavo tlo (te\u0161ka tla u vla\u017enim podru\u010djima), rendzina ( suprotno od sme\u0111eg \u0161umskog tla na vapnenastoj podlozi), aluvijalna tla (tlo u blizini vodotoka), tresetna tla (imaju veliku propusnost), zaslanjena tla i nerazvijena tla (sirovo tlo, kamenito i plitko). nd shallow).<\/p>\n<p>Tla se dijele na tipove na temelju prisutnosti glinastih dijelova u tlu:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ff6c9 eael-table-align-center eael-dt-th-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-data-table\" data-id=\"55ff6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-data-table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-data-table-wrap\" data-table_id=\"55ff6c9\" id=\"eael-data-table-wrapper-55ff6c9\" data-custom_responsive=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"tablesorter eael-data-table center\" id=\"eael-data-table-55ff6c9\">\n\t\t\t    <thead>\n\t\t\t        <tr class=\"table-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Vrsta tla<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Tlo<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t            <th class=\"\" id=\"\" colspan=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"data-table-header-text\">Sadr\u017eaj \u010destica gline<\/span><\/th>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t        <\/tr>\n\t\t\t    <\/thead>\n\t\t\t  \t<tbody>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVisok\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tglina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIznad 60\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmuljevita glina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45 &#8211; 60\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSrednji\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpjeskovita glina\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30 &#8211; 45\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpjeskovita glinasta ilova\u010da\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20 &#8211; 30\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNizak\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpjeskovita ilova\u010da\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10 &#8211; 20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpjeskovit\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"\" rowspan=\"\" class=\"\" id=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"td-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"td-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 &#8211; 10\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t        \t\t\t    <\/tbody>\n\t\t\t<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t  \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1445cfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1445cfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><i>Tablica 1.1.<\/i><\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Klasifikacija tla prema tipovima.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1bf076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1bf076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Veli\u010dina zrna:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glina &#8230; &lt; 0,002 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mulj &#8230; 0,002 &#8211; 0,05 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pijesak &#8230; 0,05 &#8211; 2 mm<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae97128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae97128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Podjela tipova tla prema sadr\u017eaju zrnatih \u010destica<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fa929 elementor-widget__width-initial dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d5fa929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-HR-1024x990.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2595\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-HR-1024x990.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-HR-300x290.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-HR-768x742.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-HR-1536x1485.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ArborTech-M1-2.3-HR-2048x1980.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><b>Slika 2.3: <\/b>Podjela tipova tla.<br><b>Izvor:<\/b> Groenendyk, Derek et al. (2015). USDA Soil Texture Triangle. U Groenendyk, Derek et al. (2015). Klasifikacije teksture tla temeljene na hidrolo\u0161kim procesima za pobolj\u0161anu vizualizaciju funkcije krajolika PLoS ONE 10(6).   <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f5bcb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f5bcb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meka tla sadr\u017ee krupnija zrna, nedostaju im koloidi. Lo\u0161e dr\u017ee vodu, biljke u njima \u010desto pate od su\u0161e. Sadr\u017ee puno zraka i u njima se brzo razgra\u0111uju organski ostaci. Imaju nizak sadr\u017eaj humusa. Lako se obra\u0111uju i suha i mokra.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Srednja tla karakterizira odgovaraju\u0107a koli\u010dina sitnijih i krupnijih \u010destica. Svojim svojstvima stvaraju prijelaz iz mekih u tvrda tla. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tvrda tla sadr\u017ee prete\u017eno najmanje \u010destice gline i nekoliko kapilarnih pora (rupe koje ve\u017eu i privla\u010de vodu i zrak) i nekapilarnih pora (rupe koje ne privla\u010de vodu i zrak). Slabo propu\u0161taju vodu i slabo su prozra\u010dni s niskom biolo\u0161kom aktivno\u0161\u0107u. Obilje\u017eava ih visoka kohezija i adhezija, \u0161to ih \u010dini te\u0161kima za obradu. Kad se osu\u0161e, stvrdnu se, popucaju i na povr\u0161ini im se stvara prevlaka. Lijepe se kad su mokri.    <\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00c6f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c00c6f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.1. Fizi\u010dka svojstva <\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db905c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db905c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One utje\u010du na obradivost tla, vrijeme i na\u010din izvo\u0111enja pojedinih radnih operacija. Predstavljaju skup svojstava koja su uvjetovana disperzijom (raspr\u0161eno\u0161\u0107u) elementarnih \u010destica i me\u0111usobnim odnosom krute faze, otopine tla i zraka u tlu. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dijelimo ih na:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">osnovna fizikalna svojstva (zrnatost, struktura, specifi\u010dna te\u017eina, obujam gusto\u0107e i poroznost tla)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hidrofizi\u010dka i prozra\u010dna svojstva (vla\u017enost, maksimalna higroskopnost, vodopropusnost, uzgon, zra\u010dnost i prozra\u010dnost tla)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">temperaturna svojstva (toplinski kapacitet, toplinska vodljivost i temperatura tla)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fizi\u010dko-mehani\u010dka svojstva (kohezija, adhezija, konzistencija, plasti\u010dnost)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67de5bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67de5bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Specifi\u010dna te\u017eina predstavlja omjer te\u017eine \u010dvrste faze tla bez pora i te\u017eine istog volumena vode pri 4\u00b0C. Definira se kao te\u017eina 1 m3 \u010dvrstog, neporoznog tla, izra\u017eena u tonama (t\/m3) <\/p>\n<p>Volumenska te\u017eina tla je te\u017eina odre\u0111enog volumena tla (1 m3). To je va\u017ean parametar za odre\u0111ivanje svojstava tla i uvjeta za rast biljaka. Svojim vrijednostima utje\u010de na rast i razvoj korijena biljaka, utje\u010de na vodno-zra\u010dni re\u017eim tla, kemijska i biolo\u0161ka svojstva tla.  <\/p>\n<p>Poroznost tla (P) izra\u017eava ukupni postotak slobodnog prostora izme\u0111u \u010dvrstih \u010destica tla. U tlu razlikujemo nekapilarne pore koje brzo propu\u0161taju gravitacijsku vodu i kapilarne pore koje osiguravaju uspon vode. Nekapilarne pore brzo dovode vodu i zrak u tlo i propu\u0161taju vi\u0161ak vode u dublje ni\u017ee slojeve. Kapilarne pore poma\u017eu u zadr\u017eavanju vode. Kapilarna voda podlo\u017ena je gravitaciji samo u ograni\u010denoj mjeri. Zrak se tako\u0111er sporije kre\u0107e u kapilarnim porama.     <\/p>\n<p>Vla\u017enost tla ozna\u010dava trenutni sadr\u017eaj vode u tlu u postocima mase i volumena. Utje\u010de na odre\u0111ivanje proizvodne sposobnosti tla. Sezonski ima promjenjiv razvoj s ograni\u010denim utjecajem na usjeve.  <\/p>\n<p>Maksimalna higroskopnost je najve\u0107a koli\u010dina vode koju tlo mo\u017ee privu\u0107i u pore iz zraka pri relativnoj vla\u017enosti od pribli\u017eno 100%. Od njegove vrijednosti odre\u0111uje se granica fiziolo\u0161ki nedostupne vode (to\u010dka venu\u0107a), koja odgovara sadr\u017eaju vode u tlu, koju biljke vi\u0161e nisu u stanju iskoristiti i po\u010dinju venuti. <\/p>\n<p>Propusnost tla je sposobnost tla da ograni\u010di kretanje vode ili da je zadr\u017ei. Izra\u017eava se u razli\u010ditim oblicima kapaciteta vode. Najve\u0107e zadr\u017eavanje vode obilje\u017eava maksimalni (poljski) kapacitet vode, koji je jednak vrijednosti ukupne poroznosti. Tako\u0111er se mo\u017ee definirati kao sposobnost prolaska vode s povr\u0161ine u ni\u017ee slojeve. Ovisi o vrsti i koli\u010dini pora. Ilovasta tla su slabo propusna i povr\u0161inski natopljena vodom. Pje\u0161\u010dana tla su vrlo propusna i stoga se brzo su\u0161e.      <\/p>\n<p>Koli\u010dina vode koja se zadr\u017eava u porama kapilara izra\u017eava se kapacitetom kapilarne vode.<\/p>\n<p>Propusnost zraka va\u017ean je pokazatelj prozra\u010dnosti tla. Propusnost zraka ne javlja se u agregatima manjim od 0,5 mm. Agregati ve\u0107i od 1 mm propu\u0161taju zrak.  <\/p>\n<p>Toplinski kapacitet tla izra\u017eava sposobnost tla da prima i zadr\u017eava toplinu.<\/p>\n<p>Toplinska vodljivost tla je sposobnost \u010destica tla da provode toplinu s povr\u0161ine prema dubljim slojevima tla.<\/p>\n<p>Kohezija je sposobnost tla da se odupre vanjskom pritisku koji djeluje na drobljenje agregata i da se odupre prodiranju stranih tijela u tlo. To je sila kojom su \u010destice tla me\u0111usobno povezane. \u0160to su \u010destice tla manje, to im je ve\u0107a dodirna povr\u0161ina i ve\u0107a kohezija. Glinasta tla imaju visoku koheziju, a pjeskovita slabiju.   <\/p>\n<p>Adhezija je sposobnost me\u0111usobnog privla\u010denja \u010destica tla na tijelo koje prodire u tlo. Stupanj prianjanja ovisi o veli\u010dini \u010destica tla i njihovoj vla\u017enosti. Kohezija i adhezija imaju zna\u010dajan utjecaj na obradivost tla. Tla s visokom kohezijom i adhezijom se te\u017ee obra\u0111uju.   <\/p>\n<p>Boja tla ovisi o boji mineralnih \u010destica zemlji\u0161ne mase, granularnosti, strukturi, vla\u017enosti tla i sadr\u017eaju humusa.<\/p>\n<p>Temperatura tla ovisi o koli\u010dini topline koju zahvati povr\u0161ina tla. Tlo u povr\u0161inskom sloju apsorbira sun\u010devo zra\u010denje i pretvara ga u toplinsko zra\u010denje koje zra\u010di natrag u atmosferu. <\/p>\n<p>Kapacitet za vodu je sposobnost tla da zadr\u017eava vodu. Ovisi o njegovoj poroznosti i prevladavaju\u0107oj vrsti pora. <\/p>\n<p>Maksimalni vodni kapacitet je koli\u010dina vode koja je potrebna da se tlo potpuno zasiti, odnosno da se popune sve pore.<\/p>\n<p>Apsolutni kapacitet vode je koli\u010dina vode koja ostaje u tlu 24 sata nakon njegovog potpunog zasi\u0107enja.<\/p>\n<p>Kapacitet zraka predstavlja sadr\u017eaj zraka u tlu.<\/p>\n<p>Vodena para predstavlja gubitak vode. Odre\u0111ena koli\u010dina vode gubi se povr\u0161inskim otjecanjem, procje\u0111ivanjem u ve\u0107e dubine izvan dosega korijena biljaka i isparavanjem u zrak. Intenzitet isparavanja ovisi o fizikalnim svojstvima tla, vegetacijskom pokrovu i obradi tla.  <\/p>\n<p>Skeletnost se procjenjuje zajedno s veli\u010dinom zrna. \u010cestice tla ve\u0107e od 2 mm smatraju se skeletom. \u010cestice veli\u010dine 2-4 mm smatraju se \u0161ljunkom, a preko 60 mm kamenjem.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c6a656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c6a656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.2. Kemijska svojstva<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7b7e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7b7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Oni predstavljaju skup pojedina\u010dnih, a ujedno i me\u0111usobno integriranih kemijskih parametara. Tu spadaju: sadr\u017eaj i vrste hranjiva, reakcija tla i voda u tlu. Kemijski sastav i razli\u010diti kemijski procesi koji se odvijaju u tlu odre\u0111uju kemijska svojstva tla.  <\/p>\n<p>Sadr\u017eaj minerala u tlu \u010dine pojedina\u010dni elementi: kisik (O) 49%, silicij (Si) 26%, aluminij (Al) 7%, kalcij (Ca) 3%, \u017eeljezo (Fe) 4%, kalij (K) 2,5 % fosfor (P) 0,08 %. Ovi se elementi nalaze u tlu u obliku razli\u010ditih spojeva, uglavnom kao silikati, karbonati i fosfati.  <\/p>\n<p>Organska komponenta nastaje razgradnjom organskih tvari u tlu. Procesom nastaju jednostavnije organske tvari, a potpunom razgradnjom ugljikov dioksid (CO2), voda (H2O) i jednostavne organske tvari. <\/p>\n<p>Voda djeluje na komponentu tla kao otapalo. Sadr\u017ei CO2 koji nastaje razgradnjom organske tvari. To ga \u010dini slabom kiselinom s pove\u0107anom mo\u0107i otapanja. Zrak u tlu omogu\u0107uje i uvjetuje oksidacijske i redukcijske procese.   <\/p>\n<p>Koloidi u tlu su osnova humusno-glinastog sorpcijskog kompleksa. Jo\u0161 uvijek se odvijaju reakcije izmjene izme\u0111u sorpcijskog kompleksa i otopine tla koje su od velike va\u017enosti u dostupnosti hranjiva biljkama. Ove reakcije dalje utje\u010du na sorpciju pojedinih hranjiva i reakciju tla.  <\/p>\n<p>Sadr\u017eaj humusa u tlu izra\u017eava se u %. Zaliha humusa je do 0,5% izrazito malo, 0,5-1% vrlo malo, 1-2% malo, 2-3% srednje, 3-5% dobro, preko 5 % vrlo dobro .  <\/p>\n<p>Sadr\u017eaj du\u0161ika (N) u tlu odre\u0111uje se kemijskim metodama u uzetom uzorku tla i izra\u017eava se u %. Ocjena je sljede\u0107a: vrlo nizak sadr\u017eaj du\u0161ika do 0,12 %, nizak sadr\u017eaj 0,12-0,16 %, srednji sadr\u017eaj 0,16-0,24 %, visok sadr\u017eaj do 0,24%-0,34 % i vrlo visok sadr\u017eaj (preko 0,34 %). <\/p>\n<p>Reakcija tla odnosi se na ocjedne vode iz tla. Odre\u0111uje se u vodenoj otopini ili u otopini kalijevog klorida (KCl). Mo\u017ee se kretati od 1 do 14 i izra\u017eava se u pH vrijednostima. <\/p>\n<p>Ispod pH 4 smatra se za izrazito kiselo, 4,6-5 jako kiselo 5,1-5,5 kiselo 5,6-6,5 slabo kiselo 6,6-7,2 neutralno i 7,3-7,7 alkalno, iznad 7,7 jako alkalno.<\/p>\n<p>pH vrijednost ima razli\u010dite u\u010dinke na ekologiju i kemiju tla. To utje\u010de na to koje \u0107e vrste i koji organizmi u tlu biti prisutni na odre\u0111enom mjestu. Dostupnost mineralnih tvari jedan je od va\u017enih utjecaja pH na rast drve\u0107a. Pri odre\u0111enim pH razinama osnovni elementi stvaraju kemijske spojeve koji su netopivi u vodi i biljke ih ne mogu preuzeti, jer korijenje mo\u017ee apsorbirati samo minerale topive u vodi.   <\/p>\n<p>Za smanjenje pH u tlo dodajemo sumpor (S), za pove\u0107anje pH koristimo vapno. U podru\u010dju stabala te\u0161ko je posti\u0107i promjenu pH zbog velikog volumena zemlje u korijenskom sustavu stabla. <\/p>\n<p>Mineralne tvari potrebne za rast drve\u0107a otopljene su u vodi. Kapacitet kationske izmjene (CEC) je mjera atraktivnosti i zadr\u017eavanja tla. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ea87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e4ea87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.1.3. Biolo\u0161ka (ekolo\u0161ka) svojstva<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a14012f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a14012f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U tlu \u017eive mnogi organizmi, mikroorganizmi i makroorganizmi. Sa stajali\u0161ta biolo\u0161kih svojstava tla, parametrima se smatraju ukupne koli\u010dine pojedinih vrsta, fiziolo\u0161kih skupina organizama u tlu, ali i intenzitet njihovih specifi\u010dnih biolo\u0161kih manifestacija. <\/p>\n<p>Brojnost organizama u tlu procjenjuje se prvenstveno preko makroedafona tla (zemni kukci, crvi, glodavci). Brojnost mikroorganizama (bakterije, gljive, alge, aktinomicete, protozoe) ne smatra se dovoljno stabilnom komponentom tla da bi bila zna\u010dajna u smislu parametrizacije svojstava tla. <\/p>\n<p>Bakterije se dijele u dvije osnovne skupine:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">aerobni koji \u017eive uz pristup zraku<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">anaerobni, koji \u017eive bez pristupa zraku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66a919c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66a919c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prema djelovanju bakterije se dijele na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">razgradnju organskih tvari bez du\u0161ika<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">razgradnju organskih du\u0161i\u010dnih tvari<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">du\u0161i\u010dni, koji mogu uhvatiti atmosferski du\u0161ik<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">sumporni, \u017eeljezni i metan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c81a4d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c81a4d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mineralizacija organske tvari tla je aktivnost mikroorganizama mjerena koli\u010dinom CO2 oslobo\u0111enog iz tla. Mineralizacija du\u0161ika (N) izra\u017eava intenzitet biolo\u0161kog osloba\u0111anja amonijaka iz organske tvari tla. Nitrifikacija je brzina biolo\u0161ke oksidacije amonijaka u nitrate u tlu.  <\/p>\n<p>Tlo je ekosustav koji sadr\u017ei milijarde organizama. Neki organizmi u tlu mogu o\u0161tetiti korijenje, korisni su, dok drugi nemaju izravan u\u010dinak na drve\u0107e. Kako korijenje prodire u tlo, korijenski pokrov i gornji sloj se skidaju i tvari iz korijena ulaze u tlo. Stalni su izvor organskog materijala od kojeg \u017eive mikroorganizmi. Mikorize \u2013 gljivi\u010dni korijeni, posebni su korijeni ve\u0107ine biljaka na kojima se nalaze gljive. Ove gljive \u017eive u simbioti\u010dkom odnosu s korijenjem. Tim su\u017eivotom profitiraju gljive i korijenje. Korijenje daje gljivama \u017eivotni prostor i hranu. Gljive pove\u0107avaju sposobnost korijena da upija vodu i osnovne elemente, posebice fosfor (P).        <\/p>\n<p>Kru\u017eenje hranjivih tvari posebno je va\u017eno u prirodnim biljnim sustavima. Kako biljka raste, korijenje apsorbira bitne elemente iz otopine tla i proizvodi novi drvenasti materijal i li\u0161\u0107e. Tijekom vremena biljke ili njihovi dijelovi umiru i dospijevaju na povr\u0161inu tla, gdje djeluju organizmi u tlu i procesi tro\u0161enja. Postupno dolazi do razgradnje i hranjive tvari otpu\u0161taju se u tlo, gdje su zatim ponovno dostupne korijenju.   <\/p>\n<p>\u017divotinje, npr. razne vrste insekata i crvi koji obitavaju u tlu i humusnom sloju, prozra\u010duju tlo i ubrzavaju procese razgradnje. Ostale \u017eivotinje hrane se korijenjem. Okrugli crvi, mikroskopski crvi, mogu parazitirati na korijenju drve\u0107a i prenositi neke bolesti. Drugi se hrane patogenim organizmima koji uzrokuju razne bolesti.   <\/p>\n<p>Rizosfera je korijenska zona intenzivne biolo\u0161ke aktivnosti u blizini rastu\u0107eg korijenja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a34144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a34144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.2. Vla\u017enost tla<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd040ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd040ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vla\u017enost tla je trenutni sadr\u017eaj vode u tlu. Izra\u017eava se kao postotak te\u017eine suhog tla (w) ili kao volumenski postotak (\u0398). Promjene ovise o vremenskim uvjetima, isu\u0161enosti korijenskog sustava biljaka, dubini tla, granularnosti i strukturi.  <\/p>\n<p>Za odre\u0111ivanje vla\u017enosti tla u tloznanstvenim istra\u017eivanjima koriste se sljede\u0107e metode:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>metode za \u010diju upotrebu se moraju uzeti uzorci iz okoli\u0161a tla. Tu spadaju gravimetrijska (izlu\u010divanje), alkoholna (analiza kori\u0161tenjem alkohola), glicerinska (analiza glicerinom C3H8O3), karbidna (mjerenje CM ure\u0111ajem) i piknometrijska metoda (odre\u0111ivanje gusto\u0107e tvari). <\/li>\n<li>metode kojima mo\u017eemo mjeriti u poljskim uvjetima, lizimetrima (ure\u0111aj za mjerenje vodene pare iz tla) itd. Tu spadaju konduktometrijska (metoda mjerenja specifi\u010dne vodljivosti), tenzometrijska (metoda uklanjanja), gamoskopska (metoda mjerenja apsorpcije i raspr\u0161enja ovisno o gusto\u0107i) i neutronska metoda (metoda mjerenja pomo\u0107u neutrona). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f53132b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f53132b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vla\u017enost tla, zajedno sa svojstvima tla i vegetacije, ima zada\u0107u osigurati izmjenu vode i energije izme\u0111u povr\u0161ine tla i atmosfere. Podaci o vla\u017enosti tla u povr\u0161ini i zoni korijena klju\u010dni su za postizanje odr\u017eivog kori\u0161tenja zemlji\u0161ta i upravljanja vodama. <\/p>\n<p>Kada je tlo na poljskom kapacitetu, korijenje biljke apsorbira vodu ili isparava. Korijenje izvla\u010di vodu iz tla sve dok je u stanju nadvladati adhezivne sile koje dr\u017ee vodu u \u010desticama tla. Li\u0161\u0107e drve\u0107a su\u0161i tijekom velikih potreba za vodom tijekom dana i regenerira se no\u0107u kada se isparavanje smanji. Ovisno o kapacitetu tla za zadr\u017eavanje vode, dose\u017ee se to\u010dka u kojoj stablo ne mo\u017ee crpiti vodu iz tla. Naziva se trajnom to\u010dkom venu\u0107a. Ukoliko se tlo ne dovodi vodom, biljka (stablo) se ne\u0107e oporaviti od venu\u0107a.     <\/p>\n<p>Drve\u0107e treba i zrak i vodu. U porama tla voda i plinovi (kisik, du\u0161ik i ugljikov dioksid) su uravnote\u017eeni. Korijenje drve\u0107a zahtijeva kisik i ispu\u0161ta uglji\u010dni dioksid u procesu disanja. Izmjena plinova izme\u0111u tla i atmosfere uglavnom se odvija u obliku difuzije kroz povr\u0161inu tla. Ako je izmjena plinova nedovoljna, npr. u natopljenom ili zbijenom tlu, mo\u017ee do\u0107i do nakupljanja uglji\u010dnog dioksida i manjka kisika. Takva situacija mo\u017ee smanjiti rast i funkciju korijena, a ako potraje dulje vrijeme, korijenje mo\u017ee umrijeti.     <\/p>\n<p>Slojevi teksture tla uobi\u010dajeni su u urbanim tlima i mogu predstavljati problem prilikom sadnje. Tekstura tla igra zna\u010dajnu ulogu u procesu infiltracije vode. Ako postoji sloj krupnzrnatog tla (pijesak) na vrhu sloja sitnozrnatog tla (glina), voda se nakuplja u gornjem sloju dok se polako infiltrira u donji sloj. <\/p>\n<p>Koli\u010dina i veli\u010dina pora u tlu te ukupna povr\u0161ina \u010destica tla odre\u0111uju koli\u010dinu vode koju tlo mo\u017ee zadr\u017eati. Glinena tla imaju ve\u0107i ukupni volumen pora i povr\u0161inu \u010destica nego pjeskovita tla. Iz toga slijedi da glinasta tla imaju ve\u0107u sposobnost zadr\u017eavanja vode od pjeskovitih tla.  <\/p>\n<p>Ako je drvo posa\u0111eno u glineno tlo s dodatkom grube zemlje, rupa za sadnju mo\u017ee djelovati kao zdjela koja dr\u017ei vodu. Dugo zarobljena voda utapa korijenje. Ako se drena\u017ea ne pobolj\u0161a, voda ostaje u tlu finije teksture sve dok ne do\u0111e do zasi\u0107enja.  <\/p>\n<p>Optimalna vla\u017enost tla je ona koja ne pada ispod vla\u017enosti venu\u0107a, ali nije ni zasi\u0107ena vodom. Kada je sadr\u017eaj vode u tlu ve\u0107i od poljskog vodnog kapaciteta, tlo vi\u0161e nije dovoljno prozra\u010deno. <\/p>\n<p>To\u010dka venu\u0107a (vlaga) i poljski vodni kapacitet ovise o vrsti tla. Meka tla (pjeskovita) imaju nisku to\u010dku venu\u0107a i poljski vodni kapacitet. Srednja i tvrda tla (glina, ilova\u010da) imaju vi\u0161u to\u010dku venu\u0107a i ve\u0107i kapacitet polsjke vode.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5477310 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5477310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.3. Ishrana drve\u0107a<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605274c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"605274c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Drve\u0107e kroz svoje korijenje uzima bitne elemente otopljene u vodi i potrebno im je 17 bitnih elemenata. Svaki osnovni element ima odre\u0111enu ulogu u biljci, ne mo\u017ee se zamijeniti drugim elementom. Drve\u0107e zahtijeva odre\u0111ene elemente poznate kao makronutrijenti u relativno velikim koli\u010dinama. Najva\u017eniji od tih makronutrijenata je du\u0161ik (N), jer je on naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e ograni\u010davaju\u0107i element, a zatim fosfor (P), kalij (K), kalcij (Ca), magnezij (Mg) i sumpor (S).   <\/p>\n<p>Du\u0161ik je sastavni dio proteina i klorofila, ima ulogu u fotosintezi i drugim procesima koji se odvijaju u biljkama. U prirodnim uvjetima, du\u0161ik u tlu dolazi iz organskog materijala i atmosfere. Organizmi u tlu razgra\u0111uju organsku tvar. Velik dio du\u0161ika u tlu mo\u017ee se izgubiti ispiranjem ili isparavanjem. Uklanjanje otpalog li\u0161\u0107a i drugih prirodnih izvora du\u0161ika mo\u017ee poremetiti ciklus unosa du\u0161ika u tlo. Nedostatak du\u0161ika o\u010dituje se usporenim rastom i sitnijim listovima. Ponekad je novo li\u0161\u0107e u razvoju zelenije jer se du\u0161ik u ve\u0107oj koli\u010dini prenosi u biljci na mjesto novog rasta. Ovi simptomi uzrokuju niz drugih problema koji utje\u010du na zdravlje korijena i unos hranjivih tvari. Budu\u0107i da je du\u0161ik element koji drve\u0107u najvi\u0161e nedostaje. Gnojidba je obi\u010dno usmjerena na njegovo osiguranje. Uz du\u0161ik potrebni su fosfor, kalij i sumpor. Ovi elementi su nedostatni u tlima za drve\u0107e i veliko grmlje. Pomo\u0107ne hranjive tvari su magnezij i kalcij.           <\/p>\n<p>Ostali elementi koji se \u010desto nazivaju mikronutrijentima (mikroelementi \u2013 bor (B), klor (Cl), bakar (Cu), \u017eeljezo (Fe), mangan (Mn), molibden (Mo), cink (Zn), nikal (Ni ) ), tako\u0111er su potrebni za stablo. Nedostatak bilo kojeg elementa mo\u017ee imati zna\u010dajne posljedice na zdravlje stabala. Najra\u0161irenija je kloroza koja nastaje zbog nedostatka \u017eeljeza. Mladi listovi su sitni i kloroti\u010dni (\u017euti), sa zelenim \u017eilama, a stariji tamnozeleni. Nedostatak \u017eeljeza uzrokuje umiranje stabla.    <\/p>\n<p><strong>Analiza tla i li\u0161\u0107a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Najprikladniji na\u010din utvr\u0111ivanja potreba stabla je laboratorijska analiza tla i li\u0161\u0107a. Analiza tla daje informacije o prisutnosti esencijalnih elemenata, pH, organske tvari i kapaciteta izmjene kationa. pH vrijednost i sadr\u017eaj soli (osobito u suhim podru\u010djima) su najva\u017enije vrijednosti. Prilikom uzimanja uzorka tla treba uzeti male uzorke s cijele povr\u0161ine korijena. Ove uzorke treba pomije\u0161ati. Kvaliteta svakog ispitivanja tla ovisi o kvaliteti uzoraka. Potrebna razina pojedinih elemenata razli\u010dita je za pojedine vrste drve\u0107a. Jedan od na\u010dina za provo\u0111enje analize je usporedba zdravih i simptomati\u010dnih stabala iste vrste. Uzorci li\u0161\u0107a uzeti s cijelog stabla, osu\u0161eni i analizirani mogu pomo\u0107i u dijagnosticiranju nedostatka odre\u0111enih elemenata. Me\u0111utim, same analize tla i li\u0161\u0107a mogu dovesti u zabludu. Mo\u017ee do\u0107i do situacije da su neki mineralni elementi prisutni u malim koli\u010dinama u li\u0161\u0107u, iako ih ima dosta u tlu, ali nisu dostupni stablu zbog pH vrijednosti.          <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f51b5ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f51b5ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2.4. Urbana tla<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19deca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19deca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tla u gradovima \u010desto nemaju organski sloj. Mo\u017ee biti zbijeno ili stvrdnuto, o\u0161te\u0107en profil tla, promijenjena drena\u017ea, povi\u0161en pH ili mo\u017ee imati podzemne barijere zbog temelja ceste ili podzemnih vodova. Svi ovi \u010dimbenici mogu utjecati na rast korijena i zdravlje stabla te na kraju uzrokovati smrt stabla.  <\/p>\n<p>Na mnogim urbanim tlima organski sloj zamijenjen je travnjacima ili izgra\u0111enim podru\u010djima. Izgra\u0111ena podru\u010dja mogu pogor\u0161ati prozra\u010divanje i infiltraciju vode. Smanjenje udjela organskog materijala smanjuje biolo\u0161ku aktivnost, onemogu\u0107uje razvoj strukture tla i remeti ciklus hranjiva. Urbanim tlima nedostaju va\u017eni mikroorganizmi, poput mikoriznih gljiva.   <\/p>\n<p>Drve\u0107e i tlo su u me\u0111usobnoj simbiozi. Urbani razvoj naru\u0161ava ekolo\u0161ku ravnote\u017eu i time stvara nepovoljne ili \u010dak antagonisti\u010dke uvjete. Odumiranje stabala uzrokovano je stresnim uvjetima u tlu. Drve\u0107e dobiva dovoljno kisika, vode i drugih komponenti iz tla kako bi zadovoljilo svoje energetske potrebe.   <\/p>\n<p>Gradnji suvremenih stambenih naselja ponekad nepravilno prethodi uklanjanje humusnog sloja tla s cijelog podru\u010dja gradili\u0161ta, a ne samo s izgra\u0111enog podru\u010dja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96de0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96de0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zaklju\u010dak<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d029750 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d029750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zemlju ne smijemo do\u017eivljavati samo kao osnovno proizvodno sredstvo u poljoprivredi. Moramo mu pristupiti kao jednom od prirodnih, uni\u0161tivih i vrlo te\u0161ko obnovljivih prirodnih resursa. Skrenuli smo pozornost na \u0161iroku prakti\u010dnu primjenu znanja o tlu i njihovu prakti\u010dnu primjenu koja \u0107e dovesti do za\u0161tite zemlji\u0161nog fonda i okoli\u0161a.  <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24be311 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24be311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pedolo\u0161ki kviz<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db1a8a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db1a8a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Provjerite svoje znanje u sljede\u0107em kvizu i provjerite jeste li razumjeli sadr\u017eaj ovog odjeljka:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21dba77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"21dba77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-10\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"10\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Module 1 Pedology HR\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cef93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"90cef93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59a5a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a59a5a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05e3adb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05e3adb\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aecb9ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aecb9ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Knji\u017eevnost<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6b0a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6b0a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VIL\u010cEK, F. \u2013 \u010cIN\u010cURA, F. \u2013 GOLAIS, F. a kol. 1997. Preh\u013ead biol\u00f3gie 1. Bratislava: Slovensk\u00e9 pedagogick\u00e9 nakladate\u013estvo, 1997. ISBN 80-08-00990-X    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u011aTVI\u010cKA, V. \u2013 MATOU\u0160OV\u00c1, V. 1992. Stromy a kry. Bratislava: Pr\u00edroda, 1992. 312s. ISBN 80-07-00402-5    <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BENE\u0160OV\u00c1, M. \u2013 HAMPLOV\u00c1, H. \u2013 KNOTOV\u00c1, K. a kol. 2006. Zmaturuj z biol\u00f3gie. Brno: Didaktis spol. s r. o., 2006. ISBN 80-86285-87-1<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BAUMERTHOV\u00c1, O. \u2013 KRI\u0160TOF, M. 2002. O\u0161etrovanie chr\u00e1nen\u00fdch stromov. Dostupn\u00e9 online:   <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sopsr.sk\/cinnost\/chranene_stromy\/metlist_stromy.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sopsr.sk\/cinnost\/chranene_stromy\/metlist_stromy.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VOJ\u00c1\u010cKOV\u00c1, B. a kol. 2013. Z\u00e1klady arboristiky. Dostupn\u00e9 online:    <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/akela.mendelu.cz\/~xcepl\/inobio\/skripta\/Zaklady_arboristiky.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">akela.mendelu.cz\/~xcepl\/inobio\/skripta\/Zaklady_arboristiky.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u010cUNDERL\u00cdK, I. 2009. \u0160trukt\u00fara dreva. Dostupn\u00e9 online:   <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vos.volyne.cz\/tu\/soubory\/st1.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vos.volyne.cz\/tu\/soubory\/st1.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedol%C3%B3gia_(p%C3%B4da)\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedol\u00f3gia (p\u00f4da)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pd\/pd.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pd\/pd.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vinko.sk\/podne-druhy\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vinko.sk\/podne-druhy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pt\/pt.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/reg_pod_infoservis\/pt\/pt.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pulib.sk\/web\/kniznica\/elpub\/dokument\/Michaeli1\/subor\/6.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pulib.sk\/web\/kniznica\/elpub\/dokument\/Michaeli1\/subor\/6.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.podnemapy.sk\/portal\/verejnost\/akt_poln_sezona\/pz\/pz.aspx\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">podnemapy.sk\/portal\/verejnost\/akt_poln_sezona\/pz\/pz.aspx<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kpg.fapz.uniag.sk\/upload\/navodynacvika.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kpg.fapz.uniag.sk\/upload\/navodynacvika.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/priroda\/zem\/hodnotenie-vlhkosti-povrchu-pody-pomocou-satelitnych-a-pozemnych-merani\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/priroda\/zem\/hodnotenie-vlhkosti-povrchu-pody-pomocou-satelitnych-a-pozemnych-merani<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agromanual.cz\/cz\/clanky\/technologie\/precizni-zemedelstvi\/monitoring-vlhkosti-polnohospodarskej-pody-nastrojmi-dialkoveho-prieskumu-zeme\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agromanual.cz\/cz\/clanky\/technologie\/precizni-zemedelstvi\/monitoring-vlhkosti-polnohospodarskej-pody-nastrojmi-dialkoveho-prieskumu-zeme<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vupop.sk\/dokumenty\/APVV_15_0136\/5.Sobocka_Vyznam_a_uloha_podneho_krytu.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vupop.sk\/dokumenty\/APVV_15_0136\/5.Sobocka_Vyznam_a_uloha_podneho_krytu.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.enviromagazin.sk\/enviro2007\/enviro4\/14.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enviromagazin.sk\/enviro2007\/enviro4\/14.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/publikacie.uke.sav.sk\/sites\/default\/files\/2004_6_310_313_jaduda.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">publikacie.uke.sav.sk\/sites\/default\/files\/2004_6_310_313_jaduda.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P%C3%B4dny_profil\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P\u00f4dny_profil<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Naslovna > Moduli > Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a Modul 1 Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a Tablica sadr\u017eaja Uvod Drve\u0107e je klju\u010dan dio \u017eivota na Zemlji i \u017eivot bez njih na na\u0161em planetu ne bi mogao postojati. Ljudi koriste stabla za drvo, za svoje plodove ili za njihovu estetsku funkciju. Ovo poglavlje daje osnovne podatke o biologiji [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3747","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Modul 1 - Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a - Learning - ARBORTECH<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.arbortech-erasmus.eu\/hr\/modul-1-biologija-i-pedologija-drveca\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modul 1 - Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a - Learning - ARBORTECH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Naslovna &gt; Moduli &gt; Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a Modul 1 Biologija i pedologija drve\u0107a Tablica sadr\u017eaja Uvod Drve\u0107e je klju\u010dan dio \u017eivota na Zemlji i \u017eivot bez njih na na\u0161em planetu ne bi mogao postojati. 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